Comparative Primate Socioecology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 14
Editor\'s introduction......Page 15
References......Page 17
Introduction......Page 19
The first step: investigation of patterning......Page 23
The question of homology......Page 24
The assumption of adaptational equilibrium......Page 26
The use of outgroups......Page 27
Within-species analyses......Page 30
The necessity of biological knowledge......Page 31
Analytical techniques......Page 32
Conclusion......Page 35
References......Page 36
Introduction......Page 37
The relevance of phylogeny to socioecology......Page 38
Socioecology and homology......Page 41
Example: the phylogenetic tree as a template for mapping primate sleep traits......Page 45
Data......Page 46
Comments......Page 48
References......Page 50
Introduction......Page 58
Pitfalls of multispecies data......Page 59
Independent comparisons......Page 63
CAIC......Page 64
Other independent comparison programs......Page 66
Estimates of phylogeny......Page 67
A composite primate phylogeny......Page 68
Misconceptions about phylogenetic comparative analyses......Page 71
Outstanding problems......Page 72
References......Page 79
Appendix 3.1 The relationships among extant primates according to the re-analysis described in this chapter......Page 83
Editor\'s introduction......Page 85
Introduction......Page 87
Design constraints, body size and phylogeny......Page 88
Trade-offs and primate reproduction......Page 90
r and K selection theory and age-specific mortality......Page 91
Charnov’s model......Page 93
Mortality rate data......Page 95
Methods......Page 104
Do environmental variables predict reproductive rates?......Page 107
Do life history variables vary with body size in the way predicted by Charnov\'s (1993) model?......Page 109
Why has a late age at maturity evolved in primates?......Page 111
Testing the models......Page 115
Strategies to increase reproductive rates......Page 117
Conclusions......Page 118
References......Page 119
Introduction......Page 125
Data sources and their problems......Page 126
Analysis of phylogenetic effects on growth variables......Page 128
Maternal mass and postnatal growth relations......Page 130
The weaning weight hypothesis......Page 134
Intraspecific variation......Page 135
The Martin maternal energy hypothesis......Page 140
The risky environments hypothesis......Page 142
Conclusions......Page 143
References......Page 147
Appendix 5.1 Species and values used in the analysis......Page 151
Trade-off between numbers and care of offspring......Page 154
Age at first birth......Page 157
Zero population growth?......Page 159
Helpers......Page 160
Grandmothering, age at maturity, interbirth intervals, and fecundity......Page 165
Criticisms of the grandmother hypothesis......Page 166
Discussion and conclusions......Page 173
Acknowledgements......Page 175
References......Page 176
Phylogeny and brain evolution......Page 181
Brain allometry......Page 182
Adaptive variation in brain size......Page 184
Life histories, maternal energetics and brain size......Page 186
Ontogenetic constraints on brain specialisation?......Page 190
Brain specialisation......Page 193
Visual specialisation and brain size in primates......Page 196
Colour vision and brain size......Page 197
Socio-visual cognition and brain size......Page 199
Conclusion......Page 202
Acknowledgements......Page 203
References......Page 204
Appendix 7.1 Main primate database, listed alphabetically by species name......Page 209
Appendix 7.2 Data on separate brain parts used in the analyses......Page 215
Life history and male infanticide risk......Page 218
Female counterstrategies......Page 220
Paternity concentration and confusion......Page 221
Predictions......Page 223
Sex and infant care......Page 225
Situation-dependent receptivity......Page 228
Interspecific variation......Page 229
Intraspecific variation......Page 230
Distribution of sex skins......Page 231
Male infanticide and sex skins......Page 234
Attractivity-enhancing signals: mating vocalisations......Page 235
Discussion......Page 236
Notes......Page 238
References......Page 239
Appendix 8.1 Primate sex......Page 246
Dimorphism, mating systems and intrasexual competition......Page 255
Sexual dimorphism as a function of female trait variation......Page 266
Conclusion......Page 270
References......Page 271
Appendix 9.1......Page 275
Appendix 9.2......Page 279
Editor\'s introduction......Page 285
Introduction......Page 287
Female–female relationships......Page 288
Male–male relationships......Page 289
Male–female relationships......Page 290
Lemur social structure......Page 291
Female–female relationships among lemurs......Page 292
Male–male relationships among lemurs......Page 296
Male–female relationships among lemurs......Page 298
Discussion......Page 300
Acknowledgements......Page 305
References......Page 306
Introduction......Page 314
Callitrichinae ancestors......Page 315
Atelinae ancestors......Page 320
Ecological perspectives......Page 321
Callitrichine and ateline ecology......Page 322
Ecological contrasts among Saimiri......Page 323
The Cebus anomaly......Page 325
Conclusions......Page 327
References......Page 328
Introduction......Page 334
The time budgets model......Page 336
Taxon-specific elements in the model......Page 337
Testing the models......Page 341
Statistical methods......Page 346
Climate data......Page 347
Conclusion......Page 350
References......Page 351
Male and female energetic constraints......Page 353
Habitat type and habitat quality......Page 355
Evaluating sex differences in great apes......Page 363
The structure of variation in male and female foraging strategies......Page 367
Sex differences in foraging strategy between great ape subspecies......Page 369
Predicting sex differences in great ape foraging behaviour......Page 370
Summary and discussion......Page 371
References......Page 373
Introduction......Page 377
The hominids and their evolutionary patterns......Page 379
Life history and growth......Page 386
Populations, habitat and distribution......Page 387
The last common ancestor......Page 388
African savannah bipedal apes......Page 390
Omnivorous intelligent opportunists......Page 391
Technological colonisers......Page 392
Dominant herbivores......Page 393
Socioecology and the evolution of human social behaviour......Page 394
Missing links in the comparative method......Page 395
Conclusions......Page 396
References......Page 397
Introduction......Page 401
Phylogenetic approaches in cross-cultural studies......Page 405
Cultural diffusion......Page 407
Comparisons between sister groups on a genetic tree......Page 409
Comparisons between sister groups on a linguistic tree......Page 411
A model of the co-evolution of categorical characters based on maximum likelihood......Page 412
Discussion......Page 413
References......Page 418
Editor\'s conclusion. Socioecology and social evolution......Page 420
Index......Page 424