Comparative Higher Education Politics: Policymaking in North America and Western Europe

Foreword
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: The Politics of Higher Education Policy in Canada, the U.S., and Western Europe – An Introduction
	Increasing Salience and Secluded Research Communities – Higher Education Policy on Both Sides of the Atlantic
	The Main Strands of Higher Education Policy Scholarship in Canada, the U.S., and Western Europe
	A Comparative Approach to the Study of the Politics of Higher Education Policies
	Structure of the Volume
		Part I – The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reforms
		Part II – The Politics of Higher Education Finance
		Part III – Framing of Higher Education Policy
		Part IV – Intermediary Organisations and Interest Groups in Higher Education Policy
		Part V – Policy Transfer and Diffusion in Higher Education
		Part VI – Comparison and Conclusion
	Conclusion
	References
Part I: The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reforms
	Chapter 2: The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reform in Western Europe
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Political Science and Higher Education Governance: Bologna as an Ice Breaker
			Empirical Contributions to the Politics of Higher Education Governance
		Analyzing the Impact of Partisan Preferences on Higher Education Governance
			Partisan Preferences and Ideal Types of Higher Education Governance Arrangements
			Research Design, Case Selection, Methods and Data
			Party Competition on the Governance of Higher Education Policy
				Social Democrats
				Anti-establishment Parties of the Left
				Green Parties
				Christian Democrats
				Conservative Parties
				Liberal Parties
				Anti-Establishment Parties of the Right
				Special Issue Parties
				Comparing Partisan Preferences Across Countries
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Politics of Higher Education Governance Reform in the United States
		Introduction
		An Overview of U.S. State Higher Education Governance
		U.S. Higher Education Governance Reform Efforts
		Conceptual Framework: Stakeholder Salience
		Research Design
		Nevada’s AJR5: Efforts to Shift Governance Oversight
			State Government and Politics of Nevada
			Nevada’s Public Higher Education Sector and Current Governance Arrangement
			Calls to Change Higher Education Governance in Nevada via AJR5/Ballot Question 1
		Discussion and Implications
		References
	Chapter 4: The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reforms in Canada
		Introduction
		Conceptual Framing
		Method
		Canadian Context
			Canadian Federalism and Higher Education Governance
			The Politics of Intergovernmental Relations
		The Changing Approach of the Federal Government in Higher Education
			Changing Transfer Payments
			Federal Financial Aid and Tax Incentives for Students
			The Federal Government’s Investment in Higher Education Research Funding
			Implications of Federal Funding Reforms for Higher Education Governance
		Provincial Higher Education Governance Arrangements, University Institutional Autonomy, and the Politics of Higher Education
		Internal Institutional University Governance
			Bicameralism
			Role of Custom
			The Role of the Academic Profession in Governance
		Trends in System Level University Governance Arrangements
		Conclusion: Features and Reforms in Canadian Higher Education Governance
		References
	Chapter 5: The Politics of Higher Education Governance: Comparative Perspectives
		Introduction
		In the Beginning: National, Regional and Temporal Starting Points
		Political Actors in the Context of Low Public Issue Salience
		Common Themes
		The Possibilities of Comparative Scholarship
		References
Part II: The Politics of Higher Education Finance
	Chapter 6: Politics of Higher Education Funding in (Western) Europe – And Beyond
		Introduction
		Higher Education Funding in Western Europe (and Beyond)
			A Typology of HE Funding
			Why Care?
			How Do the HE Systems Vary Across Europe?
				Total Public HE Expenditure
				Private HE Spending
				Average Tuition Amounts
				How Many Students Pay?
				Financial Student Aid
				What Kinds of Financial Aid Do Students Receive?
				Financial Aid to Students’ Families
				R & D Expenditure
				Summary: Different Worlds of HE Funding
		What Explains Differences in HE Funding in Europe?
			Can Socio-economic Factors Explain HE Funding?
			How Do Political and Economic Actors Affect HE Funding?
			Institutions and HE Funding
		Brief Summary and Shortcoming of the Existing Literature
		Public Opinion on Tuition Fees
			Attitudes Towards HE Policy: Existing Work and Theoretical Expectations
			Research Design
			Descriptive Findings: Support and Opposition of Tuition Fees
			Descriptive Findings: Who Should Pay?
			What Explains Support and Opposition of Tuition Fees? Micro-level Determinants
			What Explains Attitudes Towards Who Should Pay? Micro-level Determinants
			Take-Aways
		Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Chapter 7: Higher Education Finance in the United States: Sources of Funding and Impacts of State Investments
		Introduction
		Public Funding in U.S. Higher Education
			State Funding
			Federal Funding
			Local Funding
		Private Funding in U.S. Higher Education
			Tuition and Fees
		Impacts of State Higher Education Appropriations and Financial Aid
		Methodology
		Findings
			Effects of State Appropriations
			Effects of Financial Aid
			Comparative Impacts of Appropriations and Financial Aid
			Summary of Findings
		Discussion
		Avenues for Further Research
		Conclusion
		Appendix A
		References
	Chapter 8: Financing Higher Education in a Federal System: The Case of Canada
		Introduction
			Historical Overview
		Federal/Provincial Financial Relations
		Federal Role in Higher Education Financing
			Transfer Payments
			Student Financial Aid
			Research
				Research Overhead and Infrastructure
				Research Focus: Balancing Applied and Pure Research
		Tuition and Education Tax Credits
			Tax Policy and Philanthropy
			Analysis of the Federal Role
		The Case of the Province of Québec and Its Funding Policy for Higher Education
			Funding
			Tuition
			Student Aid
		Concluding Note and a Look to the Future
		References
	Chapter 9: Higher Education Funding in Canada, the U.S. and Western Europe – A Comparison
		Introduction
		Funding Systems: The Key Questions, and Some Data on Funding
		Welfare Regimes and Funding System Characteristics
		Marketisation in Higher Education: Coordination Modes and Policy Frames
		Conclusions and Reflections
		Appendix: Country Abbreviations
		References
Part III: Framing of Higher Education Policy
	Chapter 10: Policy Framing in Higher Education in Western Europe: (Some) Uses and (Many) Promises
		Introduction
		Frames, Framing, and Reframing
		A Literature Review of Framing Higher Education Policy in Western Europe
		Framing Higher Education Policy in ‘Europe’, Germany, and Norway
			‘Europe’: From Europe of the ‘People’ to ‘Euro’, ‘Knowledge’, and Future
			Germany: From Humboldtian Ideals to Employability and Knowledge Economy in Europe
			Norway: Framing and Reframing Egalitarianism Incrementally
		Conclusion: The Many Promises of the Framing Approach
		References
	Chapter 11: Policy Framing in Higher Education in the United States
		Introduction
		What Is Framing?
		Who Engages in Framing in U.S. Postsecondary Policy?
			Interest Groups
			Intermediary Public Policy Organizations
			Policy Elites
			The Media
			Social Movements
		Framing Higher Education’s Purposes, Value, Problems, and Solutions
			Framing Higher Education’s Purposes
			Framing Higher Education’s Problems and Solutions
		Why and How Framing Matters
		Conclusion and Possibilities
		References
	Chapter 12: Policy Framing in Higher Education in Canada
		Introduction
		Methodological Approach
		Access, Success, and Social Mobility
			Right to Education
			Freedom of Choice
		Skills and Employment
			Adapting to a Transforming Economy
			Demographic Challenges and Immigration
			Academic Job Markets
		Research, Innovation and Economic Development
			Responding to Market Demands
			University-Industry Collaborations
		Regional Integration and Internationalization
			Regional Integration
			Internationalization
		Two Canadian Realities: Indigenous and Francophone
			Policies Directly Related to Indigenous Education
			Policies Directly Related to Francophone Education
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Policy Framing in Canada, the U.S. and Western Europe – A Comparison
		Introduction
		How to Make Sense of Policy Frames – A De-construction Attempt
		Canada, the U.S. and Western Europe – Framing Components Compared
			Grounded in Identity Construction
			Retrospective
			Enactive of Sensible Environments
			Social
			Ongoing
			Focused on and by Extracted Cues
			Driven by Plausibility Rather than Accuracy
		Frames as a Tool for Analyzing Policy Change – Some Reflections
		References
Part IV: Intermediary Organizations and Interest Groups in Higher Education Policy
	Chapter 14: Interest Groups and Intermediary Structures in Higher Education Policy in Western Europe
		Introduction
		Review of Existing Literature
			Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives
			Studies Focusing on Student Organizations
			Studies Focusing on Staff Organizations
			Studies Focusing on Associations of Higher Education Institutions
			Studies Focusing on Organizations of Employers
			Studies Focusing on Agencies and Intermediary Structures
		Analytical Framework
		Methodological Approach
		System Level Mapping
			Focus on Higher Education Systems
			Focus on Types of Actors
			Interest Groups in Western Europe and Their European Counterparts
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Interest Groups in Higher Education in the U.S.
		Introduction
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Theoretical Approaches for Interest Group Activity
			Conceptualizing Interest Group Activity at the Federal Level
			Interest Group Activity in State Policymaking
		One Dupont Circle: Interest Group Activity in Federal Higher Education Policymaking
			The Landscape of Interest Group Activity in State Higher Education Policymaking
			Interest Group Activity in State Policymaking for Higher Education
		Cloaked in Darkness: Alabama Association for Higher Education
			Sweet Home Alabama: Political and Governance Characteristics
			Data
			The Case
			Significance
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Intermediary Organizations and Organized Interests in Higher Education Policymaking in Canada
		Introduction
		Canadian Organized Interests in the Literature
		Landscape of Higher Education Organized Interests – Intergovernmental Organizations within the Federation
			Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC)
			Council of Atlantic Ministers of Education and Training (CAMET)
		Intermediary Bodies
			Traditional Sub-National Intermediary Organizations
		Degree Quality
		Student Mobility: Transfer Credit
		Organized Interests
			Institutional Membership Organizations
			Faculty Organized Interests
			Student Organized Interests
				Quebec: Distinctive Student Organized Interests Within the Federation
			Formal Practitioner Networks
		Third Types
			Commissions, Inquiries, and Reviews
			Advisory Bodies
			The Assises: A Unique Institution for Policymaking
			Academy-Industry-Government Interfaces: Emerging Intermediary Bodies?
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 17: Interest Groups and Intermediary Organizations in Higher Education Policy in Western Europe, United States, and Canada
		Introduction
		Regions
		Methodologies
		Definitions
		State of Scientific Knowledge
		Dynamics
		Issues
		Similarities and Differences, Trends, and Lessons
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Policy Transfer and Diffusion in Higher Education
	Chapter 18: The Bologna Process as a Multidimensional Architecture of Policy Diffusion in Western Europe
		Introduction
		Policy Diffusion and Related Concepts
		The Bologna Process from the Diffusion and Convergence Perspective
		The Bologna Process as a Platform for Policy Diffusion Through Transnational Communication
		Historical Institutionalism as an Explanatory Approach for Variation in Policy Implementation of Bologna Provisions
		The Bologna Process as a Catalyst for the Diffusion of Quality Assurance
			Germany
			France
			Italy
			Comparison
		Summary and Discussion
		References
	Chapter 19: Policy Diffusion in U.S. Higher Education
		Introduction
		Models of Policy Diffusion and Their Application in Higher Education Research
		Developments in the Study of Policy Diffusion in the United States
			Different Models of Diffusion
			The Role of Intermediaries in Facilitating Diffusion
			Beyond Policy Adoption
			Examining How and Why Policies Diffuse
		Resistance to Diffusion: Examining Performance Funding Hold-Out Cases
			Previous Research
			Data and Methods
			Findings
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Post-secondary Policy Innovation in Canada: Provincial Policy Adoptions, 1990–2015
		Introduction
		Politics and Higher Education Policymaking
		Approach
		Results
			What Attracts Policy Attention?
			Where Do Innovations Take Place?
			Which Political Parties and Political Orientations Innovate?
			Are There Patterns in Timing?
		Discussion
			Tuition Policy
			Change in Government Coordination
			New Quality Assurance Bodies
			Mandate Changes
			Mergers
			New Publicly Funded Institutions
			Division of Institutions
			Undergraduate Degree Authorization Legislation
		Conclusion
			Policy Convergence
			Horizontal and Vertical Diffusion
			Negative Cases and Clustered Innovation
			Partisanship and Political Orientation
			Opportunity for Further Research
		References
	Chapter 21: Emerging Work on Tertiary Policy Diffusion in Western Europe and North America
		Introduction
		The Three Chapters
		Evidence of Policy Diffusion and Filtering in the Three Chapters
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Comparison and Conclusion
	Chapter 22: Same Same, but Different? Comparing the Politics of Higher Education Policy in Western Europe, Canada, and the U.S.
		Introduction
		The Politics of Higher Education Policy in Western Europe
			Policy Systems
			Policy Dynamics
			State of Scholarship
		The Politics of Higher Education Policy in Canada
			Policy System
			Policy Attention
			State of Scholarship
		The Politics of Higher Education Policy in the U.S.
			Policy System
			Policy Dynamics
			State of Scholarship
		Comparing Political Dynamics in Higher Education Policy in North America and Western Europe
		The Politics of Higher Education Policy in a Changing World
		References