Comparative Climate Change Litigation: Beyond the Usual Suspects (Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law Book 47)

Comparative Climate Change Litigation: Beyond the Usual Suspects
	Comparative Climate Change Litigation: Beyond the Usual Suspects
	Contents
	Climate Change Litigation and the Individual: An Overview
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change and Litigation
			2.1 We Really Do Not Have Much Time Left…
			2.2 All Hands on Deck
			2.3 Beyond the Usual Suspects and Going Beyond the Literature
		3 Climate Change Litigation: Standing, Grounds of Review and Remedies
			3.1 Standing
			3.2 Merits (Grounds of Review)
				3.2.1 Breach of International Law Obligations
				3.2.2 Human Rights
				3.2.3 Tort Law
				3.2.4 Liability
				3.2.5 Judicial Review
				3.2.6 Public Trust Doctrine
				3.2.7 Breach of Other Environmental Obligations
				3.2.8 Criminal Law Grounds
				3.2.9 Anti-Competitive Grounds
				3.2.10 Fiduciary Duties
				3.2.11 Breach of International, National and Corporate Guidelines
			3.3 Remedies
		4 Climate Change Litigation: Crosscutting Matters
			4.1 Causation
			4.2 Science and Climate Change Litigation
			4.3 Separation of Powers
		5 Climate Change Litigation: Challenges Ahead
			5.1 Access to Justice
			5.2 Lack of Capacity (Including Lack of Specialised Courts)
			5.3 Legal Culture
			5.4 Lack of Climate Change Awareness
		6 The Promise of Climate Change Litigation
		References
			Literature
			Treaties, Conventions and Other International References
			Case Law and Legislative Resources
			Online Resources
	Part I: Countries That Have Experienced (Some) Climate Change Litigation
	Climate Change and the Individual: South African Climate Change Litigation
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in South Africa
		3 Climate Change Litigation in South Africa
			3.1 Claims Against the Government
			3.2 Claims Against Public Bodies’ Decisions
				3.2.1 A Decision That Does Not Comply with Climate Change Obligations on Human Rights Grounds
				3.2.2 The Decision to Authorise a Major Infrastructure Operation That Allegedly Does Not Comply with National Obligations Leading to a Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
					NEMA
					NEMAQA
				3.2.3 Public Actor That Allegedly Does Not Comply with National Obligations Leading to a Failure to Adapt to Climate Change
			3.3 Claims Against Private Actors
				3.3.1 Claims Against a Private Actor Whose Actions Contribute to a Large Rise in GHG Emissions
				3.3.2 Claims Against a Pension Fund (or a Similar Entity) Whose Actions (i.e. Investments) Contribute to a Global Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions or Difficult Adaptation to Climate Change
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in South Africa: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in Colombia
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change in Politics and Law in Colombia
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Colombia
			3.1 Claims Against the Government for Allegedly Not Complying with Its International Climate Change Obligations
			3.2 Claims Against Public or Private Actors That Allegedly Do Not Comply with Climate Change Obligations (National or International), on Human Rights Grounds
			3.3 Claims Against Public Actors Charged to Authorize a Major Infrastructure Operation That Allegedly Does Not Comply with National Obligations Leading to a Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
			3.4 Claims Against Public Actors That Allegedly Does Not Comply with National Obligations Leading to a Failure to Adapt to Climate Change
				3.4.1 Amazon Case
				3.4.2 Páramo Case
				3.4.3 Environmental Licenses Case
				3.4.4 Atrato River Case
				3.4.5 Risk Management Policy Case
				3.4.6 Disasters Prevention Case
				3.4.7 El Niño Case
				3.4.8 Oro River Floods
				3.4.9 Marlinda and Villagloria Communities’ Case
				3.4.10 Ibague Case
			3.5 Claims Against Private Actors Whose Acts Lead to a Large Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
				3.5.1 Rediba Case. T-227/2017
				3.5.2 Dow Química de Colombia Case. T-080/2015
			3.6 Claims Against a Pension Fund (or a Similar Entity) Whose Actions (i.e. Investments) Contribute to a Global Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions or Difficult Adaptation to Climate Change
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Colombia: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusions
		References
			Cases Cited
	Climate Change and the Individual in the Netherlands
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Law in the Netherlands
		3 Climate Change Litigation in the Netherlands
			3.1 Claims Against the Government
			3.2 Claims Against Public Bodies and Private Actors Under Tort Law
				3.2.1 Human Rights
				3.2.2 Standard of Due Care
			3.3 Claims Against Public Bodies Under Administrative Law
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in the Netherlands: The Way Forward
			4.1 Further Litigation Against the State on Mitigation
			4.2 Litigation Against Major GHG Emitters
			4.3 Adaptation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change and the Individual: A Norwegian Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Norway: Selected National and International Sources
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Norway
			3.1 Introduction
			3.2 Claims Against the Government Concerning Climate Change Obligations and the Right to a Healthy Environment
				3.2.1 Claims Grounded on International Climate Change Obligations
				3.2.2 Claims Grounded on the Right to a Healthy Environment: Norway’s Constitution
			3.3 Claims Against Public Bodies Decisions
				3.3.1 Challenges Against Decisions Made by Public Bodies
					Claims in Mitigation Matters: The Case of Major Infrastructure Developments
					Claims in Adaptation Matters: The Case of Major Flood Resilience Developments
			3.4 Claims Against Private Actors
				3.4.1 Claims Against Carbon-Intensive Sectors in Mitigation Matters: The Case of the Aluminum Industry
					Challenges Against the Permit
					Request for Injunctive Reliefs and/or Damages Claims in Civil Courts
					Report to the Prosecuting Authority
				3.4.2 Claims Against Pension Funds in Mitigation and Adaptation Matters
		4 Effective Litigation in Norway: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
			Regulation (Chronological Order)
			Reports (Chronological Order)
			Soft Law (Chronological Order)
			Books (Alphabetical Order)
			Book Contributions (Alphabetical Order)
			Articles (Alphabetical Order)
			Cases (Chronological Order)
			Websites
			Newspapers (Alphabetical Order)
	Climate Change and Individuals’ Rights in Switzerland
		1 Introduction: Climate Change Legislation and Moving Forward the International Agenda in General
		2 Using Human Rights to Move Forward the International Climate Change Agenda
		3 Individuals and Public or Private Projects Leading to a Large Rise in GHG Emissions
		4 Legal Remedies for Public Authorities’ Failures in Adaptation
		5 Responsibility of Companies for Climate Induced Damage
		6 Legal Remedies Against Pension Funds with GHG-Intensive Investments
		7 Concluding Observations
		References
			Literature
			Cases
			Switzerland
			Federal Administrative Court (FAC)
			Federal Supreme Court (FSC)
			Pending Case
			ECtHR
			International Arbitration
	Climate Change and the Individual in the United Kingdom
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Purpose and Definitions
			1.2 Litigation Costs
		2 Public Law
			2.1 The Climate Change Act and Challenges to Policy
			2.2 Climate Change Infrastructure
			2.3 Human Rights
		3 Private Law
			3.1 ‘Holy Grail’ Cases
			3.2 Local Authority/Adaptation Cases
			3.3 Pension Funds/Financial Institutions
		4 Conclusion
		References
			Cases
			Legislation and Treaties
	Climate Change Litigation in Canada
		1 Introduction
		2 Canada and the International Climate Change Agenda
			2.1 Action Against Government for Non-compliance with International Law
			2.2 Case Law Involving International Law Obligations
		3 Human Rights in Canada and the International Climate Change Agenda
			3.1 Action Against Public or Private Entities for Non-compliance with Human Rights Obligations in International Law
			3.2 Action Against Public or Private Entities for Non-compliance with Domestic Human Rights Law
				3.2.1 Human Rights Directly Protecting the Environment
					Quebec Charter, Article 46.1: Right to a Healthful Environment That Preserves Biodiversity
				3.2.2 Other Human Rights Indirectly Protecting the Environment
					Canadian Charter, Section 7; Quebec Charter, Article 1: Life, Liberty and Security of the Person
					Canadian Charter, Section 15; Quebec Charter, Article 10: Equality Rights
					Quebec Charter, Article 6: Property Rights
					Canadian Charter, Section 2; Quebec Charter, Article 3: Freedoms of Expression and Religion
					Constitution Act, 1982, Section 35: Aboriginal and Treaty Rights
					Remedies Available Under the Canadian Charter and the Quebec Charter
		4 Actions Against Private Entities to Promote the Climate Change Agenda
			4.1 General Common Law and Civil Actions
				4.1.1 Standing
				4.1.2 Injunctions
				4.1.3 Quebec Civil Liability
				4.1.4 Common Law Liability Outside Quebec: Tort Law
			4.2 Special Statutory Remedies
				4.2.1 Standing
				4.2.2 Injunctions
				4.2.3 Liability
				4.2.4 Special Actions
		5 Actions Against Public Entities to Promote the Climate Change Agenda
			5.1 Administrative Law Remedies
				5.1.1 Judicial Review
			5.2 Civil Actions
				5.2.1 Standing
				5.2.2 Injunctions
				5.2.3 Law of Torts and Quebec Civil Liability
				5.2.4 Public Trust Doctrine
			5.3 Special Statutory Remedies
		6 Actions Against Public Pension Funds Managers with Climate Change Unfriendly Portfolios
		7 Conclusion
		References
			Treaties
			Legislation
			Federal Legislation
			Provincial and Territorial Legislation
			British Columbia
			Ontario
			Newfoundland and Labrador
			North West Territories
			Nunavut
			Nova Scotia
			Quebec
			Yukon
			Jurisprudence
			Books and Papers
			Online Resources
	Climate Change and the Individual in the United States
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Causes of Action and Issues
			2.1 Causes of Action
				2.1.1 Regulatory Litigation
				2.1.2 Common Law
				2.1.3 Public Trust
			2.2 Significant Issues
				2.2.1 Standing
				2.2.2 The Political Question Doctrine
				2.2.3 Displacement
				2.2.4 Proof of Causation
		3 The Individual as Plaintiff in Climate Change Litigation
			3.1 Claims Against the Government: Human Rights and Public Trust
			3.2 Claims Against Public Actors
				3.2.1 Mitigation
				3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
					Federal Law
					State Impact Assessment
				3.2.3 Adaptation
					Federal Law
					State Law
			3.3 Climate Change Cases Against Private Actors
		4 Conclusion
		References
			US Constitution
			Court Decisions
	Climate Change Litigation in New Zealand
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Litigation Highlights in New Zealand
			2.1 The Thomson Case
				2.1.1 Justiciability
				2.1.2 The Court’s Engagement in Scientific and Policy Issues
				2.1.3 Expert Evidence
			2.2 Waitangi Tribunal Claim Wai 2607
		3 Further Comments
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change and the Individual: Case Study of the Philippines
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The Paris Agreement and the Philippines
			1.2 The Philippines’ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
			1.3 The National Climate Change Act of 2009
		2 Climate Litigation Pathways
			2.1 Right to Environment
			2.2 Writ of Kalikasan in the Case of a Public Actor
			2.3 Writ of Kalikasan in the Case of a Private Actor
			2.4 Filing a Complaint to the Human Rights Commission
		3 Challenging a Public Actor for Approving a Project That Allegedly Does Not Comply with the Law
		4 Environmental Impact Assessment
		5 Challenging a Private Actor Whose Acts Lead to a Large Rise in Emissions
		6 Fossil Fuel Divestment
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Part II: Climate Change Litigation: Going Beyond the Usual Suspects
	Litigating Climate Change in Bolivian National Courts
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change-Related Policy and Regulatory Frameworks in Bolivia
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Bolivia
			3.1 Claims Against the Government
			3.2 Claims Against Public Bodies’ Decisions
			3.3 Claims Against Private Actors
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Bolivia: Challenges and the Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change and the Individual in Mexico
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Mexico
		3 Absence of Climate Change Litigation in Mexico
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Mexico: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in Chile: Between the Constitutional and the Environmental Jurisdiction Path
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Governance in Chile and International Negotiations
			2.1 Climate Change Governance
			2.2 International Negotiations: The Human Rights Approach and Vulnerability
		3 Climate Litigation in the Chilean Context of Extreme Weather
			3.1 The Contribution of the Constitutional Protection Regime
				3.1.1 Locus Standi and Constitutional Protection
				3.1.2 Judicial Contribution in Relation to the State’s Duty to Prevent the Violation of the Human Right to a Healthy Environment
			3.2 Limits of the Environmental Liability Regime
				3.2.1 Locus Standi and Environmental Damage
				3.2.2 Causation in the Specialized Justice for Environmental Damage Claims
		4 Conclusions
		References
			Journals and Articles
			Books and Chapters
			Online Publications
			List of Cases
			List of Statutes
	Climate Change and the Individual: The Brazilian Perspective
		1 Environmental Law in Brazil
		2 Climate Change Law in Brazil
		3 Procedural Instruments Available
			3.1 Popular Action
			3.2 Class Action
			3.3 Individual Action
		4 Applicable Substantive Law
			4.1 Environmental Liability of Public and Private Agents
			4.2 Judicial Control Over Governmental Actions
		5 Opportunities and Challenges in Effecting Climate Change Litigation in Brazil
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in Israel: Trends, Prospects and Challenges
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Israel
			2.1 Air Pollution
			2.2 Environmental Transparency
			2.3 Coastal Environment and Rivers
			2.4 Environmental Impact Assessments
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Israel
			3.1 Claims Against the Government
			3.2 Claims Against the Decisions of Public Bodies
			3.3 Claims Against Private Actors/Players
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Israel
		5 Conclusion
		References
			Online Resources
			Literature
			Case Law
	Climate Change Law, Policy and Litigation in Qatar
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Qatar
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Qatar
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Qatar: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
			State Policies
			Online Documents
			Journal Article with DOI (and with Page Numbers)
			Laws
			Interviews
	Climate Litigation in India
		1 Introduction
		2 Overview: Relevant Laws, Policies and Institutions
			2.1 Laws
				2.1.1 Constitutional Law
				2.1.2 Environmental Laws and Legal Principles
					Environment (Protection) Act 1986
					Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
					Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
					Environmental Legal Principles
				2.1.3 Laws Governing Electricity, Sources of Energy and Energy Use
					Electricity Act 2003
					Energy Conservation Act 2001
			2.2 Policies and Plans
			2.3 Institutions
				2.3.1 Supreme Court and High Courts
				2.3.2 National Green Tribunal
		3 Climate Litigation: Potential, Practice and Possible Strategies
			3.1 India’s NDC as a Hook for Climate Litigation
			3.2 Human Rights Violation as Grounds in Climate Litigation
			3.3 Claims Against Private and Public Actors for Inadequate Mitigation Action
			3.4 Claims Against Private and Public Actors for Taking Inadequate Adaptation Measures
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change and the Individual: A Perspective of China
		1 Introduction
		2 Legal Basis: Policy and Regulatory Framework
			2.1 Policies and Plans
			2.2 Laws
				2.2.1 Climate Change in the Constitution
				2.2.2 Climate Change in Environmental Protection Law
				2.2.3 Climate Change in Pollution Prevention and Control Legislation
				2.2.4 Climate Change in Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Legislation
			2.3 Institutions
				2.3.1 Administrative Institutions for Climate Change
				2.3.2 Judicial Institutions for Climate Change
		3 Climate Litigation: Practice, Challenges and Future
			3.1 China’s NDCs, Individual and Challenges to National Climate Legislation
			3.2 Human Rights: A Complicated Ground Between Individual and Climate Change
			3.3 Environmental Public Litigation: A Mixed Mechanism for Climate Litigation, the Individual and Public/Private Actors (Mitigation/Adaptation)
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in Kenya: Possibilities and Potentiality
		1 Introduction
		2 Kenya’s Climate Change Legal Framework
		3 Possibility and Potential for Climate Litigation in Kenya
			3.1 The Questions of Locus Standi and Causation
			3.2 Climate Litigation Under Public Law
				3.2.1 Non-Compliance with International Obligations
				3.2.2 Climate Change Under Human Rights Litigation
				3.2.3 Litigating Climate Change Under Judicial Review
			3.3 Private Civil Litigation
		4 But Why No Litigation?
			4.1 Legal Technicalities
			4.2 Financial Constraint
			4.3 Lack of Awareness
		5 Conclusion
		References
			List of Cases
			List of Statutes
	Climate Change Litigation in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Nigeria
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Nigeria
			3.1 Claims Against the Government
			3.2 Claims Against Public Bodies Decisions
			3.3 Claims Against Private Actors
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Nigeria: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Local Liability for Global Consequences? Climate Change Litigation in Belgium
		1 Introduction
		2 Private Party Acts Against the State for Failure to Enact Adequate Legislation
			2.1 Introduction: A Field of Open-Ended Questions
			2.2 Precedent
			2.3 State Liability for Fault of the Legislative Branch
			2.4 Nature of the Fault
				2.4.1 First Type of Fault
					International or Supranational Norms with Direct Effect
					Constitution
				2.4.2 Second Type of Fault
			2.5 Nature of the Damages, Including Issues Related to Standing
				2.5.1 Standing Requires Personal and Direct Interest
				2.5.2 Standing of Environmental Not for Profit Associations in Case of Damage to the Commons
				2.5.3 The Existence of Personal Damage in Relation to the Commons
					Subjective Right to the Protection of the Environment
					Damage to Personal Integrity or Property
			2.6 Causal Link
				2.6.1 The Equivalence Doctrine and the “conditio sine qua non” Requirement
				2.6.2 Application of the “conditio sine qua non” Test to Certain Climate Change Litigation Claims
				2.6.3 The “Loss of a Chance” Doctrine
			2.7 Outcome: Compensation and Order to Legislate
		3 Private Party Acts Against an Administrative Decision Issued by a Public Actor
			3.1 Introduction: The Complex Maze of Belgian Administrative Appeals
			3.2 Admissibility
				3.2.1 Standing Requirement for Individuals
				3.2.2 Standing Requirements for Private Legal Persons
			3.3 Legal Grounds
				3.3.1 Illegality
					Discretionary Power of the Administration and Marginal Control by the Council of State
					Interest of NGOs in Raising General Interest Arguments
				3.3.2 Violation of Essential Procedural Requirements
		4 Private Parties Acting Against Private Parties
		References
	Climate Change Disputes in the Czech Republic
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in the Czech Republic
			2.1 Framework Policy for Climate Change Adaptation
			2.2 Specific Acts Dealing with Climate Change
		3 Climate Change Litigation in the Czech Republic
			3.1 Constitutional Rights and Access to the Constitutional Court
			3.2 Access to the Civil and Administrative Courts
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in the Czech Republic: The Way Forward
			4.1 Moving Forward the Climate Change Agenda Against Public Actors
			4.2 Moving Forward the Climate Change Agenda Against Private Actors
		5 Conclusion
		References
	The Italian Path to Climate Change: Nothing New Under the Sun
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change, the Individual and Moving Forward the International Climate Change Agenda (Mitigation and Adaptation)
		3 Climate Change, the Individual, Human Rights and Moving Forward the International Climate Change Agenda (Mitigation and Adaptation)
		4 Climate Change, the Individual and Moving Forward the Climate Change Agenda Against Public Actors (I) (Mitigation)
		5 Climate Change, the Individual and Moving Forward the Climate Change Agenda Against Public Actors (II) (Adaptation)
		6 Climate Change, the Individual and Moving Forward the Climate Change Agenda Against Private Actors (I) (Mitigation)
		7 Climate Change, the Individual and Moving Forward the Climate Change Mitigation Agenda Against Private Actors (II) (Mitigation/Adaptation)
		8 Future Opportunities and Challenges Ahead
		References
			Italian Legislation
			EU Legislation
	Climate Change Legislation and Litigation in France: A Work in Progress
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Laws
			2.1 International and European Climate Commitments
				2.1.1 International Climate Commitments
				2.1.2 European Climate Commitments
				2.1.3 The French Legislative Arsenal
				2.1.4 France’s Constitution and Charter for the Environment
					The French Constitution
					The French Charter for the Environment
					France’s Key Laws and Regulations
					Climate and the French Environmental Code
					French Legislation Towards a Low-Carbon Economy
					French Legislation on Corporate and Social Responsibility
		3 Climate Litigation
			3.1 Administrative Responsibility
				3.1.1 Litigating the Illegality of an Administrative Act
				3.1.2 Litigating the Responsibility of the Administration
				3.1.3 Litigating the Administration’s Climate Responsibility
			3.2 Judicial Responsibility
				3.2.1 Civil Responsibility (Tort)
				3.2.2 Criminal Responsibility
		4 Conclusion
		References (Chronological Order)
			Regulation
			International Regulation
			European Regulation
			Domestic Regulation
			Reports
			Articles
			Cases
			Conseil Constitutionnel
			Administrative Courts
			Judicial Courts
			Newspapers
			Websites
	Climate Change and the Individual in the Finnish Legal System
		1 The Regulatory Basis of Climate Law
		2 Implementation of the International Climate Change Agenda Concerning Mitigation and Adaptation as Basis for Claims of Individuals (Climate Act)
		3 Initiatives in the Field of Mitigation
			3.1 General Legislation
			3.2 Climate-Oriented Mitigation
		4 The National Adaptation Strategy
		5 Application of the Principles of Public Environmental Law
		6 The Position of Human Rights in Finnish Climate Law
		7 Future Opportunities and Challenges Ahead
		References
	Opportunities for Climate Litigation in Russia: The Impossibility of the Possible
		1 Introduction
		2 The Russian Legal System and Environmental Law
		3 Climate Change Law and Policy in Russia
		4 Climate Change Litigation in Russia
			4.1 Claims Against the Government
			4.2 Claims Against Decisions by Public Bodies
			4.3 Claims Against Private Actors
		5 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Russia: The Way Forward
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in Ukraine
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Ukraine
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Ukraine
			3.1 Claims Against the Government
			3.2 Claims Against Public Bodies’ Decisions
			3.3 Claims Against Private Actors
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Ukraine: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in Spain
		1 Introduction: Spanish Climate Change Obligations
		2 Climate Change Litigation in Spain
			2.1 The Current State of Climate Change Litigation in Spain
			2.2 Existing Litigation Procedures in the Spanish Legal System (Including Procedures Before the European Court of Justice)
			2.3 Procedural Requirements and Formal Legality Issues in Climate Change Litigation
				2.3.1 Procedural Requirements: Standing to Sue
				2.3.2 Legal Formality Aspects
		3 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Spain: The Way Forward
			3.1 Climate Change Litigation Under Public Law Rules
				3.1.1 The Judicial Challenge of National Allocation Plans of Emission Rights and Their Application
				3.1.2 Conflicts of Distribution of Powers Between State and Autonomous Communities
				3.1.3 Substantive Legality Issues in Urban Planning
				3.1.4 Human Rights Litigation
				3.1.5 Litigation in the Field of Renewable Energies
			3.2 Climate Change Litigation Against Private Actors
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Emerging Awareness of Climate Change Litigation in Slovenia
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Law in Slovenia
			2.1 Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia
			2.2 Environment Protection Act (EPA)
		3 Climate Change Litigation in Slovenia
			3.1 Constitutional Complaints and Petitions to Review the Constitutionality and Legality of Regulations and General Acts Issued for the Exercise of Public Authority
			3.2 Litigation for Damage Under the Obligations Code
		4 Effective Climate Change Litigation in Slovenia: The Way Forward
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change Litigation in a Comparative Law Perspective
		1 The International Setting
		2 Different Approaches to Climate Change
			2.1 The United States: Litigation in the Absence of Regulation
				2.1.1 The Climate Change Litigation Movement
				2.1.2 Climate Change Tort Litigation
				2.1.3 Public Trust Doctrine Cases
				2.1.4 The Impacts and the Future of Climate Change Litigation
			2.2 The European Union
				2.2.1 Claiming for Leadership in the Climate Change Diplomacy
				2.2.2 Climate Change Litigation in Europe
			2.3 The Spreading Out of Climate Change Litigation
			2.4 Legal Transplant in the Environmental Field
		References