Community-Based Integrated Care and the Inclusive Society: Recent Social Security Reform in Japan (International Perspectives in Geography, 12)

Preface
	References
Contents
Mapping Social Security in Japan
Welfare Regime in Japan and Recent Social Security Reform
	1 Post-war Welfare States
	2 Formation of Welfare State in Japan and the Characteristics
	3 Trend of Social Security Reform in Japan
	4 Realization of Community-Based Inclusive Society from Community-Based Integrated Care System
		4.1 Community-Based Integrated Care System
		4.2 For Realization of Community-Based Inclusive Society
	5 Towards Geographical Research of Comprehensive Community Support
	References
Temporal Changes and Regional Differences in Demographic Structure and Health in Japan
	1 Demographic Characteristics of Japan
	2 Geographical Diversity in Population Changes
		2.1 Differences Between Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan Areas
		2.2 Differences Among Municipalities
	3 Geographical Diversity in Household Family Types
	4 Regional Differences in Health
		4.1 Life Expectancy and Mortality Rate
		4.2 Healthy Life Expectancy
		4.3 Long-Term Care Need and Support Need
	5 Regional Differences in Health-Related Behaviors
	References
Nursing Care Provision Systems for Elderly People and Geographical Distribution of Services in Japan
	1 Nursing Care Provision Systems in Japan
		1.1 Characteristics of the Long-Term Care Insurance System in Japan
		1.2 Types of Long-Term Care Insurance Services
	2 Increase of Service Providers and the Surge of Long-Term Care Insurance Premiums
	3 Regional Differences in Long-Term Care Insurance Services
		3.1 Home-Based Care Services (Long-Term Care Insurance Benefits)
		3.2 Institutional Care Services (Long-Term Care Insurance Benefits)
		3.3 Community-Based Long-Term Care Services
	References
Medical Care Provision System and Geographical Distribution of Medical Resources in Japan
	1 Characteristics of Medical Care Provision System in Japan
		1.1 International Comparison of Medical Care Systems
		1.2 Revision of the Medical Care Act
	2 Distribution of Medical Institutions
		2.1 Uneven Distribution of Medical Institutions
		2.2 Regions with No Doctors and Remote Area Medical Services
	3 Distribution of In-patient Beds
		3.1 Regional Differences in the Number of Hospital Beds
		3.2 Average Length of Stay and the Occupancy Rate of Hospital Beds
		3.3 Challenges of Community Health Care Vision
	4 Implementation of In-home Medical Care
	5 Uneven Distribution of Emergency Medical Services
	6 Distribution of Pharmacies
		6.1 Separation of Dispensing and Prescribing Functions and the Increase of Pharmacies
		6.2 Regional Differences in Pharmacy Management Environments
		6.3 Change in the Positioning of Pharmacies and the Future Roles
	References
Securing of Health, Medical, and Welfare Personnel and the Geographical Distribution in Japan
	1 Securing Personnel in Other Countries
	2 Changes in Systems Related to Human Resources in Health and Medical Care and Welfare in Japan
		2.1 Professions in the Health and Medical Care Field
		2.2 Professions in the Welfare Field
		2.3 Roles of the Resident Sector in the Welfare Field
	3 Health and Medical Care-Related and Welfare-Related Employed Persons and Employment
	4 Geographical Distribution of Professions in the Health and Medical Care Field
		4.1 Doctor
		4.2 Nurse
		4.3 Retirement of Nursing Staff and Preventive Measures
		4.4 Public Health Nurses
	5 Distribution of Professions in the Welfare Field
		5.1 Certified Social Workers as a Social Welfare Profession
		5.2 Demand for Nursing Care Professions and Acceptance of Foreign Workers
		5.3 Shortage of Nursery Teachers and Potential Nursery Teachers
	6 Regional Characteristics of the Resident Sector in the Welfare Field
		6.1 Roles of Commissioned and Child Welfare Volunteers and Regional Differences in the Rate of Filled Vacancies
		6.2 Residents Participating in Community Welfare Activities and the Geographical Characteristics
	References
Community-Based Integrated Care Systems in Japan
Regional Variation in the Community-Based Integrated Care Systems in Japan
	1 Introduction
	2 Bases and Conferences in a Community-Based Integrated Care System
		2.1 Regional Disparities Found in Comprehensive Community Support Centers
		2.2 Regional Disparities in Community Care Conferences
	3 Types of Community-Based Integrated Care System
		3.1 Method of Classification
		3.2 Number of Municipalities by Type
		3.3 Characteristics of Respective Types
	4 Impact of Municipal Population Sizes and Internal Diversity
	5 Conclusions
	References
Community-Based Integrated Care Systems in Municipalities Having One Comprehensive Community Support Center
	1 Introduction
	2 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Yusuhara, Kochi Prefecture: A Case of Type 1-A
		2.1 Reasons for Selecting Yusuhara and Overview of the Area
		2.2 Overview of Yusuhara’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		2.3 Activities for Yusuhara’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	3 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Nanporo, Hokkaido: A Case of Type 1-A that Holds Multiple Community Care Conferences
		3.1 Reasons for Selecting Nanporo and Overview of the Area
		3.2 Overview of Nanporo’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		3.3 Activities for Nanporo’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	4 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Shinkamigoto, Nagasaki Prefecture: A Case of Type 1-B and Type 1-C
		4.1 Reasons for Selecting Shinkamigoto and Overview of the Area
		4.2 Overview of Shinkamigoto’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		4.3 Activities for Shinkamigoto’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	5 Characteristics and Issues in Local Governance of Type-1 Municipalities
	6 Conclusions
	References
Community-Based Integrated Care Systems in Municipalities Having Sub-branches of Comprehensive Community Support Centers
	1 Introduction
	2 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Goto, Nagasaki Prefecture: A Case of Type 2-A
		2.1 Reasons for Selecting Goto and Area Overview
		2.2 Overview of Goto’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		2.3 Activities for Goto’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	3 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture: A Case of Type 2-B
		3.1 Reasons for Selecting Tsugaru and Area Overview
		3.2 Overview of Tsugaru’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		3.3 Activities for Tsugaru’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	4 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Fukutsu, Fukuoka Prefecture: A Case of Type 2-C
		4.1 Reasons for Selecting Fukutsu and Area Overview
		4.2 Overview of Fukutsu’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		4.3 Activities for Fukutsu’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	5 Characteristics and Issues in Local Governance of Type-2 Municipalities
	6 Conclusions
	References
Community-Based Integrated Care Systems in Municipalities Having Multiple Comprehensive Community Support Centers
	1 Introduction
	2 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Asago, Hyogo Prefecture: A Case of Type 3-A
		2.1 Reasons for Selecting Asago and Overview of the Area
		2.2 Overview of Asago’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		2.3 Activities for Asago’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	3 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture: A Case of Type 3-B
		3.1 Reasons for Selecting Fujisawa and Overview of the Area
		3.2 Overview of Fujisawa’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		3.3 Activities for Fujisawa’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	4 Community-Based Integrated Care System in Naruto, Tokushima Prefecture: A Case of Type 3-C
		4.1 Reasons for Selecting Naruto and Overview of the Area
		4.2 Overview of Naruto’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
		4.3 Activities for Naruto’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	5 Characteristics and Issues in Local Governance of Type-3 Municipalities
	6 Conclusions
	References
Regeneration of Housing Estates by the Community-Based Integrated Care Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Purpose of This Study
	2 Outline of Study Areas
		2.1 Nagayama Estate in Tama City
		2.2 Kashiwa Toyoshikidai Estate
	3 Regeneration Project of Nagayama Estate in Tama City
		3.1 Outline of Project in Nagayama Housing Estate
		3.2 Outcome of the “Nagayama Model”
	4 Regeneration Project by Kashiwa Toyoshikidai Estate
		4.1 Outline of Project in Kashiwa Toyoshikidai Estate
		4.2 Outline of Community-Based Integrated Care System in Toyoshikidai Estate
	5 Conclusions
	References
Integrated Care Systems Established to Strengthen Community Disaster Resilience
	1 Increased Concern for Resilience in Medical Care and Social Welfare
	2 Medical Care Collapse Attributed to the Great East Japan Earthquake and Its Emergency Response
	3 Recovery of Medical Care and Social Welfare Services After a Disaster
	4 Community-Based Integrated Care Systems for Reconstruction of Disaster-Affected Areas
		4.1 Social Isolation Among Displaced Residents
		4.2 Disaster-Affected Residents Supported in Ishinomaki City’s Community-Based Integrated Care System
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Prospect of Community-Based Inclusive Society in Japan
Establishing Community-Based Integrated Support Systems for Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Childcare in Japan: Focusing on Regional differences
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Areas and Methods
	3 Integrated Support Systems for Pregnancy, Childbirth and Childcare in Wako City: An Example of Local Governments in Metropolitan Areas
		3.1 Overview of Integrated Support Systems in Wako City
		3.2 Building of Interprofessional Systems Led by Administration
		3.3 Cooperative Systems with Theme-Type Local Organization Activities
	4 Integrated Support Systems for Pregnancy, Childbirth and Childcare in Hokuto City: An Example of Local Governments in Rural Provincial Areas
		4.1 Overview of Integrated Support Systems in Hokuto City
		4.2 Building of Interprofessional Systems Led Mainly by Public Health Nurses
		4.3 Cooperative Systems with the Territorial Bonding-type Local Organization Activity “Aiiku-Han”
	5 Regional Differences in Integrated Support Systems for Pregnancy, Childbirth and Childcare: Comparison Between an Urban Area and a Rural Area
	6 Conclusions
	References
Creation of Social Ties for Prevention of Isolation of Elderly Public Assistance Recipients: The Case of a Project for the Provision of “a Place of One’s Own” in Nishinari Ward, Osaka City
	1 Introduction
	2 Elderly Public Assistance Recipients in Nishinari Ward, Osaka City
		2.1 Aging of Precarious Workers in Nishinari Ward
		2.2 Elderly Homeless People and Public Assistance
	3 Outline of the Hito-Hana Project
	4 Use of the Hito-Hana Center and User Evaluation
		4.1 Purpose of Visit
		4.2 Evaluation as “a Place of One’s Own”
		4.3 Changes in Perception of Living Using Hito-Hana Center
		4.4 Roles of the Hito-Hana Center
	5 Building of Social Ties Through the Use of the Hito-Hana Center
		5.1 Characteristics of Center Users Seen from a Survey on Living Conditions
		5.2 Building of Ties with People and the Community Through Use of the Center
	6 Local Residents’ Evaluation of the Hito-Hana Center and Attitude Toward Public Assistance Recipients
	7 Things Brought by the Hito-Hana Center
	8 Conclusions
	References
Current Situation and Challenges of “Inclusive Care”: An Investigation of the “Community-Based Inclusive Station Program” in Saga Prefecture
	1 Background and Purpose
	2 Old Folks’ Homes and the Idea and Development of Inclusive Care
		2.1 Development of the Old Folks’ Home Movement
		2.2 Idea and Practice of Inclusive Care: Toyama-Style Day Care Services as a Successful Case
		2.3 Process of Inclusive Care Becoming a Policy
	3 Current Situation of Spread and Challenges of Inclusive Care: The “Community-Based Inclusive Station” Program in Saga Prefecture
		3.1 Development of Inclusive Care in Saga Prefecture
		3.2 Actual Operation of Inclusive Care: Interviews of “Nukumoi Homes”
	4 Conclusions
	References
Formation of Comprehensive Community Welfare Bases in Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Examples of Local Governments Addressing Formation of Comprehensive Community Welfare Bases
		2.1 Case of Nabari City, Mie Prefecture
		2.2 Case of Toyonaka City, Osaka Prefecture
		2.3 Case of Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture
	3 “Community Care Plaza” as Comprehensive Community Welfare Base in Yokohama City
		3.1 Outline of Community Care Plazas
		3.2 Example of Community Care Plazas: Konandai Community Care Plaza
	4 Activities in Community Care Plazas for Realization of Community-Based Inclusive Society
		4.1 Support and Promotion of Health for the Elderly
		4.2 Support for Parenting
		4.3 Measures Against Child Poverty
		4.4 Support for Persons with Disabilities
	5 Conclusions
	References
Development of Community Welfare Activities with Resident Participation and Their Importance in Hilly and Mountainous Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Support Networks Surrounding Elderly People in Hilly and Mountainous Areas
		2.1 Sources of Support Surrounding Elderly People and the Geographical Characteristics
		2.2 Shrinking Households and Hollowing Out of Support Networks
	3 Development of Community Welfare Activities with Resident Participation and Elderly Peoples’ Life: Practice in Sakuma-Cho, Hamamatsu City
		3.1 Regional Overview of Sakuma-Cho, Hamamatsu City
		3.2 Downsizing and Population Aging of Settlements and Downsizing of Households
		3.3 Efforts of Small Community Welfare Activities in Sakuma-Cho
		3.4 Development of Community Welfare Activities Based on the Settlement Unit
		3.5 Formation and Functions of “Ganbaramaika Sakuma”
	4 Conclusions
	References