Community-Based Fisheries Management: A Global Perspective

Front Cover
Community Based Fisheries Management: A Global Perspective
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) as an emerging concept and as an exercise
		1.1.1 Management regimes of Floodplain wetlands in general
			1.1.1.1 Private management
			1.1.1.2 Cooperative management or management through cooperative society
			1.1.1.3 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM)
			1.1.1.4 Decentralized management
		1.1.2 Little details of CBFM
			1.1.2.1 What is CBFM and how it works?
			1.1.2.2 Requirements of CBFM
		1.1.3 Implementation and operationalization of CBFM
			1.1.3.1 The promotional phase
			1.1.3.2 The implementation phases
				What is meant by participatory wetland management?
				When participatory wetland management could be appropriate: Few suggestions
				Supportive frameworks and infrastructure
		1.1.4 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) and its application and implication
		1.1.5 Conflicts and consensus
	1.2 Impact of CBFM on development and management of wetland fisheries: Impact of CBFM on peoples’ life
	1.3 Present status of CBFM in the global scenario, in general
		1.3.1 Logic behind fast appraisal approach
		1.3.2 Information in this regard from Japan
		1.3.3 Information in this regard from Senegal
		1.3.4 Information in this regard from Thailand
		1.3.5 Information in this regard from Zambia
		1.3.6 Information in this regard from Bénin’s coastal fisheries
		1.3.7 Information in this regard from Malaysia
		1.3.8 Information in this regard from India, Pakistan, Kenya, and Tanzania
		1.3.9 Information in this regard from Mauritania, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Pakistan
		1.3.10 Economic valuations
		1.3.11 Gender
		1.3.12 Participatory monitoring and overseeing
		1.3.13 Threat(s) and their effective addressing
	1.4 Conclusions
	1.5 Summary
	Suggested readings
	Further reading
Chapter 2 Researchers’ contribution: A review
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Empowering communities
	2.3 A glimpse into Researchers’ contributions to CBFM in different continents in the World
		2.3.1 Review of Literature in different countries/regions in Asia
			2.3.1.1 Asia (General)
			2.3.1.2 Asia-Pacific Region
			2.3.1.3 Cambodia
			2.3.1.4 China
			2.3.1.5 Hong Kong
			2.3.1.6 Indonesia
			2.3.1.7 Japan
			2.3.1.8 Korea
			2.3.1.9 Lao PDR
			2.3.1.10 Malaysia
			2.3.1.11 Middle East
			2.3.1.12 Myanmar
			2.3.1.13 Nepal
			2.3.1.14 The Philippines
			2.3.1.15 Southeast (SE) Asia and the Pacific
			2.3.1.16 Sri Lanka (SL)
			2.3.1.17 Thailand
			2.3.1.18 Vietnam
			2.3.1.19 CBFM in India
			2.3.1.20 Wetlands of Assam
				Beel
				Haor
				Anua (river-formed oxbow wetlands)
				Reservoirs
				Tanks
			2.3.1.21 Review of Literature: Historical Resume’
			2.3.1.22 Limnology and fisheries of Beels
			2.3.1.23 Socioeconomic profile of the fishers
			2.3.1.24 Community-based Fisheries Management (CBFM)
			2.3.1.25 Management scenario of the Beels in Northeast India and Assam State perspective on CBFM
			2.3.1.26 CBFM in Bangladesh
			2.3.1.27 Community-Managed Aquatic Resources: Aquatic Resources as Common Property
				Why participatory management?
				Oxbow lakes: a CPR
				People-managed fish stocks
				Why is CPR management difficult
			2.3.1.28 Summary
		2.3.2 Review of Literature in different countries in Africa
			2.3.2.1 Africa General
			2.3.2.2 Namibia (Africa)
			2.3.2.3 Ghana
			2.3.2.4 Lake Victoria
			2.3.2.5 Madagascar
			2.3.2.6 Senegal
			2.3.2.7 Sub-Saharan Africa
			2.3.2.8 Tanzania
			2.3.2.9 Uganda
			2.3.2.10 Zambia
			2.3.2.11 Summary
		2.3.3 Review of Literature in different countries in Australasia
			2.3.3.1 Australia
			2.3.3.2 Fiji
			2.3.3.3 Oceana: Micronesia
			2.3.3.4 Pacific Islands (1)
			2.3.3.5 Oceania: Vanuatu
			2.3.3.6 Summary
		2.3.4 Review of Literature in different countries in Europe
			2.3.4.1 Europe (General)
			2.3.4.2 Austria
			2.3.4.3 Belgium
			2.3.4.4 Bulgaria
			2.3.4.5 Climatic changes
				Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration
				Summary of the framework for arriving at decisions on key long-term measures
				Generating a practice of compliance
				The knowledge base for the policies and principles
				Views of the Bulgarian Fisheries Administration with regard to Aquaculture
			2.3.4.6 Denmark
			2.3.4.7 Finland
			2.3.4.8 France
			2.3.4.9 Germany
			2.3.4.10 Hungary
			2.3.4.11 Ireland
			2.3.4.12 Italy
			2.3.4.13 Mediterranean and the Black Sea
			2.3.4.14 Norway
			2.3.4.15 The Netherlands
			2.3.4.16 Romania
			2.3.4.17 Switzerland
			2.3.4.18 United Kingdom (UK)
			2.3.4.19 Macedonia (Yugoslavia)
			2.3.4.20 Summary
		2.3.5 Review of Literature in different countries in America
			2.3.5.1 Argentina
			2.3.5.2 Brazil
			2.3.5.3 Canada
			2.3.5.4 The Caribbean
			2.3.5.5 Cuba
			2.3.5.6 Hawaii
			2.3.5.7 Mexico
			2.3.5.8 Peru
			2.3.5.9 Trinidad
			2.3.5.10 The United States (US)
			2.3.5.11 Summary
	Suggested reading
	Asia
	Africa
	Australasia
	Europe
	America
	Further reading
Chapter 3 Materials and methods
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 A typical procedure for conducting CBFM study
		3.2.1 Locations of the study site
		3.2.2 Land and the people
		3.2.3 Methods of data collection
			3.2.3.1 Community meeting and small focus group discussion
			3.2.3.2 Direct observation
			3.2.3.3 Interviews with knowledgeable individuals (KIs)
		3.2.4 Wealth ranking
			3.2.4.1 Rich (Rank A)
			3.2.4.2 Medium rich (Rank B)
			3.2.4.3 Poor (Rank C)
			3.2.4.4 Very poor (Rank D)
		3.2.5 Procedure for the selection of respondents
		3.2.6 Application of statistical methodology
		3.2.7 Operationalization of the variables and their measurement
		3.2.8 Statistical analyses of data
			3.2.8.1 Descriptive statistics
	3.3 Summary
	Suggested reading
	Further reading
Chapter 4 Aspects of participatory management of water bodies
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 What is participatory wetland management?
	4.3 Supporting frameworks
		4.3.1 An example of community-based fisheries
	4.4 When is participatory wetland management advisable?
	4.5 Indicators for measuring local and indigenous people’s involvement in wetland management
	4.6 Local environmental knowledge
	4.7 Economic valuation
	4.8 Participatory monitoring
	4.9 Effectively addressing threats
		4.9.1 Community and conservation
	4.10 Win-win scenarios
		4.10.1 Community as common interests and shared norms
	4.11 Exit strategies
	4.12 Conclusions
		4.12.1 Community as a homogeneous social structure
	4.13 Summary
	Suggested reading
	Further reading
Chapter 5 Community-based fisheries management in different continents and countries across the world
	5.1 Asia
		5.1.1 Asia general
			5.1.1.1 Cohesion in the group
			5.1.1.2 Organizations existing
			5.1.1.3 Costs less than the benefits
			5.1.1.4 Participation by the affected people
			5.1.1.5 Enforcement of management rules
			5.1.1.6 Legal rights for organization
			5.1.1.7 Leadership and cooperation at the community level
			5.1.1.8 Delegation of authority through decentralization
			5.1.1.9 Collaboration and coordination between government and community
		5.1.2 Asia-Pacific region
			5.1.2.1 Development of model fisherman villages
			5.1.2.2 Group accident insurance program for active fishermen
			5.1.2.3 National cooperatives development corporation (NCDC)
			5.1.2.4 Employment status
			5.1.2.5 Difficulties in the operations of cooperatives at optimum levels
			5.1.2.6 Human rights and issues related to environment
			5.1.2.7 Issues of equity and access to fisheries
			5.1.2.8 Categorization of fisheries management systems
				Type characteristics
			5.1.2.9 Common ownership (unofficial: without any legal or governmental support)
			5.1.2.10 Sri Subrahmanyeshwara Aqua Club in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh
			5.1.2.11 Suggestions for India
			5.1.2.12 The role of public-private partnership in the management of estuarine fisheries: Learning from the Kerala model ...
				Cherai poyil
			5.1.2.13 Rights and responsibilities of the panchayats in managing poyil fisheries
			5.1.2.14 Policy of the government
			5.1.2.15 Support of tradition
			5.1.2.16 Centralization
			5.1.2.17 External replacement of traditional local authority
			5.1.2.18 Changes in demography
			5.1.2.19 Urbanization and alterations in the education systems
			5.1.2.20 The Tuna Bait fisheries: The impact of the industrial fisheries sector
			5.1.2.21 Development and related management projects
		5.1.3 Bangladesh (B’dsh)
			5.1.3.1 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM)
			5.1.3.2 Methodology
				Sampling and collection of data
				Factor analysis
				Regression analysis
			5.1.3.3 Impact of CBFM on household income
			5.1.3.4 Access to fishing
			5.1.3.5 Land and assets of household
			5.1.3.6 Microcredit
			5.1.3.7 Social capital
			5.1.3.8 Capital index: Physical
			5.1.3.9 Human, economic, and natural capital assets
			5.1.3.10 Regression analysis
			5.1.3.11 The impact of human development training conducted by CBFM partner NGOs
			5.1.3.12 Inferences and policy implications
			5.1.3.13 Recommendations for CBFM in Bangladesh from the CBFM international conference
		5.1.4 Cambodia
		5.1.5 China
			5.1.5.1 Reservoir resources and their status
				Nature of reservoirs
			5.1.5.2 Potential of reservoir fisheries development
			5.1.5.3 Biological characteristics of reservoirs
				Natural food organisms
			5.1.5.4 Reservoir fish fauna
			5.1.5.5 Introduced fish species
			5.1.5.6 Fisheries
				Utilization of fisheries resources in reservoirs of China
			5.1.5.7 Production levels and trends
			5.1.5.8 Jurisdiction of reservoir water and fishery resources
				Main fisheries strategies
			5.1.5.9 Achievements of reservoir fisheries in China
			5.1.5.10 Production
			5.1.5.11 Fish productivity assessment in reservoirs
			5.1.5.12 Rapid increase in fish production in reservoirs
			5.1.5.13 Improvement in fish capture techniques
			5.1.5.14 Improvement in fish escape preventing techniques
			5.1.5.15 Fisher organizations
			5.1.5.16 Marketing
			5.1.5.17 Socioeconomics of reservoir fisheries
			5.1.5.18 Biological and environmental constraints
			5.1.5.19 Socioeconomic constraints
			5.1.5.20 Policy constraints
			5.1.5.21 Prevalence of the sudden and virulent fish disease
			5.1.5.22 Establishment of stocking and management systems
			5.1.5.23 Future strategies
			5.1.5.24 Development of eco-friendly fisheries in reservoirs
			5.1.5.25 Development of leisure fisheries
			5.1.5.26 Improvement of fish species composition in reservoirs
			5.1.5.27 Strengthening the support for the management of reservoir fisheries
			5.1.5.28 Future strategies and management
		5.1.6 Hong Kong
			5.1.6.1 Feedbacks obtained in general
			5.1.6.2 Options with high priority
				Establishing a fishing license program and limiting new entrants
			5.1.6.3 Setting up of nursery and spawning ground protection areas
			5.1.6.4 Habitat restoration and Habitat enhancement
			5.1.6.5  Re -stocking exercise
			5.1.6.6 Medium priority and low-priority options
			5.1.6.7 Way forward
			5.1.6.8 Capture fisheries
			5.1.6.9 Culture fisheries and aquaculture
			5.1.6.10 Consumption
			5.1.6.11 Development and services
			5.1.6.12 Fisher folk, their livelihood, their struggle for existence
		5.1.7 India
			5.1.7.1 Sone Beel wetland
			5.1.7.2 Physicochemical characteristics of water
			5.1.7.3 Aquatic macrophytes (AM)
			5.1.7.4 Plankton
			5.1.7.5 An account of limnoplankton of Sone Beel
			5.1.7.6 Fish diversity in Sone Beel
			5.1.7.7 Fish yield (FY) of Sone Beel
			5.1.7.8 Fish catching devices in Sone Beel
			5.1.7.9 Management and conservation aspects Sone Beel as a case study
			5.1.7.10 Impact of habitat loss and topographical changes
			5.1.7.11 Contamination of the Beel water
			5.1.7.12 Effects of drought
			5.1.7.13 Competition and predation
			5.1.7.14 Fishing pressure
			5.1.7.15 Remedial measures
			5.1.7.16 Alteration of land
			5.1.7.17 Alteration of Beel water
			5.1.7.18 Turbidity
			5.1.7.19 Nutrients
			5.1.7.20 Vegetation management
			5.1.7.21 Biotic manipulation
			5.1.7.22 Habitat construction
			5.1.7.23 Aquaculture and agriculture
			5.1.7.24 Fish disease
			5.1.7.25 Conservation
			5.1.7.26 Epilogue
			5.1.7.27 Chatla Haor
			5.1.7.28 Phytoplankton
			5.1.7.29 Zooplankton
			5.1.7.30 Aquatic macrophytes
			5.1.7.31 Fish diversity
			5.1.7.32 Fish yield
			5.1.7.33 Satkarakandi Anua
			5.1.7.34 Aquatic macrophytes (AM)
			5.1.7.35 Plankton
			5.1.7.36 Fish diversity
			5.1.7.37 Fish yield
			5.1.7.38 Baskandi Anua
			5.1.7.39 Aquatic macrophytes (AM)
			5.1.7.40 Plankton
			5.1.7.41 Fish diversity
			5.1.7.42 Fish yield
			5.1.7.43 Property rights scenario in wetlands
			5.1.7.44 Stakeholders in the wetlands
			5.1.7.45 Institutional arrangement with regard to management regime
				Institutional arrangement
			5.1.7.46 The aim of ownership and regulation rights of the government
			5.1.7.47 Management scenario of the wetlands
			5.1.7.48 Private management
			5.1.7.49 Cooperative management
			5.1.7.50 Community-based fisheries management
			5.1.7.51 Open access
			5.1.7.52 Challenges, concerns, and choices for sustainable management of fisheries in wetlands
				Policies
				Institutions and their governance
				Objectives
			5.1.7.53 Studies in India
				Site 1. Pedajalaripeta village in Visakhapatinam
				Site 2. Bheemunipatinam village in Visakhapatinam
				Site 3. Sakthikulangara
			5.1.7.54 Application of PISCES
				Timelines
				Institutional wheels
				Semi-structured interview schedule
				Stakeholder interactions through country-planning workshop
				Nature, categories, and reasons of conflicts
			5.1.7.55 Attempt and attitudes toward conflict resolution
			5.1.7.56 Plan for communication
			5.1.7.57 Nagai experiment
			5.1.7.58 Alapad experiment
			5.1.7.59 Results
			5.1.7.60 Methods of study
			5.1.7.61 Stake-net fishery and the “padu system”
			5.1.7.62 Evolution of the padu system and the sanghams
			5.1.7.63 Facilitating equitable access to fishing grounds
			5.1.7.64 Providing collective social responsibility
			5.1.7.65 Mechanisms for conflict resolution and making of rules
			5.1.7.66 Regional context of padu systems
			5.1.7.67 Discussion and conclusions
			5.1.7.68 Summary
			5.1.7.69 Group accident insurance scheme for active fishermen
			5.1.7.70 National cooperatives development corporation (NCDC)
			5.1.7.71 Employment
			5.1.7.72 Development of model fisherman villages
			5.1.7.73 Human rights and environment
			5.1.7.74 Equity and fisheries access
			5.1.7.75 Classifications of fisheries management systems
				Type characteristics
			5.1.7.76 Common ownership (unofficial: without any legal support or governmental support)
			5.1.7.77 Type characteristics
				Sri Subrahmanyeshwara Aqua Club in West Godavari District, AP
			5.1.7.78 Models for India
			5.1.7.79 The role of public-private cooperation in the management of estuarine fisheries: Learning from the Kerala model ...
			5.1.7.80 Rights and responsibilities of the GP in managing poyil fisheries
			5.1.7.81 Roles of various partners in cooperative fisheries management
			5.1.7.82 Local state: Upholding formal rules and regulations of central and provincial governments
			5.1.7.83 Failure to regulate externalities
			5.1.7.84 Conclusion
			5.1.7.85 Reservoirs
			5.1.7.86 Morphometric and hydrological features
			5.1.7.87 Physicochemical features of reservoirs
			5.1.7.88 Chemical characteristics
				Soil reaction
			5.1.7.89 Nutrients
				Available nitrogen
				Available phosphorus
			5.1.7.90 Physical characteristics of water
				Thermal stratification
			5.1.7.91 Chemical features of water
				Dissolved oxygen (DO)
				Free carbon dioxide (FCO 2)
				pH
				Specific conductivity (SC)
				Total alkalinity (TA)
			5.1.7.92 Nutrient status
			5.1.7.93 Biological features of reservoirs
				Plankton
				Macrobenthos
				Aquatic macrophytes (AM)
			5.1.7.94 Fish and fisheries in the reservoirs
				Species composition
				Status of fisheries
			5.1.7.95 Fishing practices
				Gears
			5.1.7.96 Fishing crafts
			5.1.7.97 Fish production trends
			5.1.7.98 Efforts in yield enhancement
			5.1.7.99 Socioeconomic and institutional settings
			5.1.7.100 Management practices
			5.1.7.101 Future action plan
			5.1.7.102 Community fisheries in India
			5.1.7.103 Dealing with the complexity and change in fisheries management
				The case of small-scale fisheries in Andhra Pradesh, India
					Overview
					Case study(1)
			5.1.7.104 India’s share in World fish production
			5.1.7.105 Growth of fisheries sector in India
		5.1.8 Indonesia
		5.1.9 Japan
			5.1.9.1 The Japanese fisheries sector: Some basic facts and data
				Catch/harvest
			5.1.9.2 Change in fisheries management regime
			5.1.9.3 The “Ura” law (1743–1867)
			5.1.9.4 The “Blank period” (1868–1900)
			5.1.9.5 Old fishery law (1901–1948)
		5.1.10 Korea
			5.1.10.1 Indirect control devices in Korea
				TAC-based management for 11 species
			5.1.10.2 Ecosystem-based resource management
			5.1.10.3 Current management through ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM)
				Goal
				Objective
				Bodies
				Flexibility
				Range of areas
				Period
				Further research
		5.1.11 Lao PDR
		5.1.12 Malaysia
		5.1.13 Middle East
			5.1.13.1 The issue of fisheries globally
			5.1.13.2 Fisheries of exclusive economic zone
			5.1.13.3 Small-scale fisheries
			5.1.13.4 Inland fisheries
			5.1.13.5 Aquaculture
			5.1.13.6 Management and conservation
		5.1.14 Myanmar
		5.1.15 Nepal
			5.1.15.1 Inland water resources: Nature and distribution
				Rivers
				Lakes
				Reservoirs
			5.1.15.2 Biological aspects
			5.1.15.3 Environmental aspects of reservoirs
			5.1.15.4 Fisheries
			5.1.15.5 Fisher organizations
			5.1.15.6 Economic viability, marketing aspects, profitability, and value addition
			5.1.15.7 Constraints to reservoir fishery development
				Policy/legislation
			5.1.15.8 Ecological impacts
			5.1.15.9 Socioeconomic aspects
			5.1.15.10 Results
				Formation of the cooperatives
			5.1.15.11 Awareness and fisheries-based employment of cooperative members
			5.1.15.12 Discussion
			5.1.15.13 Lessons that had been learned
		5.1.16 The Philippines
			5.1.16.1 Cyanide fishermen
			5.1.16.2 Live reef fish export
			5.1.16.3 People involved in the live reef fish trade
			5.1.16.4 Live reef fish consumers
			5.1.16.5 Agriculture and fisheries modernization
			5.1.16.6 Background and relevant context: The aims and policy questions
			5.1.16.7 Some of the limitations
			5.1.16.8 Framework and procedure(s) of policy review
			5.1.16.9 EAFM and its relationship with sustainable development
				5.1.16.9.1 Evolution and beginning of EAFM
			5.1.16.10 Efforts toward EAFM in the Philippines
			5.1.16.11 Fisheries improvement for sustainable harvest (FISH) project
			5.1.16.12 Coral triangle initiative (CTI)
			5.1.16.13 Ginintuang masaganang ani for fisheries program (GMAFP) (2002–2004)
			5.1.16.14 Integrated coastal resources management project (ICRMP)
			5.1.16.15 Fishery sector programme (FSP) and fisheries resources management project (FRMP)
			5.1.16.16 World wildlife fund (WWF), The Philippines
			5.1.16.17 The Philippine-Canada local government support program (TPCLGSP)
			5.1.16.18 Small grants program-global environment facility (SGP-GEF)
			5.1.16.19 Honda Bay and Snake Island fisheries management and mangrove conservation project (HBSIFMMCP)
			5.1.16.20 Community-based marine sanctuary management and livelihood support project in Caramay, Roxas, Palawan (CBMSMALS ...
			5.1.16.21 Coastal resources management
			5.1.16.22 Strengthening the fisheries and aquatic resources management councils (FARMCs)
			5.1.16.23 Strengthening governance and sustainability of small-scale fisheries management in the Philippines: An ecosyste ...
			5.1.16.24 Cancun declaration
			5.1.16.25 United Nations conference on straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (UNFSA)
			5.1.16.26 The Malawi principles, Lilongwe, Malawi, January 26–28, 1998
			5.1.16.27 World summit on sustainable development (WSSD), Johannesburg, South Africa, August 26 to September 4, 2002
		5.1.17 Sri Lanka (SL)
			5.1.17.1 Reservoirs in Sri Lanka
			5.1.17.2 Ichthyofauna in the reservoirs of Sri Lanka
			5.1.17.3 A concise history and recent trends of inland fisheries of Sri Lanka
			5.1.17.4 Status of capture fisheries in reservoirs of Sri Lanka
			5.1.17.5 Fishery resource evaluation in reservoirs of Sri Lanka
			5.1.17.6 Aspects of management of capture fisheries in perennial reservoirs
			5.1.17.7 Aspects of management of CBF in the village reservoirs
			5.1.17.8 Species cultured
			5.1.17.9 Aspects of success of culture-based fisheries in Sri Lanka
			5.1.17.10 Regulatory aspects and community management
			5.1.17.11 Present trend of research on culture-based fisheries in Sri Lanka
		5.1.18 Thailand
			5.1.18.1 Reservoir fisheries in Thailand
			5.1.18.2 General aspects
			5.1.18.3 Fish communities
			5.1.18.4 Fisheries
			5.1.18.5 Stock enhancement programs
			5.1.18.6 Cage culture
			5.1.18.7 Socioeconomics and management aspects
			5.1.18.8 Conflicts in reservoir fisheries
			5.1.18.9 Regulations
			5.1.18.10 Proceedings of the international workshop on fisheries comanagement
				General situation of Thai marine fisheries
		5.1.19 Vietnam
		5.1.20 Asia: Summary
	5.2 Africa
		5.2.1 Africa general
			5.2.1.1 Sustainable management of wild-capture fisheries
			5.2.1.2 Current questions in sustainable fisheries, water management, and higher education
			5.2.1.3 Fish diversity and assessment of aquatic ecosystems in Burkina Faso BD and conservation
			5.2.1.4 Studies on the impacts of policies, legislations, and institutions in the management of fish and water resources
			5.2.1.5 Gender and fisheries perspectives in the SUSFISH project
			5.2.1.6 Fisheries health and food security
			5.2.1.7 Systems analysis of environmental, economic, sociopolitical/cultural factors that influence sustainable fisheries
			5.2.1.8 Expected results
		5.2.2 Botswana, Malawi
		5.2.3 Ghana
			5.2.3.1 The present status of Ghana’s marine fisheries
			5.2.3.2 The importance of Ghana’s marine fisheries
			5.2.3.3 The depletion in Ghana’s fish landings
			5.2.3.4 Aquatic desert
			5.2.3.5 The reason(s) for the decline in marine fisheries
		5.2.4 Lake Victoria
			5.2.4.1 Beach management units (BMU) in East Africa
		5.2.5 Madagascar
			5.2.5.1 Farming the sea
			5.2.5.2 Why seaweed and sea cucumbers?
			5.2.5.3 Scaling success
			5.2.5.4 Partners for innovation
		5.2.6 Namibia
			5.2.6.1 An overview
			5.2.6.2 Beginning from the scratch
			5.2.6.3 Renewable harvesting rights form the core of the Namibian fisheries management system and limited permission of a ...
			5.2.6.4 Enforcement and efforts for implementation
			5.2.6.5 Significant snags
			5.2.7 Status in Mozambique
			5.2.7.1 Feeding frenzy for fish: A view
			5.2.8 A brief account in other regions (in a little comparative manner)
			5.2.8.1 Inference
		5.2.9 Senegal
			5.2.9.1 Extension of the experiences of Kayar to other Senegalese fisheries
		5.2.10 Tanzania
			5.2.10.1 About the Tanzania natural resources forum (TNRF)
			5.2.10.2 Background on community-based natural resources management (CBNRM)
			5.2.10.3 Background need for a Tanzania CBNRM forum
			5.2.10.4 Objectives, scope, and approach of stocktaking exercise
				Objectives of the stocktaking exercise
				Scope of the stocktaking exercise
			5.2.10.5 Fisheries subsector
				CBNRM in the fisheries sector: Policy and legislative environment which support CBNRM in the fisheries sector
				CBNRM models in fisheries sector
				Challenges with regard to implementation of fisheries comanagement
				The legislation and policy environment on community fisheries management
				The National Fisheries Sector Policy and strategy statement
				Fisheries act no. 22 of 2003 and fisheries regulations of 2005
				Fisheries Regulations (2005) on comanagement
			5.2.10.6 Collaborative fisheries management in Tanzania
			5.2.8.7 Opportunities in the fisheries sector
			5.2.10.8 Constraints in the implementation of fisheries policy
			5.2.10.9 Recommendation by stakeholders to improve fisheries comanagement
			5.2.10.10 Lessons and scopes in the fisheries co-management
		5.2.11 Summary
	5.3 Australasia
		5.3.1 Australia
			5.3.1.1 The marine stewardship council (MSC)
		5.3.2 Fiji
			5.3.2.1 Poverty alleviation
			5.3.2.2 Biodiversity conservation
			5.3.2.3 Types of conflicts in natural resource management
			5.3.2.4 Types of conflicts arising in NRM intra-micro-micro conflicts
			5.3.2.5 Inter-micro-micro conflicts
			5.3.2.6 Micro-macro conflicts
			5.3.2.7 Causes of nonviolent conflict
		5.3.3 Micronesia (Oceania)
			5.3.3.1 Contextual aspect
			5.3.3.2 SPC activities
			5.3.3.3 Activities
				Coastal fisheries resources management
				The management activities included the following:
				Alternative livelihoods and adaptation: Fish aggregating devices (FADs)
				Capacity building
				Participatory and scientific assessments
				Awareness
				Capacity building and implementation
		5.3.4 Pacific Islands
			5.3.4.1 Fisheries
			5.3.4.2 Fishing gears and methods
			5.3.4.3 Reef gleaning
			5.3.4.4 Traps
			5.3.4.5 Hooks and lines
			5.3.4.6 Longlines
			5.3.4.7 Trolling and lures
			5.3.4.8 Gill nets, tangle nets, and barrier nets
			5.3.4.9 Seine nets and drive-in netting
			5.3.4.10 Cast nets and scoop nets
			5.3.4.11 Spears
			5.3.4.12 Fish aggregating devices (FADs)
			5.3.4.13 Fisheries management
			5.3.4.14 The role of subsistence fishing
			5.3.4.15 Traditional culture and the division of labor
			5.3.4.16 The significance of subsistence fishing
			5.3.4.17 Informal employment
			5.3.4.18 Lack of much information on inshore fisheries
			5.3.4.19 Problems with fisheries
				Declining fish catches
				The need for awareness
				Environmental education in schools
			5.3.4.20 Raising community awareness
				Radio and television
				Printed material
				Direct contact
				Extension work
			5.3.4.21 Government attitude toward fisheries management by communities
			5.3.4.22 Involving communities in marine resource management
			5.3.4.23 Extension staff skills
			5.3.4.24 Community ownership
			5.3.4.25 Extension process
			5.3.4.26 Fisheries advisory committee
			5.3.4.27 Community-based fisheries management
			5.3.4.28 Community group meetings (CGMs): Problem/solution trees
			5.3.4.29 The community fisheries management committee (FMC)
			5.3.4.30 Ensuring continuing community commitment
			5.3.4.31 Review of fisheries management in participating communities
			5.3.4.32 Things which a community extension officer may not do
			5.3.4.33 Community versus national fisheries regulations
			5.3.4.34 Community conservation measures
			5.3.4.35 Community-based management measures
			5.3.4.36 Limiting the efficiency and types of fishing gears
			5.3.4.37 Certain regulatory measures to help in management process
			5.3.4.38 Minimum mesh sizes
			5.3.4.39 Size limits (minimum legal lengths)
			5.3.4.40 Rejection of females, or spawning females
			5.3.4.41 Catch quotas
			5.3.4.42 Community compliance and enforcement of regulations
			5.3.4.43 Supporting community-based fisheries management
		5.3.5 Vanuatu (Oceania)
			5.3.5.1 CBFM in the long term
			5.3.5.2 Local fisheries management systems
			5.3.5.3 Issues and suggestions for fisheries management
			5.3.5.4 Discussion
			5.3.5.5 Strengthening community initiatives through specific national fisheries regulations
		5.3.6 Summary
	5.4 Europe
		5.4.1 Europe (in general)
			5.4.1.1 Long-term management plans (LTMPs)
			5.4.1.2 Effective regionalization
			5.4.1.3 Scope
			5.4.1.4 Improved governance
			5.4.1.5 LTMPs need to be ecosystem based
			5.4.1.6 Paving the way for regionalization
			5.4.1.7 Address overcapacity and improve profit margins
			5.4.1.8 Delivering a system: A real reform of the CFP
			5.4.1.9 Embrace rights-based management (RBM)
			5.4.1.10 To place the environment at the heart of fisheries management
		5.4.2 Austria
			5.4.2.1 Methods
				Data bases
				Classification procedure
				Results
				A brief discussion
		5.4.3 Belgium
			5.4.3.1 Lessons from the case studies
			5.4.3.2 Level of commitment by students
			5.4.3.3 Learning that transpired for both students and adults
		5.4.4 Bulgaria
			5.4.4.1 Taking into account the specificity and the characteristics of the geographical regions and the fisheries sectors ...
			5.4.4.2 Overcoming the five structural disadvantages of the policy
				Concentration on the objectives of the policy
			5.4.4.3 Concentration on the framework for making decisions on key long-term principles
				Statement of the fish product producers organisation “big fish”
			5.4.4.4 Encouraging the industry to take more responsibility in implementing the CFP
				Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration
			5.4.4.5 Statement of the fish product producers organisation (“big fish”)
			5.4.4.6 Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration
			5.4.4.7 Maximum sustainable yields (MSY)
			5.4.4.8 Developing a culture of compliance
			5.4.4.9 Trade and markets: From catch to consumer
				Statement of the fish product producers organisation
			5.4.4.10 The knowledge base for the policy
				Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration
			5.4.4.11 Structural policy and public financial assistance
				Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration
			5.4.4.12 The following principles are taken into account in EU structural policy with particular reference to the Republi ...
			5.4.4.13 Aquaculture
				Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration
			5.4.4.14 Status of biodiversity
			5.4.4.15 Updated information on the status, trends, and threats to biodiversity and consequences for human well-being
				Importance of biodiversity for the country
			5.4.4.16 Fish resources
				Commercial and recreational fishing
			5.4.4.17 Aquaculture (AQC)
			5.4.4.18 Genetic resources
			5.4.4.19 Threats to biodiversity in Bulgaria
			5.4.4.20 Climate change
			5.4.4.21 Socioeconomic and cultural implications
			5.4.4.22 Policies and goals related to biodiversity in Bulgaria
			5.4.4.23 Fisheries in Bulgaria
			5.4.4.24 Structural and cohesion policies in fisheries in Bulgaria
			5.4.4.25 Fisheries in Bulgaria
				Fisheries management measures
			5.4.4.26 Catches
			5.4.4.27 Danube fisheries
			5.4.4.28 Aquaculture (AQC)
			5.4.4.29 Freshwater aquaculture (FW AQC)
			5.4.4.30 Marine aquaculture (marine AQC)
			5.4.4.31 Processing, trade, and employment
			5.4.4.32 Fish processing
			5.4.4.33 Fisheries research
			5.4.4.34 Inference
		5.4.5 Denmark
			5.4.5.1 Nordic cooperation
			5.4.5.2 Iceland
			5.4.5.3 Norway
			5.4.5.4 The Faroe Islands
			5.4.5.5 Nordic experience of comanagement
			5.4.5.6 The green paper on comanagement
			5.4.5.7 Comanagement in the EU
			5.4.5.8 Comanagement in the Nordic countries
			5.4.5.9 Formal and informal comanagement in Norway
			5.4.5.10 Local comanagement with unclear delegation of mandate
			5.4.5.11 Organization of the industry
			5.4.5.12 Empowering the local organizations
			5.4.5.13 Nordic experience of reduction of discards
			5.4.5.14 Reduction of discards in the Nordic countries
			5.4.5.15 Bycatch rules
		5.4.6 Finland
			5.4.6.1 Statistics of stocking, fisheries, and catches
			5.4.6.2 Socioeconomic impacts
		5.4.7 France
			5.4.7.1 Institutional framework for fisheries management
				European framework: CFP
			5.4.7.2 Quota and management of species by the community
			5.4.7.3 Species not subject to quota
			5.4.7.4 Reduction in catch capacity
			5.4.7.5 Specific case of the Mediterranean
			5.4.7.6 Specific case of the FSAT
			5.4.7.7 Industry participation
			5.4.7.8 Distributional issues, economic simulation
		5.4.8 Germany
			5.4.8.1 The history of the fishery in NE Germany
			5.4.8.2 Fisheries management
			5.4.8.3 The competition between small-scale and trawler fishermen
		5.4.9 Hungary
			5.4.9.1 General description of the fishery sector in Hungary
				An analysis of the national and local circumstances
			5.4.9.2 Aquaculture (fishpond and intensive production)
			5.4.9.3 Pondfish production
			5.4.9.4 Intensive production
			5.4.9.5 Inland fisheries
			5.4.9.6 Fish consumption and processing
			5.4.9.7 Ramsar convention and its links with Hungarian fisheries sector
			5.4.9.8 EU water framework directive (WFD)
			5.4.9.9 Gender mainstreaming
			5.4.9.10 The Hungarian biodiversity monitoring system
		5.4.10 Ireland
			5.4.10.1 Integrated water resources management (IWRM)
		5.4.11 Italy
			5.4.11.1 Background experience in community-based natural resource management
			5.4.11.2 Conditions for successful community-based natural resource management
			5.4.11.3 The “enabling” environment
			5.4.11.4 Issues
		5.4.12 Mediterranean and the Black Sea
			5.4.12.1 Done at SR on 23 Nov 19 arnd 4–45 pm
			5.4.12.2 Management and comanagement: actual comanagement versus participatory advisory schemes
				Definition of comanagement
			5.4.12.3 Types of comanagement
			5.4.12.4 Executive role of the stakeholders versus participatory advisory schemes
			5.4.12.5 Overview of traditional fisheries management in the region
				Traditional schemes involving self-management
			5.4.12.6 Transfer of management responsibility from primary stakeholders to centralized state agencies in modern times
			5.4.12.7 Contemporary schemes including comanagement elements
		5.4.13 Norway
		5.4.14 The Netherlands
		5.4.15 Romania
		5.4.16 Switzerland
			5.4.16.1 Background to coastal fisheries
			5.4.16.2 Fisheries management
			5.4.16.3 Impacts
			5.4.16.4 Key success factors
		5.4.17 United Kingdom (UK)
			5.4.17.1 Glimpses of management of AQC and fisheries in Great Britain
		5.4.18 Macedonia (Yugoslavia)
			5.4.18.1 Overview of biodiversity status, trends, and threats
				Overview
			5.4.18.2 Main changes in the status and trends of BD components: Status, trends, and treads of key ecosystems and species
			5.4.18.3 Wetlands ecosystems
			5.4.18.4 Millennium traditional fishing
		5.4.19 Summary
	5.5 America
		5.5.1 Argentina
			5.5.1.1 Governance predicts upside potential
			5.5.1.2 Effectiveness of fishery governance by country
			5.5.1.3 Management objectives
			5.5.1.4 Are small-scale fishers considered in the reform plan?
			5.5.1.5 Impacts of fishery on BD
			5.5.1.6 Does the management plan aim to restore depleted stocks in this fishery?
			5.5.1.7 Is fishing gear mandated by the management plan to avoid bycatch of nontarget species, to limit environmental and ...
			5.5.1.8 Are ecosystem linkages with the fishery made explicit in the management plan?
			5.5.1.9 Are all the stakeholders in fishery resource identified and considered?
			5.5.1.10 Are social, economic, and institutional factors related to sustainability evaluated with data?
			5.5.1.11 Are management instruments under continuous review?
			5.5.1.12 Social and economic issues
				Is the fishery managed so as to minimize conflict among different sectors?
				Are indigenous peoples’ rights and needs being met?
				Are the needs of local fishing communities being met?
				When a change to the management of a fishery is made, is its cost-effectiveness evaluated?
				When a change to the management of a fishery is made, is its social impact evaluated?
			5.5.1.13 Road to a catch share
			5.5.1.14 Performance
			5.5.1.15 Define program goals
			5.5.1.16 Define and quantify the available resource
			5.5.1.17 Define eligible participants
			5.5.1.18 Develop administrative systems
			5.5.1.19 Assessment, performance, and innovations
			5.5.1.20 Environmental and economic context for greening the economy
				Current state of world fisheries and aquaculture
				Greening the fisheries and aquaculture sectors
				Key findings of the green economy report
			5.5.1.21 The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity
			5.5.1.22 Trends, challenges, and opportunities
				Fisheries
				Fisheries subsidies and marine resources management: Lessons learned from studies in Argentina and Senegal
				United nations environment program
				Division of technology, industry, and economics
				Economics and trade branch
			5.5.1.23 Historical background: Fisheries subsidies and world trade negotiations
				Subsidies in argentine fisheries
				Environment and trade
				Fisheries and the environment
		5.5.2 Canada
			5.5.2.1 Providing with scientific information for management
			5.5.2.2 The objective(s) of the workshop
			5.5.2.3 Procedure for identifying the strategies
			5.5.2.4 Definition of ecosystem stability
			5.5.2.5 The wise use of policy search routines
			5.5.2.6 Simulation results
		5.5.3 The Caribbean
			5.5.3.1 Community-based fisheries management
			5.5.3.2 Why community based fisheries management?
			5.5.3.3 Fishing community initiatives in CBFM and the Sitka Declaration: Proposal for forum of fishermen, NGO’s, and gov ...
			5.5.3.4 Local management by the commons
			5.5.3.5 Catch shares
			5.5.3.6 Can CBFM work for fishermen in places as diverse as Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Puerto Rico?
		5.5.4 Cuba
			5.5.4.1 Cuban fisheries
				A brief introduction
				History of fisheries management in Cuba
				Legal and institutional framework
			5.5.4.2 Current fisheries
			5.5.4.3 National fisheries strategy
			5.5.4.4 Modeling approach
			5.5.4.5 Recommendations
			5.5.4.6 The environment
			5.5.4.7 Biological diversity
			5.5.4.8 Fisheries resources
			5.5.4.9 Cuban fisheries and the revolution
		5.5.5 Mexico
			5.5.5.1 Research activities and procedures
			5.5.5.2 The possible causes of management failure
			5.5.5.3 Rationing of scarce fishery resources
			5.5.5.4 Introduction to the project
				Justification
				Goals and objectives
			5.5.5.5 General procedure for the project
				To establish rapport and trust with the Seri community
				In-depth literature search
				Agricultural policy
				Fisheries policy
				To develop a vision for the sector in order to provide with institutional stability over time
				To try for controls on fishing effort
				To go for fisheries management plans and stock recovery programs
				To include the artisanal sector under stronger management
				To go on with the reform(s) of the institutional arrangements in order to provide more effective management of the sector
				To augment agency coordination for AQC projects
			5.5.5.6 The initial seed (in Mexico)
			5.5.5.7 Multi-criteria decision supporting tools: From simple to sophisticated reserve designs and frameworks
			5.5.5.8 Fisher fund
		5.5.6 Peru
		5.5.7 Trinidad
			5.5.7.1 Project details
			5.5.7.2 Issues and conflicts
				Multi-gear, multispecies fisheries
				Multi-sectoral use of the Gulf of Paria coastal zone and associated watershed
			5.5.7.3 Weak consultative process in decision-making with regard to coastal area development
			5.5.7.4 Weak organization of the fisheries resource users
			5.5.7.5 Fisheries versus other sectors
			5.5.7.6 Geographic extent of the area under consideration
			5.5.7.7 Types of stakeholder groups
			5.5.7.8 Stakeholder details
			5.5.7.9 The fisheries division of the Ministry of Agriculture, land, and marine resources
			5.5.7.10 Other fishermen
			5.5.7.11 Strategies applied for stakeholder participation
				Involvement of all stakeholders in the management process and not just the fishing communities
				The need for awareness generation on environmental and resource management issues among all stakeholders (resource users an ...
				Identification of critical areas, particular resources, and user groups along the Gulf of Paria on which to try to focus on ...
				Consolidation of all available information on the Gulf of Paria to avoid duplication of works
				Consideration of alternatives to the prevailing “open-access” approach to harvesting of fisheries resources
				Consultations at the community and national levels to focus project objectives and activities and thereby enhance instituti ...
			5.5.7.12 Lessons learnt
			5.5.7.13 Stakeholder identification
			5.5.7.14 Stakeholder identification and capacity building assessment
			5.5.7.15 Understanding power relations
			5.5.7.16 Rationalizing urgency with practicability
			5.5.7.17 Feasibility in determining the size of the area to be managed
		5.5.8 USA
			5.5.8.1 Why is it important to document and preserve marine-related oral history?
			5.5.8.2 Overview of the LFK through pilot project
			5.5.8.3 Types of natural resources
			5.5.8.4 An overview of the general plan
			5.5.8.5 Epilogue
			5.5.8.6 Rationale
			5.5.8.7 Brief description of RFBs and RSCs
				Regional fishery bodies
					Origins
			5.5.8.8 Ecosystem-based management of fisheries
				Concept and rationale
					Background
					Objectives
					Advantages
			5.5.8.9 Impact of non-fishery activities on the ecosystem
			5.5.8.10 Provisions of the RSCs and the activities of associated action plans relevant to ecosystem-based management of ...
				General provisions of the conventions
			5.5.8.11 Activities relevant to ecosystem-based management of fisheries
			5.5.8.12 Activities of RFBs related to the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (continued)
			5.5.8.13 International Council for the exploration of the sea
			5.5.8.14 Inferences and possible options
			5.5.8.15 Activities of RSCs and programs relevant to fishery resources (continued)
			5.5.8.16 Abidjan convention
			5.5.8.17 Barcelona convention
			5.5.8.18 Bucharest convention
			5.5.8.19 Cartagena convention
			5.5.8.20 Caspian convention
			5.5.8.21 Helsinki convention
			5.5.8.22 Jeddah convention
			5.5.8.23 Kuwait convention
			5.5.8.24 Nairobi convention
			5.5.8.25 Noumea convention
			5.5.8.26 OSPAR convention
			5.5.8.27 Definition of sustainable fisheries
			5.5.8.28 Goals
			5.5.8.29 Indicators
			5.5.8.30 Biological indicators
			5.5.8.31 Economic indicators
			5.5.8.32 Social indicators
			5.5.8.33 Impact of eutrophication
			5.5.8.34 Impact of pollutants
			5.5.8.35 Impact of human activities on fish stocks
			5.5.8.36 Impact of fisheries on the ecosystem; the need to protect species and habitats
			5.5.8.37 The impact of climate, ozone depletion on fisheries
			5.5.8.38 Toward a global Federation of Regional Observing Systems
			5.5.9 Summary
	Suggested reading
	Asia
	Africa
	Web Links
	Australasia
	Europe
	America
Chapter 6 Climate change, fisheries management, and economics
	6.1 Aspects of climate change
		6.1.1 Introduction
	6.2 The growing human population and impact on climate
	6.3 The impact on water bodies, fisheries, and aquaculture
		6.3.1 Introduction
		6.3.2 A general overview of climate change
		6.3.3 Acidification of the ocean
		6.3.4 Impacts of climate change on the ecosystem
		6.3.5 Impacts of climate change on livelihoods
		6.3.6 Carbon footprints of fisheries and aquaculture
		6.3.7 Adaptation to change
		6.3.8 Technical and organizational structures: Capacity building
		6.3.9 Marine water
		6.3.10 Inland water
		6.3.11 Fishes
		6.3.12 Physical features
		6.3.13 Meridional overturning circulation in the sea
		6.3.14 Sea-level rise
		6.3.15 Acidification and other chemical properties
		6.3.16 Fisheries’ contribution to GHG emissions
		6.3.17 Emissions from trade
		6.3.18 Contributions from fisheries toward mitigation
		6.3.19 Impacts of climate change on fisheries
		6.3.20 Impact of climate change on Inland fishing operations and livelihood
		6.3.21 Adaptation of fisheries to climate change
		6.3.22 Adaptation of fisheries management
		6.3.23 Climate variability patterns
		6.3.24 Observed effects of climate variability and climate change on ecosystem and fish production processes
		6.3.25 Climate change and fish recruitment processes
		6.3.26 Primary production
		6.3.27 Secondary production
		6.3.28 Inland waters
		6.3.29 FW systems and palaeontological records
		6.3.30 Aquaculture systems
		6.3.31 Food web impacts from plankton to fish
		6.3.32 Alteration(s) in distribution
		6.3.33 Changes in abundance
		6.3.34 Phenological changes
		6.3.35 Change of phenology in the marine environment
		6.3.36 Change of phenology in the FW environment
		6.3.37 Species invasions and diseases
		6.3.38 Summary of EUS
		6.3.39 Fisheries’ contribution to livelihoods and economic development
		6.3.40 Current trends and status of fisheries
		6.3.41 Importance of socioeconomic drivers in Fijian fishing communities
		6.3.42 Impact(s) of climate variability on Peruvian Anchoveta fisheries
		6.3.43 Rainfall and inland African fisheries
		6.3.44 Multiple impacts on Mekong Delta fisheries
		6.3.45 Vulnerability of communities
		6.3.46 Food fish production and basis of the need
		6.3.47 Food fish needs
		6.3.48 Food security and fish
		6.3.49 Aquaculture production
		6.3.50 Environmental-climatic distribution of aquaculture
		6.3.51 Climatic-national-regional distribution of aquaculture
		6.3.52 Growth trends in aquaculture
		6.3.53 Brief synthesis of previous studies on climate change effects on aquaculture and fisheries
		6.3.54 Impacts of climate change on aquaculture
		6.3.55 Major climatic changes that could potentially impact on aquaculture
		6.3.56 Direct impacts on aquaculture
		6.3.57 Potential impacts
		6.3.58 Inland aquaculture
			6.3.58.1 Pond aquaculture
			6.3.58.2 Integrated aquaculture
			6.3.58.3 Cage culture
		6.3.59 Mariculture
		6.3.60 Saltwater intrusion
		6.3.61 Water stress
		6.3.62 Indirect impacts of climate change on aquaculture
		6.3.63 Impacts of climate change on diseases
		6.3.64 Impacts of climate change on biodiversity
		6.3.65 Social impacts of climate change on aquaculture
		6.3.66 Potential impacts of aquaculture on climate change
		6.3.67 Carbon sequestration
		6.3.68 Institutional, policy, and planning measures
		6.3.69 Aquaculture insurance
		6.3.70 Research and technology transfer
		6.3.71 Zooplankton culture
		6.3.72 Conclusion
	6.4 Management of fisheries and fish farming
	6.5 The economic aspects
		6.5.1 Introduction
		6.5.2 Concluding comments
	6.6 Thoughts on preventive actions
	6.7 Summary
	Suggested reading
Chapter 7 Discussion
	7.1 Fishery management before 1900
	7.2 Financial support to fisheries: Implications for sustainable development
		7.2.1 Summary profiles of GFTs in selected OECD countries
			7.2.1.1 Canada
			7.2.1.2 Czech Republic
			7.2.1.3 Iceland
			7.2.1.4 Italy
			7.2.1.5 Japan
			7.2.1.6 Norway
			7.2.1.7 Slovak Republic
			7.2.1.8 Sweden
			7.2.1.9 United Kingdom
	7.3 Summary
Glossary
Abbreviations
Index
Back Cover