Communications Law: Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media (Wadsworth Series in Mass Communication and Journalism)

Front Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 15
Studying the Law......Page 20
Constitutional Law......Page 23
Statutory Law......Page 25
Administrative Law......Page 26
Case Law......Page 28
Civil Law Versus Criminal Law......Page 31
Contracts Versus Torts......Page 32
Court Systems and Jurisdiction......Page 33
Federal Jurisdiction......Page 34
State Jurisdiction......Page 38
Special Problem: Cyberspace......Page 40
Justiciable Controversy......Page 44
Pretrial Procedure......Page 45
Trial Procedure......Page 47
Appellate Procedure......Page 48
Summary Points......Page 50
Discussion Questions......Page 51
Key Terms......Page 52
Background: A Short History of Free Speech......Page 53
Social Reasons......Page 57
Individualistic Reasons......Page 58
Rebuttal......Page 59
Adoption of the First Amendment......Page 60
Liberty Versus Government Power......Page 62
Expression Versus Conduct......Page 63
Gathering and Distributing......Page 65
Prior Restraints......Page 66
Punishment After the Fact......Page 69
Financial Burdens......Page 71
Compelled Speech......Page 73
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions......Page 76
Rights Not Absolute......Page 78
Unprotected Speech......Page 79
The Balancing Approach......Page 82
The Forum Theory......Page 88
The Student Press......Page 89
Special Problem: Corporate Speech......Page 93
Protecting Investment Markets......Page 94
Protecting the Political Process......Page 96
Waiver of Free Speech Rights......Page 101
Summary Points......Page 102
Discussion Questions......Page 103
Key Terms......Page 104
When to Censor?......Page 105
Law and Order......Page 107
Clear and Present Danger......Page 108
The Incitement Standard......Page 110
National Security......Page 112
The Pentagon Papers Case......Page 113
The H-Bomb Case......Page 115
Wartime Access Restrictions......Page 116
The Patriot Act......Page 117
Negligence Versus Incitement......Page 118
Harm Through Imitation......Page 119
Harm From Advice or Instruction......Page 123
Harm Through Advertising......Page 129
Summary Points......Page 132
Discussion Questions......Page 133
Key Terms......Page 134
Evolution of Defamation Law......Page 135
Development by the States......Page 138
The Constitution Intervenes......Page 139
The Meaning of Defamatory......Page 140
Interpreting the Statements......Page 143
Burden of Proof......Page 148
How False Must It Be?......Page 149
Publication......Page 154
Special Problem: Group Defamation......Page 155
Fault......Page 156
New York Times Co. V. Sullivan......Page 157
The Meaning of Actual Malice......Page 160
Gertz and the Negligence Standard......Page 164
Categorizing the Plaintiff......Page 166
Harm to Plaintiff......Page 172
Awarding Damages......Page 173
Matters of Private Concern......Page 174
Privileges, Defenses, and Other Protections......Page 175
Reports of Official Proceedings......Page 176
Neutral Reporting......Page 178
The Wire Service Defense......Page 179
Retractions......Page 180
Summary Judgment......Page 181
Anti-Slapp Statutes......Page 182
Defamation in Cyberspace......Page 184
ISP Liability......Page 185
User Liability......Page 188
Libel Tourism......Page 189
Reasons for Change......Page 190
The Uniform Correction......Page 191
Summary Points......Page 192
Discussion Questions......Page 193
Key Terms......Page 194
Origins of Privacy Law......Page 195
Four Distinct Torts......Page 197
Appropriation of Name or Likeness......Page 198
Commercial Use......Page 199
Name or Likeness......Page 203
Consent......Page 205
First Amendment Clash......Page 208
Disclosure of Private Facts......Page 209
Private Life......Page 210
Highly Offensive Disclosure......Page 212
Not Newsworthy......Page 213
False Light......Page 219
False Light Situations......Page 220
The Elements and Privileges......Page 222
Expectation of Privacy......Page 223
Offensiveness......Page 225
Use of Subterfuge......Page 227
Public Places......Page 230
Companion Torts......Page 231
Fraud......Page 232
Emotional Distress......Page 233
Trespass......Page 236
Betraying Identity......Page 237
Recording and Intercepting Calls......Page 238
Privacy in Cyberspace......Page 241
E-Mail and Websites......Page 242
Collecting and Accessing Data......Page 243
Summary Points......Page 246
Discussion Questions......Page 247
Key Terms......Page 248
Access to Places......Page 249
Trespass on Private Property......Page 251
Accident, Crime, and Disaster Scenes......Page 256
Government Property......Page 257
Government Proceedings......Page 258
State Open Meetig Laws......Page 259
The Federal Meetings Statute......Page 262
The Freedom of Information Act......Page 264
State Open Records Laws......Page 278
Selective Access by Government......Page 282
Discussion Questions......Page 285
Key Terms......Page 286
Media and Courts: A Unique Relationship......Page 287
The Quest for Fair Trials......Page 289
The Sixth Amendment Guarantee......Page 290
Warnings from the Supreme Court......Page 291
The True Effect of Publicity......Page 295
The Aftermath of Sheppard......Page 296
Gag Orders and the First Amendment......Page 297
Gagging the Media......Page 298
Gagging Trial Participants......Page 302
Access to Proceedings......Page 304
Criminal Trials......Page 305
Pretrial Proceedings......Page 309
Executions......Page 310
Civil Proceedings......Page 311
Deportation Hearings......Page 312
Special Problem: Juvenile Court......Page 313
Special Problem: Cameras in The Courtroom......Page 314
Access to Evidence and Records......Page 318
Keeping Media Secrets......Page 321
Forced Disclosure and the First Amendment......Page 322
Shield Laws......Page 327
Legal Obligation to Sources......Page 330
Contempt of Court......Page 332
Summary Points......Page 334
Discussion Questions......Page 335
Key Terms......Page 336
CHAPTER EIGHT: Creative Property......Page 337
A Special Kind of Property......Page 338
Copyright......Page 339
Protected Works......Page 340
Ownership......Page 345
Formalities......Page 352
Infringement......Page 353
Licensing Agreements......Page 356
Music Licensing......Page 359
Special Problem: Cable Retransmission......Page 362
International Protection......Page 364
Fair Use......Page 366
Applying the Factors......Page 367
News, Images, and Fair Use......Page 372
Parody and Criticism......Page 373
Copyright in Cyberspace......Page 374
Exclusive Rights in a Digital World......Page 375
DMCA Immunity......Page 376
Peer-To-Peer Piracy......Page 378
Trademarks......Page 380
Creation of Trademarks......Page 382
Trademark Registration......Page 384
Infringement......Page 385
Dilution......Page 386
Trademarks and Domain Names......Page 388
Unfair Competition......Page 390
Summary Points......Page 393
Discussion Questions......Page 394
Key Terms......Page 395
Introduction......Page 396
Use of the Spectrum......Page 398
The Communications Act of 1934......Page 400
Limited First Amendment Status......Page 401
Jurisdiction and Powers......Page 407
Practice and Procedure......Page 409
Station Licensing......Page 410
The Initial License......Page 411
License Renewals......Page 417
Transfer of Licenses......Page 421
Ownership Limitations......Page 422
Contrast: Cable Franchising......Page 426
EEO Rules......Page 428
Summary Points......Page 430
Discussion Questions......Page 431
Key Terms......Page 432
Broadcasters and Political Speech......Page 433
Equal Opportunities Rule......Page 435
Candidate Access......Page 440
The Fairness Doctrine Saga......Page 443
Commercial Limits......Page 446
Required Programming......Page 447
Sponsor ID......Page 448
Hoaxes......Page 449
Contests......Page 450
Program Ratings and V-Chip......Page 451
Control of Cable TV......Page 452
First Amendment Status......Page 453
The Cable Acts......Page 455
Access Channels......Page 456
Must-Carry......Page 458
Other Cable Content Rules......Page 460
Satellite Systems......Page 461
Summary Points......Page 463
Key Terms......Page 464
A Touchy Subject......Page 465
History of Pornography......Page 468
Early American Obscenity Law......Page 469
Obscenity and the Constitution......Page 470
The Rationale for Controls......Page 471
Defining Obscenity......Page 472
Prurient Interest......Page 473
Patent Offensiveness......Page 474
Lack of Serious Value......Page 475
Exception: Child Pornography......Page 478
State Statutes......Page 479
Federal Statutes......Page 481
The Knowledge Requirement......Page 483
Prior Restraint......Page 484
Postal Controls......Page 486
Local Zoning......Page 487
Funding Conditions......Page 490
Campaigns Against Advertising......Page 491
The Public Airwaves......Page 492
Cable TV......Page 501
Telephone......Page 502
The Internet......Page 503
Summary Points......Page 506
Key Terms......Page 507
CHAPTER TWELVE: Commercial Speech......Page 508
Seller Beware?......Page 510
The Rise to Protection......Page 511
The Central Hudson Test......Page 513
Defining Commercial Speech......Page 515
Ads For Disfavored Products......Page 517
Deceptive Ads and the FTC......Page 522
Authority of the FTC......Page 523
Deception: The Basic Elements......Page 526
Prior Substantiation......Page 532
FTC Rules and Guides......Page 534
FTC Enforcement Devices......Page 538
Lanham Act Lawsuits......Page 539
Elements of a Claim......Page 540
Sample Cases......Page 541
Plaintiff’s Remedies......Page 542
Government Prosecution......Page 543
Federal Preemption......Page 544
Deception on The......Page 546
Spamming......Page 547
Net Neutrality......Page 548
Consumer Privacy......Page 549
Right to Refuse Advertising......Page 550
Summary Points......Page 551
Discussion Questions......Page 552
Key Terms......Page 553
Glossary......Page 554
Notes......Page 566
Case Index......Page 578
Subject Index......Page 580