Communication Between Cultures

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 19
CHAPTER 1 Intercultural Communication: Interaction in a Multicultural World......Page 23
THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY......Page 24
GROWING DOMESTIC DIVERSITY......Page 26
U.S. IMMIGRATION......Page 27
TECHNOLOGY......Page 28
The Dominant Culture......Page 30
Society......Page 31
Reactions to Culture Shock......Page 32
The Phases of Culture Shock......Page 33
Beyond Culture Shock......Page 34
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 36
Relativism......Page 37
Be Mindful That Communication Produces a Response......Page 38
Search for Commonalities among People and Cultures......Page 39
Accept Responsibility for Your Behavior......Page 41
Individual Uniqueness......Page 42
Generalizing......Page 43
Objectivity......Page 45
PREVIEW OF THE BOOK......Page 46
Activities......Page 47
Concepts and Questions......Page 48
HUMAN COMMUNICATION......Page 49
Communication and Persuasion......Page 50
DEFINING COMMUNICATION......Page 51
Messages......Page 52
Noise......Page 53
Communication Is a Dynamic Process......Page 54
Communication Is Contextual......Page 55
Communication Has a Consequence......Page 57
CULTURE......Page 58
Culture Is Shared......Page 59
Culture Defined......Page 60
The Elements of Culture......Page 61
Characteristics of Culture......Page 65
Concepts and Questions......Page 79
CHAPTER 3 The Deep Structure of Culture: Lessons from the Family......Page 81
THE DEEP STRUCTURE OF CULTURE......Page 82
Deep Structure Institutions Carry Culture’s Most Important Messages......Page 83
Deep Structure Institutions Supply Much of a Person’s Identity......Page 84
FAMILY......Page 85
Definition of Family......Page 86
Forms of Family......Page 87
Transforming Families in the United States......Page 88
Globalization and Families......Page 89
Functions of the Family......Page 91
COMMUNICATION, CULTURE, AND FAMILY......Page 93
Gender Roles......Page 94
Individualism and Collectivism......Page 101
The Elderly......Page 105
Social Skills......Page 108
Summary......Page 110
Concepts and Questions......Page 111
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY......Page 112
United States History......Page 114
Russian History......Page 118
Chinese History......Page 121
Japanese History......Page 124
Indian History......Page 127
Mexican History......Page 131
Islamic Civilization......Page 135
Summary......Page 140
Concepts and Questions......Page 141
WORLDVIEW......Page 142
Manifestations of Worldview......Page 143
Constructs of Worldviews......Page 145
Religion and the Sacred......Page 148
Religion and Personal Conduct......Page 149
The Study of Religion in the Twenty-First Century......Page 150
Selecting Worldviews for Study......Page 151
The Elements of Religion......Page 152
Christianity......Page 156
Judaism......Page 161
Islam......Page 166
Hinduism......Page 175
Buddhism......Page 181
Confucianism......Page 188
Summary......Page 192
Concepts and Questions......Page 193
CHAPTER 6 Cultural Values: Guidelines for Behavior......Page 194
UNDERSTANDING PERCEPTION......Page 195
UNDERSTANDING VALUES......Page 196
Cultural Patterns......Page 197
Selecting Cultural Patterns......Page 198
KOHLS’ “THE VALUES AMERICANS LIVE BY”......Page 199
Time and Its Control......Page 200
Equality/Egalitarianism......Page 201
Individuality and Privacy......Page 202
Competition and Free Enterprise......Page 203
Informality......Page 204
Materialism/Acquisitiveness......Page 205
Individualism/Collectivism......Page 206
Uncertanity Avoidance......Page 209
Power Distance......Page 210
Masculinity/Femininity......Page 212
Long- and Short-Term Orientation......Page 213
Indulgence/Restraint......Page 214
KLUCKHOHN AND STRODTBECK’S VALUE ORIENTATIONS......Page 216
Human Nature Orientation......Page 217
Person/Nature Orientation......Page 218
Time Orientation......Page 220
Activity Orientation......Page 221
High-Context......Page 223
Low-Context......Page 224
Globe Study Cultural Dimensions......Page 225
Globe Societies and Geographical Groups......Page 226
FACE AND FACEWORK......Page 230
CULTURAL PATTERNS AND COMMUNICATION......Page 231
Summary......Page 233
Concepts and Questions......Page 234
CHAPTER 7 Culture and Identity: Situating the Individual......Page 235
THE ROLE OF IDENTITY......Page 236
DEFINING IDENTITY......Page 237
Racial Identity......Page 239
Ethnic Identity......Page 240
Gender Identity......Page 241
National Identity......Page 242
Regional Identity......Page 243
Personal Identity......Page 244
Cyber and Fantasy Identity......Page 245
ACQUIRING AND DEVELOPING IDENTITIES......Page 246
ESTABLISHING AND ENACTING CULTURAL IDENTITY......Page 248
IDENTITY IN INTERCULTURAL INTERACTIONS......Page 250
IDENTITY IN A GLOBALIZED SOCIETY......Page 251
Stereotypes Defined......Page 253
Stereotypes and Intercultural Communication......Page 254
Avoiding Stereotypes......Page 255
Functions of Prejudice......Page 256
Expressions of Prejudice......Page 257
Avoiding Prejudice......Page 258
RACISM......Page 259
Expressions of Racism......Page 260
ETHNOCENTRISM......Page 261
Characteristics of Ethnocentrism......Page 262
Avoiding Ethnocentrism......Page 263
Summary......Page 264
Concepts and Questions......Page 265
CHAPTER 8 Verbal Messages: Exchanging Ideas through Language......Page 266
FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE......Page 267
Expressions of Identity......Page 268
What Is Language?......Page 269
Language Variations......Page 270
Conversational Taboos......Page 272
The Synergy of Language and Culture......Page 273
Using Language......Page 274
INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING......Page 277
Interpretation......Page 278
Cultural Considerations in Interpretation and Translation......Page 279
Working With Interpreters and Translators......Page 280
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND LANGUAGE......Page 281
Improving Interpersonal Interactions......Page 282
Second Language Benefits......Page 284
Activities......Page 286
Concepts and Questions......Page 287
CHAPTER 9 Nonverbal Communication: The Messages of Action, Space, Time, and Silence......Page 288
Expressing Internal States......Page 290
Creating Identity......Page 291
DEFINING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION......Page 292
Verbal and Nonverbal Messages......Page 293
The Study of Nonverbal Communication Includes Cultural Universals......Page 294
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE......Page 295
Appearance......Page 296
Body Movement......Page 301
SPACE AND DISTANCE......Page 314
Personal Space......Page 315
Seating......Page 316
Furniture Arrangement......Page 317
Time......Page 318
Monochronic (M-time) and Polychronic (P-time)......Page 321
SILENCE......Page 322
IMPROVING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS......Page 325
Monitor Feedback......Page 326
Know Your Culture......Page 327
Activities......Page 328
Concepts and Questions......Page 329
CULTURE AND CONTEXT......Page 330
Context Helps Specify Communication Rules......Page 331
Communication Rules are Culturally Diverse......Page 332
Formality and Informality......Page 333
Assertiveness and Interpersonal Harmony......Page 334
Power Distance Relationships......Page 335
The International Business Setting......Page 336
The Domestic Business Setting......Page 338
COMMUNICATION IN THE MULTICULTURAL BUSINESS CONTEXT......Page 339
Business Protocols......Page 340
Business Cultures......Page 342
Negotiation and Conflict Resolution......Page 347
Culturally Diverse Educational Systems......Page 352
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION......Page 353
Challenges of Multicultural Education......Page 354
Culture and Learning......Page 355
LINGUISTIC ISSUES IN MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION......Page 358
Language and Identity......Page 359
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students......Page 360
Communicator Characteristics......Page 361
Communication Strategies......Page 363
THE HEALTH CARE CONTEXT......Page 364
DIVERSE HEALTH CARE BELIEF SYSTEMS......Page 365
Supernatural/Mágico/Religious Tradition......Page 366
Holistic Tradition......Page 369
Scientific/Biomedical Tradition......Page 371
Language Diversity......Page 372
Employing Interpreters......Page 373
Requisites for Effective Multicultural Health Care Communication......Page 374
Developing Effective Health Care Communication Strategies......Page 376
Summary......Page 379
Activities......Page 380
Concepts and Questions......Page 381
Notes......Page 382
Index......Page 418