Communicating about Health: Current Issues and Perspectives

Cover
Communicating About Health
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Part1: Establishing a Context for Health Communication
	Chapter 1: Introduction
		The Philosophy Behind This Book
		Box 1.1 Career Opportunities: Profiles of More Than 125 Health-Related Jobs
		Box 1.2 Learn While You Make a Difference
		What Is Health?
		What Is Health Communication?
		Box 1.3 Perspectives: True Stories About Health Communication Experiences
			Defining Communication
				Collaborative Sense-Making
				Multiple Levels of Meaning
				Context and Culture
			Defining Health Communication
		Box 1.4 Theoretical Foundations: The Basis for Health Communication
			The History of Health Communication
		Box 1.5 Resources: Health Communication Organizations and Resources
		Health Care Models
			Biomedical
			Biopsychosocial
		Box 1.6 Perspectives: A Memorable Hospital Experience
			Sociocultural
		The Importance of Health Communication
		Box 1.7 Ethical Considerations: An Essential Component of Health Communication
		Box 1.8 Perspectives: Down, But Not Out
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
	Chapter 2: The Landscape for Health Communication
		Current Issues in Health Care
			Preventive Care
			Cost Efficiency
			Treatment Approaches
				Mind-Body Dualism
				Holistic Approach
			Patient Empowerment
		Impact of Social Changes
			Global Health
			Changing Populations
			Technology Use
		Managed Care
			Conventional Insurance
			Health Maintenance Organization
			Preferred Provider Organization
			High-Deductible Health Plan
		BOX 2.1 Managed Care at a Glance
			Pros and Cons of Managed Care
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
		Box 2.2 Resources: Before You Select a Managed Care Plan
		Health Care Reform
			Universal Coverage
				Rationale
				Single- and Multi-Payer Systems
				Funding
			The Affordable Care Act
				Provisions
				Potential and Advantages
				Challenges and Disadvantages
		Box 2.3 Ethical Considerations: Classroom Debate on Health Care Reform
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
Part II: The Roles of Patients and Professional Caregivers
	Chapter 3: Patient_Caregiver Communication
		Box 3.1 Resources: Journals That Feature Health Communication Research
		Medical Talk and Power Differentials
			Knowledge and Power
		Box 3.2 Ethical Considerations: Therapeutic Privilege
			Who Talks and Who Listens
		Box 3.3 Doorknob Disclosures
			Questions and Directives
			Blocking
			Patronizing Behavior
		Box 3.4 Stepping Over the Line
			Why Do We Do It?
		Box 3.5 Perspectives: Tyranny of the Urgent
		Collaborative Communication Model
			Reasons for a Shift
			Theoretical Foundations
			The Emerging Model
		Communication Skill Builders
			Motivational Interviewing
		Box 3.6 Ouch!
			Dialogue
				Nonverbal Encouragement
				Verbal Encouragement
		Box 3.7 Perspectives: A MotherÕs Experience at the Dentist
			Narrative Medicine
		Box 3.8 Theoretical Foundations: Integrative Health Model
		Box 3.9 Communication Tips for Patients
		Box 3.10 Career Opportunities: Health Communication Research
		Healing Environments
			Soothing Surroundings
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
	Chapter 4: Patient Perspectives
		BOX 4.1 Perspectives: The Agony of Uncertainty
		Patient Socialization
		Voice of Lifeworld
			Feelings Versus Evidence
			Specific Versus Diffuse
			Bridging the Gap
		Patient Characteristics
			Nature of the Illness
			Patient Disposition
		BOX 4.2 Health and Communication Technology: Computer in the Room
			Communication Skills
		Satisfaction
			Attentiveness and Respect
		BOX 4.3 Is Satisfaction Overrated?
			Convenience
			A Sense of Control
		Cooperation and Consent
		BOX 4.4 Career Opportunities: Patient Advocacy
			Reasons for Noncooperation
			Care ProvidersÕ Investment
			Informed Consent
		BOX 4.5 Cash for Cooperation?
		BOX 4.6 Ethical Considerations: PatientsÕ Right to Informed Consent
		Illness and Personal Identity
			Reactions to Illness
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answer to Can You Guess?
	Chapter 5: Caregiver Perspectives
		Box 5.1 Career Opportunities: Dentists, Hygienists, and Assistants
		Caregiver Preparation
			Emphasis on Science
				Campaign of Orthodox Medicine
				The Flexner Report
				Decline of Holistic and Folk Medicine
				Science-Based Curricula
				Evolving Models
			Communication Training
			Socialization
				Hidden Curriculum
				Isolation
				Identity in Limbo
				Privileges
				Resentment
				Implications
		Box 5.2 Medical School Reform
			Compassion Rebound
		Systems-Level Influences on Caregivers
			Organizational Culture
			Time
		Box 5.3 Ethical Considerations: Privacy Regulations Incite Controversy
		Psychological Influences on Caregivers
			Emotional Preparedness
			Mindfulness
			Confidence
			Satisfaction
		Stress and Burnout
		Box 5.4 Perspectives: Blowing the Whistle on an Impaired Physician
			Causes
				Conflict
				Emotions
				Workload
			Healthy Strategies
		Box 5.5 Communication Skill Builder: Dealing with Difficult Patients
		Medical Mistakes
			Why Mistakes Happen
			What Happens After a Mistake?
			Communication Skill Builder: Managing Medical Mistakes
				From the Beginning
				If an Error Does Occur
		Box 5.6 Health and Communication Technology: Mobile App Helps Save Time and Prevent Errors
		Multidisciplinary Teamwork
			Advantages
			Difficulties and Drawbacks
			Communication Skill Builder: Working in Teams
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
Part III: Sociocultural Issues
	Chapter 6: Diversity in Health Care
		Intersectionality Theory
		Socioeconomic Status
		Health Literacy
		Communication Skill Builder: Surmounting Status and Literacy Barriers
			Suggestions for Public Health Care Professionals
			Suggestions for Health Care Providers
			Suggestions for Patients
		Gender Identities
		Box 6.1 Nuanced Gender Identities
			Assumptions
			Risks of Silence
			Communication Skill Builder: Talking About Gender
		Race and Ethnicity
			Different Care and Outcomes
			Explanations
				Distrust
				High Risk, Low Knowledge
				Limited Access
				Patient_Caregiver Communication
		Box 6.2 Ethical Considerations: Who Gets What Care?
		Box 6.3 Ethical Considerations: Is Affirmative Action Justified or Not?
		Box 6.4 Genetic Profiling: A View Into Your Health Future
		Language Differences
		Box 6.5 Perspectives: Language Barriers in a Health Care Emergency
		Box 6.6 Career Opportunities: Diversity Awareness
		Disabilities
		Box 6.7 Perspectives: My Disability DoesnÕt Show
			Communication Skill Builder: Interacting With People Who Have Disabilities
		Age
			Children
				Parents\' Role in Children\'s Care
				Communication Skill Builder: Talking With Children About Illness
			Older Adults
				Communication Accommodation Theory
				Implications of Ageism and Overaccommodation
				Communication Patterns
				Promising Options
				Communication Technology and Older Adults
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
	Chapter 7: Cultural Conceptions of Health and Illness
		BOX 7.1 Resources: More About Culture and Health
		Culture and Cultural Competence
			The Challenge of Multiculturalism
				Cultural Competence in Health Care
		Cultural Conceptions of Health
			Health as Organic
			Health as Harmonic Balance
				Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual
				Harmony With Nature
				Hot and Cold
				Energy
		Making Sense of Health Experiences
			Health Condition as Social Asset
		BOX 7.2 Theoretical Foundations: Theory of Health as Expanded Consciousness
			Health Condition as Social Liability
				Disease as Curse
				Stigma
				The Morality of Prevention
				Victim Role
		Social Roles and Health
			Sex, Gender, and Health
				Female Identity and Health
				Male Identity and Health
			Family Roles and Health Communication
		BOX 7.3 Perspectives: Thai Customs and a Son\'s Duty
		Illness and Coping Metaphors
			\"Fight for Your Life\"
			\"Strive for Peace and Flexibility\"
		Sick Roles and Healer Roles
			Mechanics and Machines
			Parents and Children
			Spiritualists and Believers
		BOX 7.4 Ethical Considerations: Physician as Parent or Partner?
			Providers and Consumers
		BOX 7.5 Perspectives: Partners in Care
			Partners
		Holistic Care
			Terminology
		BOX 7.6 Perspectives: Holistic Medicine at a Glance
			Popularity
			Advantages
		BOX 7.7 Career Opportunities Holistic Medicine
			Drawbacks
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answer to Can You Guess?
Part IV: Coping and Health Resources
	Chapter 8: Social Support, Family Caregiving, and End of Life
		Conceptual Overview
			Theoretical Perspectives
		Box 8.1 When Communication Ability is Compromised
			Coping
			Sense of Control
			Dialectics
			Crisis
			Normalcy
		Coping and Communication
			Action-Facilitating Support
		Box 8.2 Theory of Problematic Integration
			Nurturing Support
				Communication Skill Builder: Supportive Listening
				Communication Skill Builder: Allowing Emotional Expression
				Social Networks
		When Social Support Goes Wrong
			Friends Disappear
			Hurtful Jests
			Too Much Support
			A Note of Encouragement
		Animal Companions
		Transformative Experiences
		Friends and Family as Caregivers
		Box 8.3 Organ Donations: The Nicholas Effect
			Profile of the Family Caregiver
			Stress and Burnout
			Caring for Caregivers
		Box 8.4 Perspectives: A Long Goodbye to Grandmother
		End-Of-Life Experiences
			Life at All Costs
			Death with Dignity
		Advance-Care Directives
		Box 8.5 Ethical Considerations: Do People Have a Right to Die?
		Box 8.6 Career Opportunities: Social Services and Mental Health
		Communication Skill Builder: Delivering Bad News
		Communication Skill Builder: Coping With Death
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answer to Can You Guess?
	Chapter 9: eHealth, mHealth, and Telehealth
		Box 9.1 Ethical Considerations: The Pros and Cons of Telemedicine
		eHealth
			Theoretical Foundations
				The Three Spheres
				Weak and Strong Ties
		Box 9.2 Profile of an ePatientces
		Why and When Do People Seek eHealth Information?
		Is Online Health Information Useful?
			Advantages
				Rich Array of Information
				Practical Advice
				Social Support
			Disadvantages
				Unreliable Information
				Conflicting Information
				Overwhelming Amounts of Information
				Digital Divide
			Communication Skill Builder: Using the Internet Effectively
		How Has Technology Influenced Health Communication?
		mHealth
		Telehealth
			Telemedicine
			Patient Portals
			Telemonitoring
			Telehealth at Point of Sale
			Potential Advantages of Telehealth for Consumers
				Patient-Centered Communication
				Access to Services
				Cost Savings
				Patient Education
			Potential Advantages of Telehealth for Health Professionals
				Efficiency
				Improved Care
				Teamwork
				Accessible Information
			Potential Disadvantages of Telehealth
				Scheduling Challenges
				Liability
				Threats to Privacy
				Unorganized Information
				Compensation Questions
				Restricted Communication
		Box 9.3 Career Opportunities: Health Information Technology
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
Part V: Communication in Health Organizations
	Chapter 10: Health Care Administration, Human Resources, Marketing, and PR
		Health Care Administration
		Box 10.1 Career Opportunities
		Reimagining Health Care
			Enhancing Health Care Experiences
		Box 10.2 Resources: Journals in the Field
			Improving Community Health
			Controlling Costs
				Mergers, Alliances, and Buyouts
				Efficiency and Six Sigma
			Communication Skill Builder: Shared Vision and Dispersed Leadership
				Invert the Pyramid
				Build Relationships by Listening
		Box 10.3 Perspectives: \"We Hate the Rules\"
			Push Decision Making to theLowest Level Possible
			Hold People Accountable
			Celebrate Successes
		Human Resources
		Box 10.4 Staffing Shortages in Health Care
			Theoretical Foundations
			Communication Skill Builder: Building Great Teams
				Hire Carefully
				Teach the Culture and Values
				Continually Recruit Internal Talent
		Box 10.5 A Model for Innovative Leadership
		Marketing and Public Relations
			Foundations for Theory and Practice
				Focus on Relationships
				Integrate
				Develop Reputation, Not Only Image
			Communication Skill Builder: Two-Way Communication and Social Media
		Crisis Management
		Service Excellence is EveryoneÕs Job
			Blow Their Minds
			Recognize and Create Moments of Truth
			Use Service Failures as a Springboard
			Tell Stories and Honor Heroes
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
Part VI: Media, Public Policy, and Health Promotion
	Chapter 11: Health Images in the Media
		Theoretical Foundations
		Advertising
			Pharmaceutical Advertisements
		Box 11.1 Perspectives: Viagra Ads Promise Male Transformation
			Advantages of DTC Advertising
			Disadvantages of DTC Advertising
			Communication Skill Builder:Evaluating Medical Claims
			Nutrition
				Obesity
				Effects on Children
				Activity Levels
			Tobacco
			Alcohol
			Body Image
				Health Effects
		Box 11.2 Perspectives: Barbie: Feminist Icon or Woman as Sex Object?
		Box 11.3 Perspectives: BoysÕ Toys on Steroids
		News Coverage
			Accuracy and Fairness
			Sensationalism
			Advantages of Health News
			Communication Skill Builder: Presenting Health News
		Entertainment
		Box 11.4 Career Opportunities: Health Journalism
			Portrayals of Health-Related Conditions
				Mental Illness
				Disabilities
			Portrayals of Health-Related Behaviors
				Sex
				Violence
			Portrayals of Health Care Situations
			Entertainment and Commercialism
				Entertainomercials
				Product Placement
			Entertainment-Education Programming
			Impact of Persuasive Entertainment
		Box 11.5 Ethical Considerations: Is the Entertainment Industry Responsible for Health Images?
		Media Literacy
			Teaching Media Literacy
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
	Chapter 12: Public Health and Crisis Communication
		Ebola
			Communication with the Worried Well
			Communication in the Midst of Trauma
		What Is Public Health?
		Box 12.1 Career Opportunities: Public Health
		Risk and Crisis Communication
			Managing Perceptions
		Box 12.2 Parents Grapple with Vaccine Information
			How Scared Is Scared Enough?
			In the Heat of the Moment
		Box 12.3 Theoretical Perspectives: Risk Management/Communication Framework
		Case Studies: A Global Perspective
		Box 12.4 Typhoid Mary and TB Andy
		AIDS
		SARS
			Anthrax
			Avian Flu
		Box 12.5 Ethical Considerations: Who Should Be Protected?
		Box 12.6 Lessons for Public Health and Crisis Communication
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
	Chapter 13: Planning Health Promotion Campaigns
		Box 13.1 Career Opportunities: Health Promotion and Education
		Background On Health Campaigns
			Motivating Factors
			Exemplary Campaigns
				Get to Know the Audience
				Invest in Communication Infrastructures
		box 13.2 Storytelling Connects Underserved Women and Care Providers
			Make Healthy Options Accessible
			Take a Multimedia Approach
			Set Clear Goals and MeasureYour Success
		Step 1: Defining The Situation and Potential Benefits
			Benefits
			Current Situation
			Diverse Motivations
		Step 2: Analyzing and Segmenting The Audience
			Data Collection
				Ethical Commitments
				Data-Gathering Options
			Choosing a Target Audience
				Theoretical Foundations
				Reaching Underinformed Audiences
			Segmenting the Audience
			Audience as a Person
			Young Audiences
			Sensation-Seekers
		Box 13.3 Ethical Considerations: The Politics of PreventionÑWho Should Pay?
		Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives
		Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication
			Channel Characteristics
			Message Impact
				Arousal
				Involvement
			Multichannel Campaigns
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
	Chapter 14: Designing and Implementing Health Campaigns
		Theories of Behavior Change
			Health Belief Model
			Social Cognitive Theory
			Theory of Reasoned Action
			Transtheoretical Model
			Wrapping It Up
		Box 14.1 Theoretical Foundations: Synopsis of Campaign-Related Theories
		Critical-Cultural Perspective
		Box 14.2 Ethical Considerations: Three Issues for Health Promoters to Keep in Mind
		Box 14.3 Resources: Designing Campaign Materials
		Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages
			Choosing a Voice
		Box 14.4 Career Opportunities: Health Campaign Design and Management
			Designing the Message
				Theoretical Foundations: Message Framing
				Community Expectations
				Narrative Messages
		Box 14.5 Theoretical Foundations: What Does Science Say About Peer Pressure?
			Logical Appeals
			Emotional Appeals
			Novel and Shocking Messages
		Step 6: Piloting and Implementing The Campaign
		BOX 14.6 S-mething Is Missing
		Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining The Campaign
			Evaluation
			Maintenance
		Summary
		Key Terms and Theories
		Discussion Questions
		Answers to Can You Guess?
References
Credits
Author Index
Subject Index