Common Pediatric Knee Injuries: Best Practices in Evaluation and Management

Preface
	Why
	What Is It About and How It Is Structured
	How to Use This Book
	Send Off
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: General Mechanisms of Injury and Associated Problems
	Introduction
	Acute Injuries
	Sprain
	Strain
	Contusion
	Fracture
	Chronic Injuries
	Tension/Traction
	Shear
	Compression
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 2: History
	Introduction
	Description of Pain
	Associated Symptoms
	Past Medical History and Family History
	Social and Sport History
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Exam
	Introduction
		Visual Clues
		Mobility Clues
		Exam Maneuvers
			Palpation
			Ligament Testing
			Medial Collateral Ligament
			Lateral Collateral Ligament
			Anterior Cruciate Ligament
			Posterior Cruciate Ligament
			Patellofemoral Instability
			Meniscal Injury
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Testing – What to Do and When
	Diagnostic Imaging
		Radiography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Computed Tomography
		Ultrasound
		Bone Scintigraphy
	Biochemical Investigations
		Serum/Blood
		Synovial Fluid Analysis
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 5: General Management of Pediatric Knee Injuries
	Management of Acute Injuries
	Management of Chronic Injuries
	Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Patellar Subluxation and Dislocation
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	On-Field Assessment
	In-Clinic Assessment
	Management – Rehabilitation
	Management – Surgical
	Outcomes
		Common Case Presentation
		Uncommon Case Presentation
	Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Patellar Contusion
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
	Epidemiology
	Diagnosis: History and Examination Findings, Testing
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Case 1 (Common Presentation)
		Case 2 (Uncommon Presentation)
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis
		History
		Exam
		Testing
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Suggested Websites
	Review Table
	References
Chapter 9: Patellar Sleeve Fracture
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
		Diagnosis
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Table for Review
	References
Chapter 10: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
	Introduction
	Anatomy
	Pathology
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Summary
	References
Chapter 11: Osgood Schlatter’s Disease
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Epidemiology: Age, Gender, Common Sports
	Mechanism of Injury: Common/Likely, Uncommon/Less Likely
	Diagnosis: History and Exam Findings, Testing
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Suggested Helpful Websites, Videos, Etc., for Readers to Obtain Additional Information
	Chart/Table for Review
	References
Chapter 12: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	On-Field Assessment
	In-Clinic Assessment
	Management – Surgical
	Management – Rehabilitation
	Outcomes
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Case Presentation
		Uncommon Case Presentation
	Summary
	References
Chapter 13: Patellar Tendon Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
		Diagnosis
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Condition Summary Table
	References
Chapter 14: Quadriceps Tendon Injury
	Anatomy and Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction, Evaluation and Management
		Quadriceps Tendinitis
		Quadriceps Tendon Tear
		Quadriceps Muscle Strains
		Quadriceps Contusions
		Myositis Ossificans
		Saphenous Nerve Entrapment
		Compartment Syndrome
		Rhabdomyolysis
	Specific Pointers
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Helpful Resources
	Table for Review
	References
Chapter 15: Infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) Fat Pad Conditions
	Anatomy and Normal Function
		Function
		Innervation
		Blood Supply
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis (History/Exam Findings/Testing)
	Management
	Inflammatory and Neoplastic Conditions
	IPFP Herniation
	Chapter Summary
	Chart/Table
	References
Chapter 16: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Specific Pointers
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis
		History
		Exam Findings
		Testing
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 17: Popliteus Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
		Origin and Insertion
		Attachment
		Course
		Function
		Innervation
		Blood Supply
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
			Popliteus Muscle Strain/Popliteal Tendinopathy
			Popliteal Tendon Rupture
		Diagnosis (History/Exam Findings/Testing)
			Popliteus Muscle Strain/Popliteal Tendinopathy
			Physical Examination of a Popliteus Muscle Strain/Popliteal Tendinopathy
				Garrick’s Test
				Shoe Removal Maneuver
			Imaging
			Popliteal Tendon Rupture
			Physical Examination of a Popliteal Tendon Rupture
			Imaging
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Suggested Helpful Websites
	Chart/Table
	References
Chapter 18: Hamstring Injury
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis: History and Exam Findings, Testing
		History
		Physical Exam
		Testing
	Management
	Injectable Therapeutic Options
	Injury Prevention
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Chart/Table for Review
	References
Chapter 19: Gastrocnemius Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
		Diagnosis
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
		Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 20: Posterolateral Corner Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Diagnosis: History and Physical Exam
		Imaging
		Classification/Grading
		Management
			Non-operative
			Operative
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
		Chapter Summary
	References/Resources
Chapter 21: Popliteal Cyst
	Anatomy
	Epidemiology
	Associated Conditions
	Diagnosis
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	References
Chapter 22: Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
	Introduction
		Anatomy
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
		Diagnosis
		Imaging
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
		Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 23: Pes Anserine Pain Syndrome
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathophysiology
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
		Diagnosis
			Physical Exam
			Differential Diagnosis
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Classic Presentation
			Physical Examination
			Diagnostic Evaluation
		Nonclassic, but More Common Pediatric Presentation
			Physical Examination
			Diagnostic Evaluation
		Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 24: Fibular Injury (Proximal)
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
	Epidemiology
	Diagnosis: History and Examination Findings, Testing
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 25: Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury
		Diagnosis
	Management
		Non-surgical
		Surgical
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
		Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 26: Iliotibial Band Syndrome
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Epidemiology: Age, Gender, and Common Sports
	Mechanism of Injury: Common/Likely, Uncommon/Less Likely
	Diagnosis: History and Exam Findings, Testing
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 27: Femoral Injury (Distal)
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Injury (MOI)
		Diagnosis
		Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 28: Tibial Injury (Proximal)
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Specific Pointers
		Tibial Tubercle Fractures
			Epidemiology (Age, Gender, Common Sports)
			Mechanism of Injury
			Diagnosis (History and Exam Findings, Testing)
			Management
		Tibial Spine Fractures and Segond Fractures
			Epidemiology (Age, Gender, Common Sports)
			Mechanism of Injury
			Diagnosis (History and Exam Findings, Testing)
			Management
		Proximal Tibial Metaphyseal Fractures
			Epidemiology (Age, Gender, Common Sports)
			Mechanism of Injury
			Diagnosis (History and Exam Findings, Testing)
			Management
		Proximal Tibial Physeal Injuries
			Epidemiology (Age, Gender, Common Sports)
			Mechanism of Injury
			Diagnosis (History and Exam Findings, Testing)
			Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Tibial Tubercle Fracture
		Tibial Spine Fracture
		Proximal Tibia Physeal Fracture
	Additional Cases of Proximal Tibia Physeal Fracture
		Proximal Tibial Metaphyseal Fracture with Cozen’s Phenomenon
	Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 29: Meniscus Injury
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
		Normal Meniscus
		Discoid Meniscus
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis (History/Exam Findings/Testing)
		History
		Physical Exam
		Imaging
		Classification of Meniscal Tear Types
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
		Condition Table
	References
Chapter 30: Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee (Femoral Condyle and Patella)
	Anatomy and Normal Function
	Pathology and Dysfunction
	Epidemiology
	Mechanism of Injury
	Diagnosis
	Management
	Demonstration Cases
		Common Presentation
		Uncommon Presentation
	Chapter Summary
	Suggested Website
	References
Chapter 31: Pediatric Athlete Development and Appropriate Sports Training
	Introduction
	Sports Specialization and Injury
	The Physical Activity Spectrum
	Exercise Deficit Disorder and the Physical Inactivity Triad
	How Can We Help Both Groups, Our Specializers and Our Low Movers?
	Summary
	References
Chapter 32: Community Outreach – Education
	References
Index