Combination Drug Delivery Approach as an Effective Therapy for Various Diseases

Front Cover
Combination Drug Delivery Approach as an Effective Therapy for Various Diseases
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
A. Combination drug delivery approaches against various diseases
	1 Overcoming cancer drug resistance via nanomedicine-based combined drug delivery
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Organic nanocarriers
			1.2.1 Lipid-based systems
				1.2.1.1 Liposomal formulations
				1.2.1.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles
				1.2.1.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers
				1.2.1.4 Nanoemulsion
			1.2.2 Protein-based nanocarriers
			1.2.3 Polymeric nanoparticles
		1.3 Inorganic nanocarriers
			1.3.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles
			1.3.2 Quantum dots
			1.3.3 Gold nanoparticles
			1.3.4 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
			1.3.5 Carbon-based nanocarriers
				1.3.5.1 Graphene
				1.3.5.2 Carbon nanotubes
		1.4 Conclusion
		References
	2 Overcoming the challenges of drug resistance through combination drug delivery approach
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Drug resistance in cancer
			2.2.1 Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance
			2.2.2 Mechanisms of drug resistance
				2.2.2.1 Elevated drug efflux
				2.2.2.2 Tumor microenvironment
				2.2.2.3 Enhanced DNA repair
				2.2.2.4 Other mechanisms
			2.2.3 Combinational drug delivery systems in cancer drug resistance
				2.2.3.1 Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems
			2.2.4 Combinational therapies via nanoparticulate systems
				2.2.4.1 Combination of different chemotherapeutics
				2.2.4.2 Combination of chemotherapeutics and sensitizing agents
					2.2.4.2.1 P-gp inhibitors
					2.2.4.2.2 Autophagy inhibitors
				2.2.4.3 Combination of chemotherapeutics and genes
					2.2.4.3.1 Plasmid DNA
					2.2.4.3.2 RNAs
				2.2.4.4 Combination of chemotherapeutics and protein-based molecules
					2.2.4.4.1 Antibodies
					2.2.4.4.2 Peptides and proteins
			2.2.5 Conclusion
		2.3 Combination drug delivery approach to overcome antimicrobial resistance
		2.4 Conclusion
		References
	3 Combination drug delivery approaches in ophthalmology
		3.1 The eye
		3.2 The need for new ophthalmic treatments
			3.2.1 Increasing prevalence of ocular diseases
				3.2.1.1 Age as risk factor
				3.2.1.2 Susceptibility to exogenous threats
				3.2.1.3 Refractive surgery for myopia
			3.2.2 The difficulty of drugs to reach their intraocular target
			3.2.3 Adverse ocular effects of topically administered drugs
		3.3 Drug–device combinations in ophthalmology
			3.3.1 Drug–device combinations for glaucoma
			3.3.2 Drug–device combinations for surgeries
			3.3.3 Drug–device combinations for ocular infections and inflammations
			3.3.4 Drug–device combinations for dry eye disease
		3.4 Challenges and future perspectives
		References
	4 Combination drug delivery system to enhance the transdermal drug delivery of bioactive molecules
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Physiological skin row versus percutaneous permeation of bioactive molecules
		4.3 Strategies used to enhance transdermal transport
		4.4 Physical parameters of permeability of lipid vesicles
		4.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	5 Combination drug delivery approaches in rheumatoid arthritis
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Drugs for conventional therapy
		5.2 Nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
		5.3 siRNA and miRNA for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
		5.4 Combinatory therapy for gene and drug delivery
			5.4.1 Liposome-based hybrid nanocarrier
			5.4.2 Polymeric micelle
			5.4.3 Nanoparticle loaded hydrogel
			5.4.4 Microspheres
			5.4.5 Lipid nanoparticles
			5.4.6 Dendrimer nanoparticle complex
		5.5 Challenges and future perspectives
		5.6 Conclusion
		Disclosures
		Acknowledgments
		References
	6 Aptamer-mediated drug delivery system for cardiovascular diseases
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Conventional drug delivery systems for cardiovascular diseases
			6.2.1 Extracellular vesicles
			6.2.2 Polymers
			6.2.3 Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery system
		6.3 Aptameric drug delivery systems for cardiovascular diseases
			6.3.1 Liposomes
			6.3.2 Micelles
			6.3.3 Dendrimers
			6.3.4 Other nanoparticles
		6.4 Future perspective
		6.5 Conclusion
		References
	7 Combination drug delivery approaches for viral infections
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Combination drug therapy to counter various viral infections
			7.2.1 Respiratory viral infection
				7.2.1.1 Influenza viral infections
					7.2.1.1.1 Influenza-A (IAV)
					7.2.1.1.2 Other influenza viral infections
				7.2.1.2 Rhino viral infection
				7.2.1.3 Corona viral infections
			7.2.2 Viral skin infections
				7.2.2.1 Herpes simplex viral infection
				7.2.2.2 Herpes zoster viral infection
			7.2.3 Viral food poisoning
				7.2.3.1 Hepatitis viral infections
			7.2.4 Viral infections and sexually transmitted infections
				7.2.4.1 Genital herpes viral infection
				7.2.4.2 Human immunodeficiency virus infection
				7.2.4.3 Human papilloma viral infections
		7.3 Approach and scope of improvement of combination drug therapy to treat viral infections
		7.4 Conclusion and future perspective
		Acknowledgments
		References
	8 Approaches and molecular tools for targeted drug delivery in malaria infected red blood cells
		8.1 What is the mechanism of action of antimalarial drugs?
		8.2 Drug resistance is the bottleneck to malaria treatment
		8.3 Targeted drug delivery: need of the hour
		8.4 Lipid-based drug delivery carriers
		8.5 Liposomes
		8.6 Nanolipid carriers
		8.7 Dendrimers
		8.8 Solid lipid nanoparticles
		8.9 Nanoemulsions
		8.10 Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system
		8.11 Nanoparticles as drug carriers
		8.12 Peptides as a drug carrier
		8.13 Aptamers as drug carriers
		8.14 Drug-loaded erythrocytes
		8.15 The viral particle as a delivery vehicle
		References
	9 Combination drug delivery approaches for tuberculosis
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Tuberculosis
			9.2.1 History and epidemiology
			9.2.2 Mechanisms of disease
			9.2.3 Current treatment, limitations, and drug resistance
		9.3 Formulations and drug delivery routes for tuberculosis treatment
			9.3.1 Oral administration
			9.3.2 Parenteral administration
			9.3.3 Pulmonary administration
		9.4 Alternative approaches for drug delivery in tuberculosis disease
			9.4.1 Green chemistry approaches
				9.4.1.1 Ionic liquids and organic salts
				9.4.1.2 Therapeutic liquid mixtures and eutectic solvents
				9.4.1.3 Low transition temperature mixtures
				9.4.1.4 Supercritical fluid technology
		9.5 Exploring combinatorial approaches for effective tuberculosis therapies: perspectives and challenges
		9.6 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
B. Combination drug delivery approaches against cancer
	10 Combination drug delivery approaches for cancer therapy
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Approaches and advantages of combination drug therapy
			10.2.1 Radio and chemotherapy
			10.2.2 Chemo and immunotherapy
			10.2.3 Combination drugs in chemotherapy
		10.3 The role of nanocarriers in combination drug delivery approaches
			10.3.1 Liposomes
				10.3.1.1 Immunoliposomes and long-circulating liposomes
					10.3.1.1.1 Example
			10.3.2 Dendrimers
			10.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles
		10.4 Drug delivery approaches for cancer biology
			10.4.1 Breast cancer
			10.4.2 Lung cancer
			10.4.3 Cervical cancer
			10.4.4 Colorectal cancer
			10.4.5 Prostate cancer
		10.5 Conclusion and future perspective
		Acknowledgments
		References
	11 Prodrug-based drug delivery approaches in cancer combination therapy
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Prodrugs in cancer therapy
		11.3 Prodrug activation mechanism
			11.3.1 Prodrugs activated by the tumor microenvironment
			11.3.2 Enzyme prodrug therapy
				11.3.2.1 EPT with endogenous cancer-specific enzymes
					Phosphoesterases
					Matrix metalloproteinases
					Cathepsin B enzyme
					β-Glucuronidases
					Prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen
					Human kallikrein 2
					β-Galactosidase/glucosidase
				11.3.2.2 EPT with nonmammalian enzymes
					Cytosine deaminase
					Viral thymidine kinase
					β-Lactamase
					Nitroreductase
			11.3.3 Enzyme/prodrug delivery strategies
				11.3.3.1 Antibody–directed conjugates
				11.3.3.2 Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
				11.3.3.3 Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
		11.4 Prodrug and nanotechnological applications
		11.5 Combination therapy in cancer
			11.5.1 Synergistic combination
				11.5.1.1 Prodrug–adjuvant
				11.5.1.2 Prodrug–polymer conjugates
				11.5.1.3 Prodrug–drug combination
			11.5.2 Therapy combinations
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
	12 Combination of anticancer drugs with microRNA as cancer therapeutics
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 MicroRNA as anticancer agent
		12.3 Combination of microRNA with anticancer agents a novel tool for cancer therapy
		12.4 Nanoparticle used to deliver cancer therapeutics
			12.4.1 Gadolinium-functionalized nanographene oxide
			12.4.2 Magnetic core–shell nanoparticles
			12.4.3 AuCOOH@FA-CS nanogel
			12.4.4 PG5K-VE4-DT20 copolymer-based nanoassemblies
			12.4.5 Drug-loaded cubosomes
			12.4.6 Rod-like drug nanoparticle
		12.5 Applications in cancer and other diseases
			12.5.1 Cancer
			12.5.2 Tissue engineering
			12.5.3 Neurodegenerative disorders
		12.6 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	13 Nanotechnology-mediated combinational drug delivery approach for cancer therapy
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Need for combinational drug therapy
		13.3 Nanotechnology-driven combinational drug delivery
			13.3.1 Liposomes
			13.3.2 Dendrimers
			13.3.3 Polymeric micelle systems
			13.3.4 CNTs
			13.3.5 Polymer–drug conjugates engineered for combination therapy
			13.3.6 NPs
				13.3.6.1 Polymeric NPs
				13.3.6.2 Magnetic NPs
				13.3.6.3 Solid lipid NPs
		13.4 Nanotechnology-based sequential combination therapy
			13.4.1 Sequential combination therapy with chemicals
				13.4.1.1 Combination therapy with chemicals
				13.4.1.2 Combination therapy with cell signaling pathway inhibitors
			13.4.2 Sequential combination therapy with nucleic acids
				13.4.2.1 Small RNAs in sequential combinations
				13.4.2.2 Plasmid DNA for sequential combination
			13.4.3 Sequential combination with metal nanocomposites
				13.4.3.1 Gold NPs
				13.4.3.2 Silver NPs
				13.4.3.3 Iron oxide NPs
				13.4.3.4 Zinc oxide NPs
			13.4.4 Sequential release of multiple therapeutic drugs
				13.4.4.1 Targeted sequential drug release systems
					13.4.4.1.1 Folic acid modified nanocarriers
					13.4.4.1.2 Monoclonal antibody-mediated nanocarriers
					13.4.4.1.3 RGD peptide-modified nanoformulations
				13.4.4.2 Internal stimulus-triggered sequential release
					13.4.4.2.1 pH-triggered sequential release
					13.4.4.2.2 Enzyme-triggered sequential release
					13.4.4.2.3 External stimulus-triggered sequential release
		13.5 Conclusion
		Conflict of interest
		Acknowledgment
		References
C. Combination drug delivery approaches challenges and future perspectives
	14 Premarket review and postmarket regulation of combination drug products
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Types of combination drug therapy products
		14.2 Market regulations
			14.2.1 Premarket authorization pathways
		14.3 Device-based combination products
		14.4 Drug-based combination product
		14.5 Biologic product-based combination product
		14.6 Preclinical and clinical development and regulations
			14.6.1 Preclinical phase
				14.6.1.1 Good laboratory practice
				14.6.1.2 Animal models
				14.6.1.3 Pharmacokinetic evaluations
				14.6.1.4 Toxicity and biocompatibility testing
				14.6.1.5 Clinical phases
		14.7 Good clinical practice
			14.7.1 Phases of clinical trials
				14.7.1.1 Phase I
				14.7.1.2 Phase II
				14.7.1.3 Phase III
		14.8 Significant regulatory steps in PMA application process
		14.9 FDA postmarket safety monitoring
			14.9.1 Postmarket regulatory provisions
				14.9.1.1 5-Day report
				14.9.1.2 15-Day “alert report” for drugs and biological products
				14.9.1.3 30-Day device malfunction report
				14.9.1.4 3-Day field alert report
				14.9.1.5 Expedited blood fatality report
			14.9.2 Postapproval changes
		14.10 Conclusion
		References
	15 Concluding remarks and future perspective of combination drug delivery systems
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Rationale for combination therapy
			15.2.1 Overcome drug resistance and the role of tumor genetic diversity
			15.2.2 Synergism and considerations of combination therapy in cancer treatment
			15.2.3 Targeting major oncogenic pathways
				15.2.3.1 Vascular endothelial growth factor
				15.2.3.2 (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway
				15.2.3.3 JAK–STAT pathway
				15.2.3.4 Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway
			15.2.4 Tumor microenvironment targeting
		15.3 Combinations with chemotherapy
			15.3.1 Chemo-chemotherapy combination therapy
			15.3.2 Chemoradiotherapy combination therapy
			15.3.3 Chemo-photothermal combination therapy
			15.3.4 Chemo-photodynamic combination
			15.3.5 Combined gene and chemotherapy
		15.4 Immunotherapy–metabolic therapy
			15.4.1 Chemotherapy with immune or metabolic therapy
				15.4.1.1 Chemotherapy and immunotherapy
				15.4.1.2 Chemotherapy and metabolic therapy
			15.4.2 PTT and immunotherapy
				15.4.2.1 Photo-immuno-chemotherapy combinations
			15.4.3 PDT and immunotherapy
			15.4.4 Radiotherapy and immunotherapy
			15.4.5 Gene therapy and immunotherapy
		15.5 Theranostic NPs based on combination therapy and multimodal imaging
		15.6 Challenges
		15.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
		References
Index
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