Colloids and Interfaces with Surfactants and Polymers: An Introduction

Cover......Page 280
Title Page......Page 283
Copyright......Page 284
Contents......Page 285
Preface......Page 289
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 1
2.1 Decorative Paint......Page 4
2.2 Paper......Page 5
2.3 Electronic Inks......Page 6
2.4 Household Cleaners......Page 7
3 CONCENTRATED COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS......Page 8
4 INTERFACES......Page 12
5 SURFACTANTS......Page 20
6 SOLUTION POLYMERS......Page 24
7 SUMMARY......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 26
2 MACROMOLECULAR DEFINITIONS......Page 27
3 CONFORMATION IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS......Page 29
3.1 The Gaussian Chain......Page 31
4.1 The Entropy of Mixing......Page 32
4.2 The Enthalpy of Mixing......Page 34
5 POLYMER SOLUTION PHASE BEHAVIOUR......Page 36
6 POLYMERS AT SURFACES......Page 39
7.1 Intrinsic Viscosity......Page 42
7.2 Limiting Osmotic Pressure......Page 43
7.3 Angular Light Scattering......Page 44
7.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography......Page 45
8.1 Dilute Solutions......Page 46
8.2 Micellization......Page 49
8.3 Macromolecular Surfactants......Page 55
8.4 Choices of Surfactants for Applications......Page 56
8.5 Proteins at Surfaces......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 58
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 61
2.1 Keesom Interaction......Page 63
2.3 London or Dispersion Interaction......Page 64
2.4 A More Generalized Approach......Page 67
3 COMPLEX NUMBER MANIPULATION......Page 68
4 DISPERSION FORCES BETWEEN PARTICLES......Page 71
5 RETARDED DISPERSION FORCES......Page 78
6 THE GENERAL OR LIFSHITZ THEORY OF DISPERSION FORCES BETWEEN PARTICLES......Page 79
7 SUMMARY AND CALCULATION GUIDE......Page 81
8 CALCULATION STRATEGY......Page 82
9 THE DEPLETION INTERACTION......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 93
2 ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS......Page 95
3.1 Adsorbed Layers......Page 96
3.2 Ionogenic Surfaces......Page 97
3.3 Isomorphous Substitution......Page 98
3.4 Differential Solution of Surface Ions......Page 99
3.5 The Structure of the Electrical Double Layer......Page 100
4.1 The Interaction between Similar Flat Plates......Page 109
4.2 The Interaction between Dissimilar Flat Plates......Page 111
5.1 Identical Spheres at ka < 5......Page 112
5.4 A Sphere and a Plate......Page 113
6 THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION......Page 114
7 STERIC INTERACTIONS......Page 116
8 CALCULATION STRATEGY......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 125
2 THE STABILITY OF CHARGE-STABILIZED COLLOIDS – THE DLVO THEORY......Page 127
3.1 Electrostatically Stabilized Dispersions......Page 129
4 HETERO-COAGULATION AND HETERO-FLOCCULATION......Page 132
4.1 Polymeric Flocculants......Page 133
4.2 Particulate Hetero-coagulation......Page 134
4.3 Aggregate Structure......Page 136
4.4 Slow Structural Changes......Page 137
5.1 Diffusion-Limited Aggregation......Page 139
5.2 The Effect of the Continuous Phase......Page 140
5.3 Potential-Limited Aggregation......Page 141
6.1 The Effect of Flow on Collision Frequency......Page 143
6.2 The Effect of Flow on the Interaction Force......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 150
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 153
2 THE CONTACT ANGLE......Page 154
2.1 The Young Equation......Page 155
3.1 Sessile Drop......Page 156
3.3 Wilhelmy Plate......Page 157
4 CONTACT ANGLE HYSTERESIS......Page 158
5 SPREADING......Page 160
5.1 The Adsorption of Surfactants......Page 163
6 CURVED SURFACES......Page 164
7 CAPILLARITY......Page 165
7.1 Dispersion of Powders......Page 167
7.2 The Kelvin Equation......Page 168
8 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS......Page 171
8.1 The Heat of Wetting......Page 172
8.2 Dynamic Contact Angles......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 176
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 177
2 EMULSIFICATION......Page 178
2.1 Emulsion Type......Page 180
3 STABILITY OF EMULSIONS......Page 182
3.1 Ostwald Ripening of Emulsions......Page 185
4 MICROEMULSIONS......Page 187
4.1 Phase Behaviour......Page 188
4.2 Characterization of Microemulsions......Page 190
4.3 Stability of Microemulsions......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 193
2 PARTICLE SIZE......Page 195
3.1 Optical Microscopy......Page 198
3.2 Electron Microscopy......Page 200
4 ZONAL METHODS......Page 201
4.1 Electrical Sensing......Page 202
5 SCATTERING METHODS......Page 203
6.1 Rayleigh Scattering......Page 206
6.2 Rayleigh–Gans–Debye Scattering......Page 208
6.3 X-Rays and Neutrons......Page 210
6.4 The Guinier Approximation......Page 213
7 NEUTRON REFLECTION......Page 214
8 DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING......Page 215
9.1 Surface Charge By Titration......Page 217
9.2 Electrokinetic Methods......Page 218
9.3 Streaming Potential......Page 220
9.4 Electro-osmosis......Page 223
9.6 Particle Electrophoresis......Page 226
9.7 Electroacoustics......Page 230
10 VISCOSITIES OF DISPERSIONS......Page 231
10.1 Dependence on Volume Fraction......Page 232
10.3 Fluid Droplets......Page 234
10.4 Electroviscous Effects......Page 235
10.5 Particle Shape......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 237
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 240
2 THE STRUCTURE OF CONCENTRATED DISPERSIONS......Page 241
3.1 Definitions......Page 246
3.2 The Viscosities of Concentrated Dispersions......Page 249
3.3 Viscosity Summary......Page 255
4.1 Constitutive Equations......Page 256
5.1 Oscillating Strain......Page 258
5.2 The Limiting Behaviour at High Frequencies......Page 266
5.3 Stress Relaxation or the Step-Strain Experiment......Page 268
5.4 Creep Compliance......Page 271
5.5 The Limiting Behaviour at Long or Short Times......Page 274
5.6 Processing Effects......Page 276
REFERENCES......Page 278