Colloids and Interfaces in Life Sciences

COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 3
3 SOME THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES AND RELATIONS, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO INTERFACES......Page 7
6 CURVATURE AND CAPILLARITY......Page 8
9 ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF INTERFACES......Page 9
13 PROTEINS......Page 10
16 STABILITY OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS AGAINST AGGREGATION......Page 11
20 BIOADHESION......Page 12
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 13
CONTENTS......Page 0
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......Page 14
1.1 THE COLLOIDAL DOMAIN......Page 15
1.3 COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 17
1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS......Page 19
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 21
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 22
2.1 SHAPES......Page 23
2.2 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 24
2.3 AVERAGE MOLAR MASS......Page 28
2.4 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA......Page 29
EXERCISES......Page 30
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 32
3.1 ENERGY, WORK, AND HEAT. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS......Page 33
3.2 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. ENTROPY......Page 34
3.3 REVERSIBLE PROCESSES. DEFINITION OF INTENSIVE VARIABLES......Page 36
3.4 INTRODUCTION OF OTHER FUNCTIONS OF STATE. MAXWELL RELATIONS......Page 37
3.5 MOLAR PROPERTIES AND PARTIAL MOLAR PROPERTIES. DEPENDENCE OF THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ON TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND COMPOSITION OF THE SYSTEM......Page 38
3.6 CRITERIA FOR EQUILIBRIUM. OSMOTIC PRESSURE......Page 40
3.7.1 PHASE EQUILIBRIA......Page 43
3.7.3 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM......Page 45
3.8 ENTROPY OF MIXING......Page 46
3.9 THE EXCESS NATURE OF INTERFACIAL THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES. THE GIBBS DIVIDING PLANE......Page 47
3.11 THE GIBBS ADSORPTION EQUATION......Page 51
3.12.1 ADSORPTION OF (IONIC) SURFACTANTS......Page 53
3.12.2 ADSORPTION OF (BIO)POLYMERS......Page 54
3.12.3 ADSORPTION OF UNCHARGED COMPOUNDS AT A CHARGED INTERFACE......Page 55
EXERCISES......Page 56
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 58
4.1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER......Page 59
4.2 MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF WATER......Page 63
4.3 WATER AS A SOLVENT......Page 67
4.3.1 ELECTROLYTES......Page 68
4.3.2 NONCHARGED COMPONENTS......Page 69
EXERCISES......Page 72
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 73
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 74
5.1 INTERFACIAL TENSION: PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 75
5.2 INTERFACIAL TENSION AS A FORCE. MECHANICAL DEFINITION OF THE INTERFACIAL TENSION......Page 77
5.3 INTERFACIAL TENSION AS AN INTERFACIAL (GIBBS) ENERGY. THERMODYNAMIC DEFINITION OF THE INTERFACIAL TENSION......Page 79
5.4.1 INTERFACIAL TENSION OF SOLIDS......Page 81
5.5 INTERFACIAL TENSION AND THE WORKS OF COHESION AND ADHESION......Page 82
5.6.1 NEAREST-NEIGHBOR INTERACTIONS......Page 84
5.6.2 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE INTERFACIAL TENSION CAB AND THE SURFACE TENSIONS CA AND CB......Page 86
EXERCISES......Page 89
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 91
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 92
CHAPTER 6: CURVATURE AND CAPILLARITY......Page 93
6.1 CAPILLARY PRESSURE. THE YOUNG–LAPLACE EQUATION......Page 94
6.1.1 RADII OF CURVATURE......Page 96
6.2 SOME CONSEQUENCES OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE......Page 98
6.3 CURVATURE AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL. KELVIN’S LAW AND OSTWALD’S LAW......Page 101
6.4 CURVATURE AND NUCLEATION......Page 105
EXERCISES......Page 107
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 109
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 110
CHAPTER 7: MONOLAYERS AT FLUID INTERFACES......Page 111
7.2 GIBBS AND LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS. EQUATIONS OF STATE......Page 113
7.3 FORMATION OF MONOLAYERS......Page 114
7.4 PRESSURE-AREA ISOTHERMS OF LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS. TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHASES......Page 116
7.4.1 IN.UENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE ON THE PÐAÞ-ISOTHERM......Page 119
7.5 TRANSFER OF MONOLAYERS TO SOLID SURFACES. LANGMUIR–BLODGETT AND LANGMUIR–SCHAEFER FILMS......Page 122
7.6 SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS......Page 125
7.6.2 ALKANE THIOLS ON GOLD SURFACES......Page 126
EXERCISES......Page 127
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 129
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 130
8.1 CONTACT ANGLE. EQUATION OF YOUNG AND DUPR  E......Page 131
8.2 SOME COMPLICATIONS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTACT ANGLE: HYSTERESIS, SURFACE HETEROGENEITY AND ROUGHNESS......Page 133
8.3 WETTING AND ADHESION. DETERMINATION OF SURFACE POLARITY......Page 135
8.4.1 ZISMAN METHOD......Page 137
8.4.2 WU METHOD......Page 138
8.6 CAPILLARY PENETRATION......Page 140
8.7.1 IMPREGNATION......Page 141
8.7.2 FLOTATION......Page 142
8.7.3 PICKERING STABILIZATION......Page 144
8.7.4 CLEANSING......Page 145
EXERCISES......Page 146
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 148
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 150
9.1 ELECTRIC CHARGE......Page 151
9.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL......Page 158
9.3 THE GIBBS ENERGY OF AN ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER......Page 159
9.4.1 THE MOLECULAR CONDENSER......Page 161
9.4.2 THE DIFFUSE DOUBLE LAYER......Page 162
9.4.3 THE GOUY–CHAPMAN–STERN MODEL......Page 165
9.5 DONNAN EFFECT; DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM; COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL......Page 168
EXERCISES......Page 172
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 174
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 176
10.1 THE PLANE OF SHEAR. THE ZETA-POTENTIAL......Page 177
10.2.1 ELECTRO-OSMOSIS......Page 179
10.2.2 ELECTROPHORESIS......Page 182
10.2.3 STREAMING CURRENT AND STREAMING POTENTIAL......Page 185
10.3.1 SURFACE CONDUCTION......Page 187
10.3.2 VISCOELECTRIC EFFECT......Page 188
10.4 INTERPRETATION OF THE ZETA-POTENTIAL......Page 189
10.5 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA......Page 191
EXERCISES......Page 192
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 193
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 194
CHAPTER 11: SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES......Page 195
11.1 SELF-ASSEMBLY AS PHASE SEPARATION......Page 196
11.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES......Page 199
11.3 AGGREGATION AS A ‘‘START–STOP’’ PROCESS. SIZE AND SHAPE OF SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES......Page 201
11.4 MASS ACTION MODEL FOR MICELLIZATION......Page 204
11.5 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION......Page 207
11.6 BILAYER STRUCTURES......Page 209
11.7 REVERSE MICELLES......Page 213
11.8 MICROEMULSIONS......Page 214
11.9 SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES IN APPLICATIONS......Page 218
EXERCISES......Page 220
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 222
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 224
CHAPTER 12: POLYMERS......Page 225
12.1 POLYMERS IN SOLUTION......Page 227
12.2 CONFORMATIONS OF DISSOLVED POLYMER MOLECULES......Page 229
12.3 COIL-LIKE POLYMER CONFORMATIONS......Page 231
12.5 POLYELECTROLYTES......Page 235
12.6 PHASE SEPARATIONS IN POLYMER SOLUTIONS: COACERVATION, COMPLEXCOACERVATION, AND POLYMER-INDUCED MICELLIZATION......Page 238
12.7 POLYMER GELS......Page 241
EXERCISES......Page 242
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 243
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 244
CHAPTER 13: PROTEINS......Page 245
13.1 THE AMINO ACIDS IN PROTEINS......Page 246
13.2 THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN MOLECULES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION......Page 251
13.3.1 HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION......Page 256
13.3.2 ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS......Page 258
13.3.3 DIPOLAR INTERACTIONS......Page 261
13.3.5 HYDROGEN BONDING......Page 262
13.4 STABILITY OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION......Page 263
13.5 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE STABILITY......Page 266
13.6 REVERSIBILITY OF PROTEIN DENATURATION. AGGREGATION OF UNFOLDED PROTEIN MOLECULES......Page 271
EXERCISES......Page 272
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 273
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 274
CHAPTER 14: ADSORPTION......Page 275
14.1 ADSORBENT–ADSORBATE INTERACTIONS......Page 277
14.2.1 TRANSPORT TOWARDS THE INTERFACE......Page 279
14.2.2 INTERACTION WITH THE INTERFACE: ATTACHMENT AND DETACHMENT......Page 280
14.3.1 CON.GURATION ENTROPY......Page 282
14.3.2 INTERACTION ENTROPY......Page 283
14.3.3 NEAREST-NEIGHBOR INTERACTIONS......Page 285
14.3.4 COOPERATIVITY......Page 287
14.3.5 ADSORPTION OF IONS......Page 288
14.4 BINDING OF LIGANDS......Page 290
14.5 APPLICATIONS OF ADSORPTION......Page 292
EXERCISES......Page 293
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 295
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 296
CHAPTER 15: ADSORPTION OF (BIO)POLYMERS, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON GLOBULAR PROTEINS......Page 297
15.1 ADSORPTION KINETICS......Page 298
15.2 MORPHOLOGY OF THE INTERFACE......Page 304
15.3 RELAXATION OF THE ADSORBED MOLECULE......Page 305
15.4.1 POLYMERS......Page 307
15.4.2 POLYELECTROLYTES......Page 309
15.5 DRIVING FORCES FOR ADSORPTION OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS......Page 311
15.5.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYERS......Page 312
15.5.2 DISPERSION INTERACTION......Page 314
15.5.3 CHANGES IN THE STATE OF HYDRATION......Page 315
15.5.4 REARRANGEMENTS IN THE PROTEIN STRUCTURE......Page 316
15.6 REVERSIBILITY OF THE PROTEIN ADSORPTION PROCESS: DESORPTION AND EXCHANGE......Page 318
15.7 COMPETITIVE PROTEIN ADSORPTION......Page 319
EXERCISES......Page 321
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 323
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 324
CHAPTER 16: STABILITY OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS AGAINST AGGREGATION......Page 325
16.1 FORCES OPERATING BETWEEN COLLOIDAL PARTICLES......Page 326
16.1.1 LONDON–VAN DER WAALS FORCES OR DISPERSION FORCES......Page 327
16.1.2 ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER FORCES......Page 330
16.2 DLVO THEORY OF COLLOID STABILITY......Page 334
16.2.1 CRITICAL COAGULATION CONCENTRATION......Page 337
16.3.1 NONADSORBING POLYMERS: DEPLETION FLOCCULATION......Page 339
16.3.2 ADSORBING POLYMERS: BRIDGING FLOCCULATION AND STERIC STABILIZATION......Page 341
16.3.3 POLYMER BRUSHES......Page 344
16.4 AGGREGATION KINETICS......Page 345
16.5 MORPHOLOGY OF COLLOIDAL AGGREGATES......Page 349
EXERCISES......Page 351
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 353
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 354
CHAPTER 17: RHEOLOGY, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO DISPERSIONS AND INTERFACES......Page 355
17.1 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 357
17.1.2 ELONGATION IN ONE DIRECTION......Page 358
17.1.3 SHEAR......Page 359
17.2.1 TIME-INDEPENDENT BEHAVIOR......Page 361
17.2.2 TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR......Page 362
17.3.1 COMPACT PARTICLES......Page 364
17.3.2 UNCHARGED POLYMERS......Page 366
17.3.3 POLYELECTROLYTES......Page 368
17.4 INTERFACIAL RHEOLOGY......Page 369
17.4.1 DILATION OR COMPRESSION......Page 371
17.4.2 SHEAR......Page 372
EXERCISES......Page 373
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 375
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 376
CHAPTER 18: EMULSIONS AND FOAMS......Page 377
18.1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 378
18.2 EMULSIFICATION AND FOAMING......Page 379
18.3 EMULSION AND FOAM STABILITY......Page 381
18.3.1 SEDIMENTATION AND CREAMING......Page 382
18.3.2 DRAINAGE......Page 383
18.3.4 DISPROPORTIONATION......Page 385
18.3.5 COALESCENCE......Page 388
18.4 MODULATION OF THE COARSENESS AND STABILITY OF EMULSIONS AND FOAMS......Page 391
EXERCISES......Page 392
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 393
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 394
CHAPTER 19: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES......Page 395
19.1 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF BIOMEMBRANES......Page 396
19.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMEMBRANES......Page 399
19.3 TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES......Page 401
19.4 THE TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL......Page 406
EXERCISES......Page 409
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 411
COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES IN LIFE SCIENCES......Page 412
CHAPTER 20: BIOADHESION......Page 413
20.1 A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF BIOFILM FORMATION......Page 414
20.2 BIOLOGICAL SURFACES......Page 416
20.3.1 CAPILLARITY......Page 419
20.3.2 STABILITY OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS......Page 420
20.3.3 BALANCE OF INTERFACIAL TENSIONS; THE WETTING APPROACH......Page 424
20.4 GENERAL THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PARTICLE ADHESION......Page 425
EXERCISES......Page 429
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 430