Collective Trauma and the Armenian Genocide: Armenian, Turkish, and Azerbaijani Relations since 1839

Foreword\nPreface\n	I. Traumatic Experiences, Systematic Traininig, and Family History in the Prelude to this Book\n	II. Working with Israelis and Palestinians\n	III. Entry Into the Armenian-Turkish Relationship\n	IV. Meeting Hasan Cemal\n	V. Another Meeting, Another Inspiration\n	VI. Hard, Necessary Learning\nAcknowledgements\nA Note on Dates and Namesof People and Places\nContents\nIntroduction\n	I. My Values\n	II. The Book\'s Argument\n	III. The Importance of Collective Identity\n	IV. Why This Book Falls within a Series on Human Rights Law in Perspective\n	V. The Book\'s Organisation\n	VI. Sources and Method in Parts II and III\n	VII. \'Objectivity\' in Parts II and III\n	VIII. Multidisciplinary Approaches and Social Concepts\n	IX. When Lacking Documented Emotions and Unconscious or Inadmissible motivations\nPART I: COLLECTIVE TRAUMA: AN INTRODUCTION\n	1. Introduction to Trauma, a Capacious Social Concept\n		I. PTSD and Trauma: Clinical and Popular Uses\n		II. Trauma\n		III. Types of Traumatic Events\n		IV. Other Feelings Generated by Trauma, Who Gets Traumatised, and How Severely?\n		V. Trauma\'s Effect on Internal Integration\n		VI. Trauma and Functionality\n		VII. Factors in Healing Individual and Collective Trauma\n		VIII. The Daunting Scope of Collective Trauma\n	2. Impaired Meaning Making, Trauma\'s Meta-Effect\n		I. The Body\'s Reactions to Trauma\n		II. Post-Trauma Symptoms\n		III. Are Individuals with Trauma Symptoms Pathological?\n		IV. Coping Strategies: Conscious and Unconscious\n		V. Processing Trauma\n		VI. Transmitted Trauma\n		VII. Moral Injury and Repetition Compulsion in Individual Official and Non-Official Policy Makers\n	3. Some Distinctive Aspects of Collective Trauma\n		I. Collective Trauma on Four Continents\n		II. Society\'s Shattered Fabric\n		III. One Baseline for Collective Recovery: Shoring Up Collective Identity\n		IV. Collective and Individual Identity\n		V. The Need to De-Idealise Collective Identities\nPART II: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN-TURKISH RELATIONSHIP\n	4. The Tangled Roots of Homeland and Identity\n		I. Homelands\n		II. The Armenian Homeland\n		III. The Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and Turks\n		IV. Ottoman Armenians\n		V. The End of the Ottoman Empire and Emergence of the Turkish Republic\n		VI. The Kurds\n		VII. Georgia\n		VIII. Azerbaijan\n		IX. Nagorno-Karabakh\n		X. A Start of an Argument Linking Attachment to Land/Homelands with Human Rights Law\n	5. The Riddle of Ottomanism\n		I. Confronting Modernisation\n		II. Ottoman Armenians\n		III. Reform within the Armenian Community\n		IV. Paranoia and Trauma at Yldz Palace\n		V. Another Crisis in the Balkans\n		VI. Muslim-Armenian Relations in the Russo-Ottoman Borderlands\n		VII. The Call to Arms\n		VIII. Emergence of the Young Turks\n		IX. The Hamidian Massacres\n		X. Armenian-Turkish Relations at the End of the Nineteenth Century\n	6. The Unlikely Alliance against the Sultan\n		I. The Young Turks and Formation of the CUP\n		II. The Isolated Sultan-Caliph\n		III. Advice Not Taken\n		IV. The Aftermath of the Hamidian Massacres\n		V. The ARF-CUP Alliance\n		VI. Tension-Producing Differences between Ottoman Armenians and Muslims\n		VII. The Ottomans\' Image Problem\n		VIII. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908\n		IX. Reactions to the Young Turk Revolution\n		X. Armenians after the 1908 Revolution\n		XI. Evaluating the Young Turks\n		XII. A Word on the Role of Honour\n	7. The Final Path to Imperial Ruin\n		I. The Counter-Revolution and the Tragedy in Adana\n		II. The New CUP Government\n		III. Accountability for the Adana Massacres\n		IV. Behind the Failure of the ARF-CUP Alliance\n		V. Substituting Ottomanism with Turkification\n		VI. Muslim Albanians\' Refusal to \'Turkify\'\n		VII. The Emotional Roller Coaster\n		VIII. The Development of Turkish Nationalism\n		IX. To Fight, Flee, or Freeze\n	8. Five Men\'s Traumatisation before they Acquired Power\n		I. Mehmet Talt\n		II. smail Enver\n		III. Ahmed Djemal\n		IV. Behaeddin akir\n		V. Selanikli Nzm\n		VI. Witnesses of the Loss of Home and Homeland\n	9. The Armenian Genocide\n		I. The Yeniköy Accord\n		II. The War Begins and Armenian Security Vanishes\n		III. The Genocide\n		IV. How Two Survived\n		V. Revenge, Expropriation, Plunder\n		VI. The Meeting of Minds of Ottoman Leaders and Citizens\n		VII. The Effect of Gallipoli\nPART III: VIOLENT ENTITLEMENT CARRIED INTO ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI RELATIONS IN TRANSCAUCASIA\n	10. Enemies or Allies? Armenian-Azerbaijani Relations, 1850–1915\n		I. Russian Transcaucasia\n		II. Baku\n		III. Armenians and the Russian State, 1884–1905\n		IV. The Russian Empire under Siege\n		V. Muslim-Armenian Relations in Mountainous Nagorno-Karabakh\n		VI. Azerbaijani Political Parties Form, Unite, and Divide\n		VII. The Joint Effort of the Difia, the ARF, and Prince Sabahaddin\n		VIII. making sense of the traumatic Armeno-Tatar Clashes\n		IX. Meanings Made of the Armeno-Tatar War\n		X. Azeris during the Balkan Wars and World War I\n		XI. The Fading Possibility of Mutual Cooperation between Armenians and Muslims\n	11. A Kaleidoscope of Armenian-Muslim Relations in the Intense Dynamics of Transcaucasia and Baku in 1917\n		I. Trauma and Transmitted Trauma in the Borderlands\n		II. The February Revolution\n		III. Baku Muslims in 1917\n		IV. Baku\'s Armenians during the Provisional Government\n		V. Missed Opportunities in Baku\n		VI. Stepan Shaumian: Embodiment of the Historical Moment\'s Potential\n		VII. Things Fall Apart\n		VIII. Transcaucasian Muslims Come under Suspicion\n		IX. The Complicated Situation in the Borderlands\n		X. Deliberating Armenian Identity\n	12. Bolshevik Decrees and Anarchy in the Borderlands, Late 1917–Early 1918\n		I. Gift Giving to the Peasants and Ottomans\n		II. Who Were Transcaucasians and What Was Transcaucasia?\n		III. Order in Transcaucasia and Muslim Militias\n		IV. The Decree on \'Turkish Armenia\'\n		V. Acts of Vengeance as the Ottoman Armies Move East\n		VI. The Civil War in Transcaucasia\n	13. How World War I Ended in Transcaucasia: Betrayal, New Republics, Race Murder\n		I. The Ottomans\' Opportunity\n		II. Would Transcaucasian Muslims Support Ottoman Aims in Transcaucasia?\n		III. Ottoman Aims in Transcaucasia\n		IV. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk\n		V. The Trabzon Talks\n		VI. \'The Unreal World of Transcaucasian Politics\'\n		VII. Traumatic Fears and the Impetus for Muslim Unity in Transcaucasia\n		VIII. THE Armenians Triumph over Existential Threats\n		IX. The End of a Wartime Alliance\n		X. Sacrificing the Armenians\n		XI. Three New Republics\n		XII. The Democratic Republic of Armenia\n		XIII. The CUP\'s Traumatic Fears at the Time of the Turan Quest\n	14. Baku, 1917–1918: More Conflict, its Seeds Planted for Transmission\n		I. Muslim Struggle for Federalism\n		II. Political and Administrative Struggles Before and Immediately After the October Coup\n		III. Hunger in Baku\n		IV. Growing Fear and Polarisation\n		V. Armed Camps\n		VI. The March Days Massacre\n		VII. The Significance of the March Days\n	15. World War I\'s End in Eastern Transcaucasia: War Fever Sparks the Turan Quest and Race Murder\n		I. The Pursuit of Turan before the Bolshevik Revolution\n		II. War Fever Relaunches the Pursuit of Turan\n		III. What Did the CUP Want?\n		IV. Military and Political Preparation for the Assault on Baku\n		V. Closing in on Baku\n		VI. International Competition for Baku\n		VII. Showdown and Massacre in Baku\n		VIII. Last Chances\n		IX. Armenian, Turk, and Transcaucasian Muslim Relations at World War I\'s End\n		X. Trauma and Armenian–Azerbaijani Relations\nPART IV:\rANALYSING AND PROCESSING COLLECTIVE TRAUMA:\rIS A DIFFERENT FUTURE POSSIBLE?\n	16. How People Make Meaning in General, and Illustrated by an Armenian and a Turk\n		I. The \'Concretely Self-Centered\' Epistemology\n		II. The \'Co-Constructing\' Epistemology\n		III. The \'Self-Authoring\' Epistemology\n		IV. \'Always-Learning\' Meaning Making in the Flexible Epistemology\n		V. Meaning Making with Trauma\n		VI. An Armenian American and a Turk Separating from Co-Constructed Collective Narratives\n		VII. Meline Toumani\'s Meaning Making at the Time She Wrote Her Book\n		VIII. Ece Temulkuran\'s Meaning Making at the Time She wrote Her Book\n		IX. The Meaning Making Factor in Trauma-Informed Conflict Resolution\n	17. Meaning Making with Trauma and Relative Powerlessness in the Armenian People as a Whole\n		I. Striving for Safety and Equalisation\n		II. Benefits and Costs of Pressing for Genocide Recognition\n		III. Restricted Critical Thinking\n		IV. Can Armenians Exercise Critical Thinking and Remain Loyal Armenians, or Must They Present a United Front?\n		V. Friendly Outsiders and Loyalty\n		VI. The Deep Mark of Trauma in Transcaucasia\n		VII. Nagorno-Karabakh: Tragic Symptom\n		VIII. Collective Traumas Transmitted to Actors and Repeated in Nagorno-Karabakh\n	18. Meaning Making with Trauma and Relative Power among Turks\n		I. Contextualising the Establishment of the Republic of Turkey\n		II. Official Denial of Genocide in Today\'s Turkey\n		III. Explanations for the Refusal to Recognise Genocide\n		IV. Motivations for Turkey\'s Denial\n		V. Hatred and Contempt, Silencing and Blaming\n		VI. Denial\'s Refuge in Constructivism\n		VII. The Meaning of Turkey\'s Honour Culture\n		VIII. Collective Dysregulation\n		IX. Restricted Critical Thinking\n		X. Hidden Knowledge and a Morally Injured Culture\n		XI. Change in Turkey?\nConclusion: Processing Collective Trauma Collectively: Will We?\n	I. The Karabakh Conflict Today\n	II. How Processing Collective Trauma Collectively Might Look\n	III. Other Fields that Can Address Collective Trauma\n	IV. Fraternal Relations and the Way Forward\nBibliography\nIndex