Collective actions: enhancing access to justice and reconciling multilayer interests

Cover
......Page 1
COLLECTIVE ACTIONS......Page 3
Title
......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
CONTENTS
......Page 7
FIGURES
......Page 19
TABLES
......Page 21
CONTRIBUTORS
......Page 23
PREFACE
......Page 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
......Page 27
ABBREVIATIONS
......Page 29
PART I Setting the stage
......Page 55
Introduction......Page 35
The Florence Project and access to justice......Page 37
From 'diffuse' to 'multilayer' interests......Page 42
The role of collective actions in the context of multilayer interests......Page 44
Structure of and contributions to this book......Page 46
Conclusion......Page 53
Introduction......Page 57
Multilayer interests......Page 58
Access to justice......Page 61
Redress tools......Page 65
Green Paper on Collective Consumer Redress......Page 72
The way(s) forward......Page 76
Conclusion......Page 88
Introduction......Page 91
The justice concepts envisioned by law enforcement......Page 94
Access to justice as redress for harm......Page 95
Harm determined by the protective scope of competition law......Page 97
The stakeholders in competition law infringements......Page 101
Multilayer interests among the stakeholders......Page 104
Tensions among the multilayer interests......Page 106
Collective actions in a competition law context......Page 107
Alleviating tension through joinder procedures or test cases......Page 109
Representative actions’ influence on tension among individual interests......Page 110
A tension too big for class actions......Page 112
Compensatory justice and the impediment of legal standing......Page 115
Competitors......Page 116
Direct purchasers......Page 117
Umbrella customers......Page 118
Deadweight loss customers......Page 119
Collective actions and compensatory justice......Page 120
What about deterrence?......Page 121
Hybrid enforcement mechanisms......Page 123
Conclusion......Page 125
Introduction......Page 127
The problem of enforcing directors’ duties......Page 128
Derivative actions in six countries......Page 130
The United States, Japan and France: more similarities than differences?......Page 131
The United Kingdom, China and Germany: do the new laws make a difference?......Page 135
Discussion: convergence and legal families......Page 139
Derivative actions in twenty-five countries......Page 140
Methodology and dataset......Page 141
The development of the law between 1995 and 2005......Page 143
Legal families, complements and substitutes......Page 145
Conclusion......Page 149
PART II Cross-continental perspectives on collective actions
......Page 151
Introduction......Page 153
The issues of group litigation......Page 156
The Usuha case......Page 157
A common heritage?......Page 159
New groups: joint stock companies and kabunakama......Page 161
English joint stock companies......Page 162
Kabunakama......Page 164
The Tokugawa legal system......Page 168
The nature of the kabunakama......Page 171
Social and political context......Page 172
The difference......Page 173
Conclusion......Page 175
The private interest: access to justice for individual persons......Page 177
Reconciling individual and collective interests: access to justice for environmental organizations......Page 181
Aarhus convention......Page 182
Implementation acts......Page 183
Collective actions......Page 185
The 2004 environmental liability directive......Page 187
The public trust doctrine and claims for natural resource damage......Page 188
Citizen suits......Page 191
Class actions......Page 194
Comparison and conclusion......Page 195
Outlook: collective action in environmental torts......Page 198
PART III A need to enhance collective actions in Japan?
......Page 201
Introduction – localization of the problem......Page 203
The actual state: the system for relief of consumer group damages......Page 205
Different types of collective claims......Page 207
The 'opt-out solution’
......Page 208
The authorization for the representative plaintiff......Page 209
Individuality of claims......Page 210
The problem of money distribution......Page 211
Problematic points......Page 212
Problematic points......Page 213
Other problems – the structure surrounding qualified consumer organizations......Page 214
Conclusion......Page 215
Introduction......Page 218
Public enforcement record of cartel regulations......Page 219
Trends in public enforcement of cartel provisions......Page 220
Sanctions on cartels......Page 223
AMA Article 25 suits......Page 226
Injunction suits......Page 228
Why is the enforcement power concentrated in the JFTC and THC?......Page 229
Changes to the previous systems......Page 231
Analysis......Page 233
Comparison with EU modernization reform......Page 234
Finding of facts in cases decided by recommendation decisions......Page 235
Recommendation decisions......Page 236
Changes to the recommendation decision system in 2005 and their meaning for private enforcement......Page 238
Increase in cases concluded after hearing proceedings......Page 239
Are current damage awards by courts sufficient to recover damages?......Page 241
Amendment of Article 84 and its meaning for private enforcement......Page 243
Possible impacts of eliminating the JFTC hearing proceedings on private enforcements in Japan......Page 244
Elimination of Article 70–15 and its possible effects on private enforcement in Japan
......Page 245
Impacts on the right to litigate......Page 246
Analysis......Page 248
Conclusion......Page 250
PART IV Collective enforcement of company and securities law
......Page 253
Introduction......Page 255
Poor enforcement and the gap between promises of law and reality......Page 257
More litigation rights for shareholders – attempt by lawmakers to widen the way for shareholder access to justice
......Page 260
Forgotten derivative suits in their origin country......Page 263
Driving forces in the emergence of derivative suits in East Asia countries......Page 265
Critical paucity of judges......Page 268
Court judgments are commonly unenforceable......Page 269
Disfavour of litigation by shareholders......Page 270
Small lawyer population......Page 272
Litigation costs poorly incentivize lawyers to initiate cases......Page 273
Litigation as hardship route to justice for shareholders......Page 275
Strong regulator......Page 276
Arbitrators......Page 277
Conclusion......Page 278
Introduction......Page 279
The development of an implied private cause of action under Rule 10b-5......Page 282
The Supreme Court and Rule 10b-5 class actions......Page 286
The Burger Court (1969-1986)......Page 288
An important exception......Page 292
The Rehnquist Court (1986-2005)75......Page 294
Congressional action......Page 296
The Roberts Court (2005-present)......Page 299
Conclusion......Page 304
PART V Indirect purchasers and collective actions
......Page 307
Introduction......Page 309
Class certification in pre-CAFA indirect purchaser litigation......Page 313
Class certification in indirect purchaser litigation after CAFA......Page 316
The continuing failure of indirect purchaser suits......Page 327
Conclusion......Page 332
Introduction......Page 333
Relevance of Japans experience with indirect purchaser litigation......Page 334
Overview of the three oil cartel cases......Page 336
The kerosene cartel......Page 337
The consumers go to court......Page 339
The procedural mechanism: the Japanese class action......Page 340
A bitter settlement in the first Tokyo case......Page 342
Rejection by the Supreme Court in the two other cases......Page 343
Access to justice......Page 346
Direct purchasers do not sue......Page 347
Costly and inefficient: 'its' just not worth it’
......Page 348
Attorneys’ fees for plaintiffs exceeded the potential recovery......Page 349
The total costs caused by the litigation exceeded the potential recovery......Page 350
Lengthy and complex......Page 352
Indirect purchaser litigation is unlikely to be effective with an opt-in mechanism and traditional rules on causation and damages......Page 355
Possible solutions......Page 357
First option: an opt-out class action......Page 358
Second option: no standing for indirect purchasers......Page 360
Annex: translation of the Supreme Court judgment in the Tsuruoka oil cartel case125......Page 361
1......Page 364
2......Page 365
3......Page 369
PART III: Conclusion......Page 371
PART VI Recent developments in and future perspectives on collective actions
......Page 373
Introduction......Page 375
Structure and purpose of this chapter......Page 377
The Swedish Group Proceedings Act......Page 380
Group action at ARN......Page 384
KO as representative for individual consumers......Page 388
Evaluation of the Swedish Group Proceedings Act......Page 389
The Swedish View on the Green Paper on Collective Redress......Page 391
Collective redress on its way?......Page 393
Conclusion......Page 396
Introduction......Page 398
The path leading to Converium......Page 400
The international Converium settlement and the Dutch court ruling......Page 402
The Dutch courts’ arguments in favour of jurisdiction......Page 403
The obligation to pay and the applicability of Article 5(1)......Page 405
Forum Connexitatis......Page 408
Is a Forum clause the solution?......Page 410
Converium, the aftermath......Page 412
Access to justice......Page 413
Multilayer interests......Page 414
Conclusion......Page 416
Introduction......Page 419
Faltering attempts to use the representative rule......Page 421
A representative statutory action, under the Competition Act 1998, is of limited utility......Page 425
OFT-imposed fines do not lead to many subsequent private actions for compensation......Page 428
The 'missing' competition law cases in England......Page 430
The need for 'add-on' English classes to U.S. federal class actions for competition law infringements......Page 432
Important commentary by the President of the English Competition Appeal Tribunal......Page 433
The OFTs curtailed function......Page 434
Political admissions that there is a problem, both in England and in the EU......Page 435
The Civil Justice Councils recommendation and the Ministry of Justices response......Page 440
The certification hurdles for competition law collective actions......Page 441
Conclusion......Page 445
INDEX......Page 447