Cognitive Linguistics (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Figures......Page 14
Tables......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
1 Introduction: what is cognitive linguistics?......Page 19
PART I A conceptual approach to linguistic analysis......Page 23
2.1 Arguments for frame semantics......Page 25
2.2 Concepts: profile-frame organization......Page 32
2.3 Some consequences of the profile-frame/domain distinction......Page 34
2.4.1 Locational and configurational profiles......Page 40
2.4.2 Scope of predication......Page 41
2.4.3 Relationships between domains......Page 42
2.5 Domains and idealized cognitive models......Page 46
2.6 Mental spaces......Page 50
3.1 Introduction......Page 58
3.2 Attention/salience......Page 64
3.2.1 Selection......Page 65
3.2.2 Scope of attention (dominion)......Page 68
3.2.3 Scalar adjustment......Page 69
3.2.4 Dynamic attention......Page 71
3.3.1 Categorization......Page 72
3.3.2 Metaphor......Page 73
3.3.3 Figure-ground alignment......Page 74
3.4 Perspective/situatedness......Page 76
3.4.2 Deixis......Page 77
3.4.3 Subjectivity......Page 80
3.5.1 Structural schematization......Page 81
3.5.2 Force dynamics......Page 84
3.5.3 Relationality (entity/interconnection)......Page 85
3.6 Conclusion......Page 87
4.1 Introduction......Page 92
4.2 The classical model of category structure......Page 94
4.3.1 Graded centrality......Page 95
4.3.2 The representation of conceptual categories......Page 99
4.3.3 Levels of categorization......Page 100
4.3.3.1 Basic level categories......Page 101
4.3.3.2 Superordinate level categories......Page 102
4.3.3.3 Subordinate level categories......Page 103
4.3.4.1 Simplistic nature of feature list......Page 105
4.3.4.4 Contrasting categories......Page 106
4.3.4.5 Boundaries in prototype theory......Page 107
4.3.5 The frame-based account of prototype effects......Page 109
4.4 A dynamic construal approach to conceptual categories......Page 110
4.4.1 Category boundaries......Page 111
4.4.2 Frames......Page 113
4.4.3 Levels of categorization......Page 114
4.5 The dynamic construal of meaning......Page 115
4.5.1 Contextualized interpretation......Page 116
4.5.2 Purport......Page 118
4.5.3.2 Nature of reality......Page 119
4.5.3.4 Context......Page 120
4.5.4.2 Default construals......Page 121
4.6 Structural and logical aspects of meaning......Page 122
4.7 Part I: Concluding remarks......Page 123
PART II Cognitive approaches to lexical semantics......Page 125
5.1 Introduction......Page 127
5.2 Full sense boundaries......Page 128
5.2.2 Entrenchment......Page 129
5.2.3.1 Antagonism: attentional autonomy......Page 130
5.2.3.2 Relational autonomy......Page 131
5.2.3.3 Compositional autonomy......Page 132
5.2.4 The nature of full sense units......Page 133
5.3.1.1 Introduction......Page 134
5.3.1.2 Autonomy in facets......Page 135
5.3.1.3 Unifying facets......Page 138
5.3.1.4 Why are facets not full senses?......Page 139
5.3.1.5 The novel problem......Page 140
5.3.1.6 Near neighbors of facets......Page 143
5.3.2 Microsenses......Page 144
5.3.2.1 Why microsenses are not contextual modulations......Page 146
5.3.2.4 A Langackerian explanation for microsense behavior......Page 149
5.3.2.5 A ‘latency’ approach......Page 152
5.3.3 Ways-of-seeing......Page 155
5.3.4 Semantic components and low-autonomy active zones......Page 156
5.4 Autonomy: summary......Page 158
6.1.1 Introductory......Page 159
6.1.2 Hyponymy and context......Page 161
6.1.3 Relations between lexical items......Page 164
6.1.4 Taxonymy......Page 165
6.2 Lexical aspects of the part-whole relation......Page 168
6.2.1.2 Parts and pieces......Page 169
6.2.1.3 Factors affecting the GOE of parts......Page 171
6.2.1.5 Ultimate parts and ultimate wholes......Page 172
6.2.1.7 Variable construal and the transitivity of the part-whole relation......Page 174
6.2.2 Meronymy......Page 177
7.1.1 Aspects of the construal of oppositeness......Page 182
7.1.2 Main varieties of opposite......Page 183
7.1.3 Goodness-of-exemplar in opposites......Page 184
7.2.2 Profiling against domains......Page 185
7.3.1.1 Monoscalar and biscalar systems......Page 187
7.3.1.2 Mapping of systems onto content domains......Page 189
7.3.2.1 Subs, supras and the relative scale......Page 191
7.3.2.2 The representation of subs and supras......Page 192
7.3.2.4 Impartiality and committedness......Page 193
7.3.2.5 The ‘Exposure’ Principle......Page 195
7.3.3.1 Equipollent antonyms......Page 199
7.3.3.2 Overlapping antonyms......Page 201
7.4.1 Absolute vs. relative construal......Page 203
7.4.2.1 Direction of scale and number of scales......Page 207
7.4.2.2 Effects of calibration......Page 209
7.5 Conclusion......Page 210
8.1 Figurative language......Page 211
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 212
8.2.2 Issues in the conceptual theory of metaphor......Page 216
8.3.1 The life history of a metaphor......Page 222
8.3.2 How do we recognize metaphors?......Page 224
8.3.3 Blending Theory and novel metaphors......Page 225
8.3.4 Context sensitivity......Page 227
8.3.5 Asymmetry of vehicle and target......Page 228
8.4.2.1 Metaphors are implicit similes......Page 229
8.4.2.3 Similes and metaphors are distinct......Page 230
8.4.3 Metaphor-simile combinations......Page 233
8.5.1 Characterizing metonymy......Page 234
8.5.2 Metaphor–metonymy relations......Page 235
8.5.3 Types of indeterminacy......Page 237
8.6 Conclusion......Page 238
PART III Cognitive approaches to grammatical form......Page 241
9.1 Introduction......Page 243
9.2 The problem of idioms......Page 247
9.3 Idioms as constructions......Page 254
9.4 From constructions to construction grammar......Page 265
10.1.1 Grammatical representation: the anatomy of a construction......Page 275
10.1.2 The organization of constructional knowledge......Page 280
10.2 Some current theories of construction grammar......Page 283
10.2.1 Construction Grammar (Fillmore, Kay et al.)......Page 284
10.2.2 Lakoff (1987) and Goldberg (1995)......Page 290
10.2.3 Cognitive Grammar as a construction grammar......Page 296
10.2.4 Radical Construction Grammar......Page 301
10.3 Conclusion......Page 308
11.1 Grammatical representation and process......Page 309
11.2.1 Entrenchment and representation of word forms......Page 310
11.2.2 Regularity, productivity and default status......Page 313
11.2.3 Product-oriented schemas......Page 318
11.2.4 Network organization of word forms......Page 320
11.2.5 Conclusion......Page 325
11.3.1 Type/token frequency, productivity and entrenchment......Page 326
11.3.2 Product-oriented syntactic schemas......Page 331
11.3.3 Relevance and the organization of construction networks......Page 336
11.3.4 The acquisition of syntax and syntactic change......Page 341
11.4 Conclusion......Page 344
12 Conclusion: cognitive linguistics and beyond......Page 346
References......Page 348
Author index......Page 362
Subject index......Page 365