Cognition: Theory and Applications, Seventh Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 20
CHAPTER 1 Introduction......Page 26
The Information-Processing Approach......Page 27
The Growth of Cognitive Psychology......Page 29
Cognition’s Relation to Other Fields......Page 32
IN THE NEWS 1.1 From Brain Scan to Lesson Plan......Page 35
Organization of This Book......Page 37
KEY TERMS......Page 39
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 40
CHAPTER 2 Pattern Recognition......Page 42
IN THE NEWS 2.1 Battling Bots......Page 44
Describing Patterns......Page 45
IN THE NEWS 2.2 Why Do “They All Look Alike”?......Page 50
Information-Processing Stages......Page 55
Word Recognition......Page 60
SUMMARY......Page 65
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 66
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 67
CHAPTER 3 Attention......Page 68
IN THE NEWS 3.1 Brain Study May Help Identify Those at Risk for Alzheimer’s......Page 70
Bottleneck Theories......Page 71
Capacity Theories......Page 77
Automatic Processing......Page 82
IN THE NEWS 3.2 Training Quarterbacks......Page 86
Applications......Page 88
SUMMARY......Page 91
COGLAB Attentional Blink • Spatial Cueing • Stroop Task • Simon Effect......Page 92
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 93
CHAPTER 4 Short-Term Working Memory......Page 94
Forgetting......Page 96
Capacity......Page 101
Memory Codes......Page 105
Recognition of Items in Short-Term Memory......Page 109
Working Memory......Page 113
SUMMARY......Page 118
COGLAB Brown-Peterson • Memory Span • Operation Span • Absolute Identification • Sternberg Search......Page 119
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 120
CHAPTER 5 Long-Term Memory......Page 122
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model......Page 125
Control Processes......Page 129
IN THE NEWS 5.1 Teaching Students How to Learn......Page 130
Improving Eyewitness Recall and Identification......Page 136
IN THE NEWS 6.2 Remembering in Tongues......Page 171
Indirect Tests of Memory......Page 141
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 147
KEY TERMS......Page 148
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 149
CHAPTER 6 Memory Codes......Page 150
The Levels-of-Processing Theory......Page 153
Supporting Evidence of the Levels-of-Processing Theory......Page 157
Criticisms and Modifications of the Theory......Page 160
IN THE NEWS 6.1 Memories May Not Be Clear Even with “Unforgettable” Events......Page 166
Encoding Specificity and Retrieval......Page 167
SUMMARY......Page 173
COGLAB Von Restorff Effect • Encoding Specificity......Page 174
KEY TERMS......Page 204
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 205
Visual Imagery and Learning......Page 176
Evidence for Images in Performing Cognitive Tasks......Page 186
IN THE NEWS 7.1 Mental Images Help Athletes Train Their Bodies......Page 193
Limitations of Images......Page 196
SUMMARY......Page 203
CHAPTER 8 Categorization......Page 206
Concept Identification......Page 208
Natural Categories......Page 211
Categorizing Novel Patterns......Page 222
SUMMARY......Page 230
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 231
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 232
CHAPTER 9 Semantic Organization......Page 234
Organization and Recall......Page 236
Verification of Semantic Statements......Page 240
IN THE NEWS 9.1 Study May Shed Light on Why False Memories Appear Real to People......Page 249
Clusters of Knowledge......Page 253
Schema Theory......Page 258
SUMMARY......Page 264
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 265
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 266
CHAPTER 10 Language......Page 268
Three Aspects of Language......Page 271
Psychology and Grammar......Page 276
IN THE NEWS 10.1 Wording on Driver’s Licenses Costs State Almost $250,000......Page 279
IN THE NEWS 10.2 Psychologists’ Research Can Help Computers’ Language Skills......Page 281
Using Semantic Context in Sentence Comprehension......Page 282
Implications of Sentences......Page 290
SUMMARY......Page 293
COGLAB Categorical Perception: Discrimination......Page 294
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 295
CHAPTER 11 Comprehension and Memory for Text......Page 296
Prior Knowledge of the Reader......Page 297
IN THE NEWS 11.1 Speed-Reading Can Undermine Learning......Page 298
Organization of the Text......Page 304
Kintsch’s Model of Comprehension......Page 313
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 321
KEY TERMS......Page 322
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 323
CHAPTER 12 Problem Solving......Page 324
Classifying Problems......Page 325
IN THE NEWS 12.1 Pair of Crafty Inmates Melt Way Out of Jail......Page 330
Newell and Simon’s Theory......Page 332
General Strategies......Page 336
IN THE NEWS 12.2 Radiation Beams Target Tumors, Bypass Healthy Tissue......Page 340
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 348
KEY TERMS......Page 349
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 350
CHAPTER 13 Expertise and Creativity......Page 352
Expertise and Reasoning......Page 354
Acquiring Expertise......Page 360
Creativity......Page 366
SUMMARY......Page 374
COGLAB Wason Selection Task......Page 375
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 376
CHAPTER 14 Decision Making......Page 378
Making Choices......Page 379
Estimating Probabilities......Page 384
Combining Probabilities and Values......Page 388
IN THE NEWS 14.1 Critics Want Government to Put a Standard Price on Human Life......Page 391
Risk Dimensions......Page 393
IN THE NEWS 14.2 Lottery Fans Drawn to Bigger Prizes......Page 394
Applications......Page 396
IN THE NEWS 14.3 Most Jurors Unwittingly Deliver Biased Verdicts......Page 401
SUMMARY......Page 404
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 405
KEY TERMS......Page 406
RECOMMENDED READING......Page 407
Glossary......Page 408
References......Page 416
Name Index......Page 440
Subject Index......Page 444