Cognition and Addiction: A Researcher’s Guide from Mechanisms Towards Interventions

Cognition and Addiction
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Biographies
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	References
1 -
Cognition: the interface between nature and nurture in addiction
	Introduction
	Cognition to bridge the gap between neurobiological models and social accounts of addiction
	Evidence for the double role of cognition in addiction vulnerability and consequences
		Longitudinal studies
		Endophenotype studies
		Neurotoxicity-controlled studies
		Dependent versus recreational users
		Stimulant users versus gamblers
	Cognition at the interface between nature and nurture
	References
2 -
From impulses to compulsions
	Introduction
	Animal models of drug-seeking habits and compulsions
	Neural circuits: transitioning from the ventral to dorsal striatum
	Devolving from prefrontal to striatal control
	Translating animal models to understand compulsivity in people with substance use disorders
	Recommendations for future research
	References
3 -
Dual models of drug addiction: the impaired response inhibition and salience attribution model
	Dual models of addiction
	Neuroimaging evidence for dual models
	Conclusions
	References
4 -
Decision-making deficits in substance use disorders: cognitive functions, assessment paradigms, and levels of evidence
	Introduction
		First dimension: cognitive functions of decision-making
		Second dimension: assessment paradigms for decision-making
	Self-reports
		Barratt Impulsivity Scale
		Monetary choice questionnaire
		UPPS impulsive behavior scale
		Eysenck impulsiveness scale (I7)
		Sensation seeking scales
		Temporal experience of pleasure scale
		Effect expectancy questionnaire
		Rewarding events inventory
		Reinforcement survey schedule
		Consideration of future consequences scale
		Sensitivity to reinforcement of addictive and other primary rewards
		Substance use risk profile scale
		Concluding remarks for self-reports
	Behavioral task
		Delay discounting task
		Balloon analogue risk task
		Iowa gambling task
		Cambridge gambling task/risk task
		Game of dice task
		Effort expenditure to reward task
		Beads task, box task
		Risk gains task
		Concluding remarks on behavioral tasks
	Computational modeling
		Computational models of behavioral tasks
		Concluding remarks on computational models
	Neuroimaging
		Task-based fMRI evidence in SUD
			fMRI and delay discounting tasks
			fMRI and balloon analogue risk task
			fMRI and Iowa gambling task
			fMRI and cambridge gambling task
		Model-based fMRI approaches
		Concluding remarks on the task-based fMRI
	Third dimension: levels of evidence in decision-making studies
	Three-dimensional matrix of evidence: cognitive functions, assessment paradigm, and levels of evidence
	Summary and concluding remarks
	References
5 -
Social cognition in addiction
	Introduction
	Definitions of socio-cognitive functions and their measurement
	Studies on social cognition and interaction in substance use disorders
		Alcohol
			Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
			Emotional empathy
			Perspective-taking and ToM
			Social decision-making
			Moral decision-making
		Cannabis
			Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
			Emotional empathy
			Perspective-taking and ToM
			Social decision-making
			Social reward
		Stimulants
			Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
			Emotional empathy
			Perspective-taking and ToM
			Social decision-making
			Moral decision-making
			Social reward
		Entactogenes
			Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
			Emotional empathy
			Perspective-taking and ToM
			Social decision-making
		Opioids
			Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
			Emotional empathy
			Perspective-taking and ToM
			Social decision-making
		Polysubstance use
			Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
			Emotional empathy
			Perspective-taking and ToM
			Moral decision-making
	Discussion
		Open questions
		Relevance for treatment
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 -
A neurocognitive model of the comorbidity of substance use and personality disorders
	Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence
	Broad symptoms dimensions and impulsive personality traits
	Neurocognitive functioning
	Personality disorder and executive functioning
	Substance use disorder and executive functioning
	Comorbidity and executive functioning
	A preliminary neurocognitive model
	Future directions
	References
7 -
Cognitive risk factors for alcohol and substance addictions
	Structure of cognitive function
	Selective attention, working memory, and general executive function
	Response inhibition
	Delay discounting
	Reward-based decision-making
	Intelligence quotient
	Discussion
	References
8 -
Neuropsychological deficits in alcohol use disorder: impact on treatment
	Introduction
	Altered brain structure and function in alcohol use disorder
		Attention, working memory, and executive functions
		Episodic memory
		Semantic memory
		Procedural memory
		Perceptive memory and visuospatial abilities
		Emotional processes and theory of mind
			Emotions
			Social cognition
	Reversibility of cognitive deficits and cerebral damage with abstinence
		Brain recovery
		Neuropsychological recovery
			Apparent discrepancies
			Episodic memory
			Executive functions
			Other functions
		Factors influencing the recovery
	Clinical implication and relapse factors
		Motivation
		Decision-making
		New complex learning
		Interpersonal relationships
	Alcohol-related neurocognitive complications
		Wernicke\'s encephalopathy
		Korsakoff\'s syndrome
		Marchiafava-Bignami disease
		Hepatic encephalopathy
		Central pontine myelinolysis
	Recommendations for researchers and clinicians
		Modalities of screening and assessment
		Heterogeneity of the neuropsychological profile
		Differential diagnosis
			Age-alcohol use disorder interaction
			Alzheimer\'s disease
			Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
		Treatment modifications
		Neuropsychological rehabilitation
	Conclusion
	References
9 -
Tobacco addiction: cognition, reinforcement, and mood
	Introduction
	Scope of the problem
		Smoking prevalence
		Smoking-related morbidity and mortality
		Smoking cessation
		Electronic cigarettes
		Tobacco policy in the United States and the world
	Pharmacology
		Chemicals in tobacco smoke
		Acetylcholine system
		Neural effects of nicotine
		Addiction liability
	Cognitive effects of nicotine and tobacco
		Short-term effects
		Long-term effects
		Withdrawal effects
	Nicotine reinforcement
		Reinforcement enhancement
		Neural mechanisms
	The emotion-smoking relationship
		Smoking as a maladaptive response to negative mood
		Neural mechanisms
		The role of the insular cortex
		Cause, consequence, or shared underlying mechanism
		Smoking cessation and mood
	Recommendations for clinicians and researchers
	Summary and conclusions
	References
10 -
Cognitive sequelae of cannabis use
	Introduction
	Neuropharmacology of cannabis
	Cognitive deficits associated with cannabis
		Acute effects of cannabis intoxication on cognition
			Reviews
			Notable cross-sectional studies
		Nonacute or residual/long-term effects of cannabis use on cognition
			Reviews and meta-analyses
			Longitudinal studies
			Notable cross-sectional studies
	Clinical significance of cognitive deficits associated with cannabis
	Recommendations for researchers/clinicians interested in cognitive profiling in the context of cannabis
	Conclusion
	References
11 -
Cognitive deficits in people with stimulant use disorders
	State of the problem
	Neuroadaptive effects of stimulants
	Cognitive profiles
		Acute effects
		Long-term effects
		Recovery
		Moderators
			Age of onset
			Cumulative exposure
			Route of administration
	Clinical significance of cognitive deficits associated with stimulants use
		Memory
		Attention
		Working memory and executive functions
		Impulsivity and decision-making
		Summary
	Recommendations for researchers and clinicians interested in cognitive assessment in the context of stimulants use
	References
12 -
Cognitive consequences of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use
	Introduction-epidemiology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use
	Neuropharmacological/neuroadaptive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
		Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
		Animal research
		Human imaging
		Potential adverse effects and pharmacologically confounding factors
		Cognitive deficits associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
		Functional imaging
	Clinical significance of cognitive deficits associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
	Recommendations for researchers/clinicians interested in cognitive profiling in the context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet ...
	Key points and conclusion
	References
	Further reading
13 -
Cognitive consequences of opioid use
	Introduction
	Long-term cognitive deficits associated with opioids
		Neuropsychological functioning in mixed opioid using and dependent populations
		Neuropsychological functioning in illicit heroin using and dependent populations
		Neuropsychological functioning in abstinent former heroin-dependent populations
		Neuropsychological functioning in methadone users
		Neuropsychological functioning and use of buprenorphine
		Combinations of opioids (morphine, tramadol, fentanyl, oxycodone buprenorphine, and/or methadone)
	Methodological issues related with the study of the neuropsychological correlates of chronic opioid use, abuse, and depende ...
		Context
		The population studied
			Recruitment
			Sample size
		Substance misuse and dependence
			Effects of polysubstance use
			Chronicity and severity of use
			Time window (moment of evaluation)
			Other relevant factors
		Data gathering (diagnostic and screening instruments)
			Type of neuropsychological tests
			Defining the population
		Data analysis
	Conclusion
	References
14 -
Predictors of problem gambling and other addictive behaviors: from context to genes
	Introduction
	Individual risk factors for problem gambling
		Personality
		(Neuro)cognitive factors
		Genetic risk
	Social and individual predictors of problem gambling: from family to friends and from alcohol to academic achievement
	Summary and discussion
	Conclusion
	References
15 -
Cognitive factors in gambling disorder, a behavioral addiction
	Introduction
	The cognitive model of gambling
	Neurocognitive correlates of gambling disorder
	Specific cognitive distortions in gambling
		Illusion of control
		Anthropomorphism of gambling games
	Immersion in the game
	Treatment and intervention
	Conclusion
	Funding
	Conflict of Interest statement
	References
16 -
Cognitive factors associated with gaming disorder
	From internet addiction to gaming disorder
	Cognitive factors associated with gaming disorder
		Cognitive deficits
			Inhibitory control and other executive functions
			Decision-making and related processes
		Cognitive biases
			Attentional biases
			Dysfunctional cognitions about gaming
	Key points and conclusion
	Conflict of interest
	References
17 -
Cognitive bias modification in the treatment of addiction
	Introduction
	Attentional bias modification
	Approach bias modification
	Memory bias modification-evaluative conditioning
	Neurocognitive effects of cognitive bias modification
	Toward optimized clinical applications of cognitive bias modification in addiction
	References
18 -
Peer-reviewed working memory training: is it an effective intervention for addiction?
	Introduction
	Methods
	Results
		N-back (n=32); Kirchner (1958)
		Jungle memory (n=2); Alloway (2009)
		PSSCogRehab (n=1) Bracy (1994)
		CogMed (n=31) Klingberg et al., (2002)
		Lumosity (n=4) Lumos Labs (2005)
		Neuroracer (n=1); Project:EVO (n=2); both versions of the same product founded by Gazzaley and Akili Interactive
		NeuroNation (n=1); Ahmadi and Futorjanski (2011)
		Curb Your Addiction (n=2); Brooks (2016).
	Discussion
		Peer-reviewed working memory training paradigms
		Near and far transfer effects of peer-reviewed working memory training paradigms
		Previous research into working memory training and implications for addiction
		Limitations
	Conclusions
	References
19 -
Inhibitory control training
	Introduction: alignment between the training and cognitive changes that characterize addiction
	Description of the training and proposed mechanisms
	Evidence for the efficacy of inhibitory control training
		Efficacy in people with substance use disorder
	Mechanisms of action of inhibitory control training
	Conclusions and recommendations
	References
20 -
Goal-based interventions for executive dysfunction in addiction treatment
	Goal-based interventions for cognitive deficits associated with addiction
	Intervention approaches and mechanisms
	Evidence of the efficacy of the training
	Discussion of the neurocognitive mechanisms in light of evidence
	Recommendations for researchers and clinicians interested in using goal-based interventions
	References
21 -
Neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions for addiction
	Introduction
	Mindfulness as a means of targeting mechanisms of addiction
	Clinical format and efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for addiction
	Neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness as a treatment for addiction
		Effects of mindfulness on ``top-down\'\' mechanisms of cognitive control
			Attentional control
			Regulation of automaticity
			Inhibitory control
		Effects of mindfulness on enhancing cognitive regulation of reward, negative emotion, and cue reactivity
			Amplifying reward and positive affect
			Dampening negative affect and stress
			Regulating craving and cue reactivity
		Hypothesized roles of core mindfulness elements in addiction treatment
	Future directions for mindfulness-based interventions and addiction
	Funding
	References
22 -
Brain stimulation as an emerging treatment for addiction
	Noninvasive modulation of neural circuitry in humans
		Preclinical foundation
		Moving to the clinic
		What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?
		Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to modulate cortical-striatal connectivity
	Applications to substance use disorders
		Applications to smoking
		Application to alcohol
		Application to cocaine
		Application to other substance using populations
		Application to compulsive eating and gambling
	Integration of neuromodulation with cognitive and pharmacotherapies
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with cognitive therapy
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and pharmacotherapy
	Summary
	References
23 -
Pharmacological cognitive enhancers
	Introduction
	Cognitive function within the context of substance use disorder
		Executive functioning
		Automatic cognitive processes
	Cognitive deficits in substance use disorders
	Target mechanisms
		Cholinergic medications
			Galantamine
			Rivastigmine
			Donepezil
			Varenicline
		Monoamine transporter inhibitors
			Modafinil
			Methylphenidate
			Oral methamphetamine/d-amphetamine
			Atomoxetine
		Antipsychotic
			Haloperidol
		Alpha2-adrenergic agonist
			Guanfacine
		Glutamatergic medications
			Memantine
			d-Cycloserine
			Minocycline
			N-Acetylcysteine
		GABAergic medications
			Tiagabine
		Exogenous sex steroids
			Estradiol
			Progesterone
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
24 -
Cognitive research on addiction in a changing policy landscape
	Introduction
	Cognitive research on addiction
		Aberrant learning
		Impulsivity to compulsivity
		Impaired impulse inhibition
	Cognitive research on addiction and its (so far) limited impact on policy
		Potential policy impacts of cognitive accounts of addiction
		Drug policy
		Addiction treatment policy
		Criminal justice policy
		An avenue for a greater impact on mental health and criminal justice policy
	Public policy can powerfully affect cognitive research
		Loosening of restrictions on use of psychedelics in clinical research
		Legalization of recreational cannabis
	Conclusion
	References
25 -
Population neuroscience in addiction research
	Population neuroscience: an overview
		Genes and gene regulation
	Built and social environment
		Brain structure and function
	Population neuroscience: addiction research
		The Saguenay Youth Study
		IMAGEN study
		Findings
	Challenges and outlook
		Where do we go next?
	Acknowledgments
	References
26 -
Drug use and self-awareness of treatment need: an exemplar of how population-based survey studies can address questions rel ...
	Introduction
	Methods
		Sample
	Outcome variable
	Drug use variables
	Sociodemographic and general health covariates
	Statistical analyses
	Results
		Drug use predictors of TxUnaware status
		Drug use predictors of TxAware status
		Graded effects on treatment need awareness
	Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Appendix
27 -
Genetics, imaging, and cognition: big data approaches to addiction research
	Cognition: online-based research
	Big data and neuroimaging
	Genetics and addiction: meta- and megaanalyses
	General discussion
	References
28 -
Modeling neurocognitive and neurobiological recovery in addiction
	Modeling neurocognitive and neurobiological recovery in addiction
	Neurocognitive deficits in addiction
		Neurocognitive changes during abstinence
		Neurobiological abnormalities in addiction
		Neurobiological changes during abstinence
	Conclusions and outlook
	References
29 -
Clinical translation and implementation neuroscience for novel cognitive interventions in addiction medicine
	Introduction
	Neuroscience-based cognitive interventions
		Neuroscience-informed psychoeducation and metacognitive training
		Neuroscience-informed cognitive modifications
			Attention bias interventions
			Saliency-based interventions
			Memory-based interventions
			Interoceptive-based interventions
			Inhibitory control interventions
		Neurocognitive rehabilitation
	Integrative cognitive interventions: introducing NEAT program
	Other neuroscience-informed interventions
	Future directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
30 -
Synergistic opportunities in combined interventions for addiction treatment
	Introduction
	Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches
	Interventions tapping into decision-making
	Conclusion
	References
Index
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