Coding for MIMO Communication Systems

Coding for MIMO Communication Systems......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
List of Figures......Page 17
List of Tables......Page 25
Notation......Page 27
Abbreviations......Page 29
1.1 Need for MIMO Systems......Page 31
1.3 Organization of the Book......Page 33
1.4 Other Topics in MIMO Systems......Page 35
2.1 Wireless Channels......Page 37
2.1.1 Path Loss, Shadowing and Small-Scale Fading......Page 39
2.1.2 Fading Channel Models......Page 40
2.2.1 Outage Probability for Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 47
2.2.2 Average Error Probabilities over Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 48
2.2.4 Performance over Frequency Selective Fading Channels......Page 49
2.3 Diversity Techniques......Page 50
2.3.1 Types of Diversity......Page 51
2.3.2 System Model for Lth Order Diversity......Page 52
2.3.3 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)......Page 53
2.3.4 Suboptimal Combining Algorithms......Page 56
2.3.5 Selection Combining......Page 57
2.4 Channel Coding as a Means of Time Diversity......Page 58
2.4.1 Block Coding over a Fully Interleaved Channel......Page 60
2.4.2 Convolutional Coding......Page 64
2.5.2 Smart Antennas and Beamforming......Page 65
2.5.3 Space-Time Coding – Basic Ideas......Page 67
2.6 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 68
Problems......Page 69
3.1 Capacity and Information Rates of Noisy Channels......Page 73
3.2.1 AWGN Channels......Page 75
3.2.2 Fading Channels......Page 76
3.3 Capacity of MIMO Channels......Page 80
3.3.1 Deterministic MIMO Channels......Page 81
3.3.2 Ergodic MIMO Channels......Page 86
3.3.3 Non-Ergodic MIMO Channels and Outage Capacity......Page 90
3.3.4 Transmit CSI for MIMO Fading Channels......Page 92
3.4 Constrained Signaling for MIMO Communications......Page 94
3.5 Discussion: Why Use MIMO Systems?......Page 95
3.6 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 97
Problems......Page 98
4.1 Transmit Diversity with Two Antennas: The Alamouti Scheme......Page 101
4.1.2 Optimal Receiver for the Alamouti Scheme......Page 102
4.1.3 Performance Analysis of the Alamouti Scheme......Page 106
4.1.4 Examples......Page 107
4.2 Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes......Page 109
4.2.1 Linear Orthogonal Designs......Page 110
4.2.2 Decoding of Linear Orthogonal Designs......Page 112
4.2.3 Performance Analysis of Space-Time Block Codes......Page 114
4.2.4 Examples......Page 116
4.3 Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes......Page 117
4.4 Linear Dispersion Codes......Page 118
Problems......Page 120
5.1 A Simple Space-Time Trellis Code......Page 123
5.2 General Space-Time Trellis Codes......Page 124
5.2.1 Notation and Preliminaries......Page 125
5.2.2 Decoding of Space-Time Trellis Codes......Page 126
5.3.1 Pairwise Error Probability......Page 127
5.3.2 Space-Time Code Design Principles......Page 129
5.3.3 Examples of Good Space-Time Codes......Page 131
5.3.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes for Fast Fading Channels......Page 134
5.4.1 Generator Matrix Representation......Page 137
5.4.2 Improved Space-Time Code Design......Page 138
5.5 Performance Analysis for Space-Time Trellis Codes......Page 139
5.5.1 Union Bound for Space-Time Trellis Codes......Page 140
5.5.2 Useful Performance Bounds for Space-Time Trellis Codes......Page 143
5.5.3 Examples......Page 148
5.6 Comparison of Space-Time Block and Trellis Codes......Page 150
5.7 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 151
Problems......Page 152
6 Layered Space-Time Codes......Page 153
6.1.1 VBLAST/HBLAST/SCBLAST......Page 154
6.1.2 Detection Algorithms for Basic BLAST Architectures......Page 155
6.1.3 Examples......Page 161
6.2 Diagonal BLAST (DBLAST)......Page 165
6.2.1 Detection Algorithms for DBLAST......Page 166
6.2.2 Examples......Page 170
6.3.1 Encoder Structure......Page 172
6.3.2 Group Interference Cancellation Detection......Page 173
6.3.3 Example......Page 175
6.4 Threaded Space-Time Codes......Page 176
6.4.1 Layering Approach......Page 177
6.4.2 Threaded Space-Time Code Design......Page 178
6.4.3 Example......Page 180
6.5 Other Detection Algorithms for Spatial Multiplexing Systems......Page 181
6.5.2 Belief Propagation Detection......Page 182
6.5.5 Sphere Decoding......Page 183
6.6 Diversity/Multiplexing Gain Trade-off......Page 184
Problems......Page 188
7.1 Development of Concatenated Codes......Page 191
7.2.1 Encoder Structures......Page 193
7.2.2 Iterative Decoder Structures......Page 195
7.2.3 The SOVA Decoder......Page 206
7.2.4 Performance with Maximum Likelihood Decoding......Page 211
7.2.5 Examples......Page 213
7.3 Concatenated Codes for MIMO Channels......Page 216
7.3.1 Concatenated Space-Time Turbo Coding Scheme......Page 217
7.3.2 Turbo Space-Time Trellis Coding Scheme......Page 218
7.3.3 Turbo Space-Time Coding Scheme......Page 219
7.4.1 Encoder Structure......Page 220
7.4.2 Decoder Structure......Page 221
7.4.3 Examples......Page 224
7.5 Concatenated Space-Time Block Coding......Page 225
7.5.2 Decoder Structure......Page 226
7.5.3 Performance Analysis......Page 227
7.5.4 Examples......Page 231
Problems......Page 234
8 Unitary and Differential Space-Time Codes......Page 237
8.1 Capacity of Noncoherent MIMO Channels......Page 238
8.1.1 Channel Capacity......Page 239
8.2.1 USTC Encoder......Page 241
8.2.2 ML Detection of USTCs......Page 242
8.2.3 Performance Analysis......Page 243
8.2.4 Construction of Unitary Space-Time Signals......Page 244
8.3.1 Differential Space-Time Coding for Single Antenna Systems......Page 251
8.3.2 Differential Space-Time Coding for MIMO Systems......Page 254
8.4 Turbo-Coded Unitary Space-Time Codes......Page 258
8.4.2 Noncoherent Iterative Decoder......Page 259
8.4.3 Example......Page 262
8.5 Trellis-Coded Unitary Space-Time Codes......Page 263
8.6.1 Encoder Structure......Page 265
8.6.2 Iterative Detectors......Page 266
8.7 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 267
Problems......Page 268
9.1 MIMO Frequency Selective Channels......Page 269
9.2.1 Information Rates with Gaussian Inputs......Page 270
9.2.2 Achievable Information Rates with Practical Constellations......Page 271
9.2.3 Examples......Page 275
9.3.1 Interpretation of MIMO FS Channels Using Virtual Antennas......Page 277
9.3.2 A Simple Full Diversity Code for MIMO FS Channels......Page 279
9.3.3 Space-Time Trellis Codes for MIMO FS Channels......Page 280
9.3.4 Concatenated Coding for MIMO FS Channels......Page 283
9.4 Channel Detection for MIMO FS Channels......Page 287
9.4.3 Soft-Input Soft-Output Channel Detection......Page 288
9.4.4 Other Reduced Complexity Approaches......Page 289
9.5 MIMO OFDM Systems......Page 290
9.5.1 MIMO-OFDM Channel Model......Page 291
9.5.2 Space-Frequency Coding......Page 292
9.6 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 293
Problems......Page 294
10.1 Channel State Information Estimation......Page 297
10.1.1 CSI Estimation Using Pilot Tones......Page 298
10.1.2 What to Do with CSI?......Page 301
10.1.3 Space-Time Coding Examples with Estimated CSI......Page 302
10.2 Spatial Channel Correlation for MIMO Systems......Page 303
10.2.1 Measurements and Modeling of Spatial Correlation......Page 305
10.2.2 Spatial Channel Correlation Models......Page 306
10.2.3 Channel Capacity with Spatial Correlation......Page 307
10.2.4 Space-Time Code Performance with Spatial Correlation......Page 309
10.3 Temporal Channel Correlation......Page 311
10.4 MIMO Communication System Design Issues......Page 313
10.5 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 314
Problems......Page 315
11.1 Capacity-based Antenna Selection......Page 317
11.1.1 System Model......Page 318
11.1.2 Optimal Selection......Page 319
11.1.4 Examples......Page 320
11.2 Energy-based Antenna Selection......Page 322
11.3.1 Quasi-Static Fading Channels......Page 323
11.3.2 Block Fading Channels......Page 325
11.3.3 Fast Fading Channels......Page 328
11.3.4 Examples......Page 329
11.4.1 Receive Antenna Selection......Page 332
11.4.3 Examples......Page 334
11.5.1 Performance Analysis......Page 336
11.5.2 Examples......Page 337
11.6 Antenna Selection for Frequency Selective Channels......Page 340
11.7.1 Impact of Spatial Correlation......Page 341
11.7.3 Impact of Channel Estimation Error......Page 342
11.8 Chapter Summary and Further Reading......Page 343
Problems......Page 344
Bibliography......Page 347
Index......Page 363