Coastal Ocean Prediction

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Introduction......Page 7
References......Page 10
Introduction......Page 12
Scale analysis......Page 14
Influence of Orography......Page 16
Thermal Forcing......Page 26
Discussion......Page 29
References......Page 31
Introduction......Page 35
Diagnostic Models......Page 36
Prognostic Ocean Models......Page 39
Examples of Model Applications......Page 47
Summary......Page 54
References......Page 56
Introduction......Page 62
Effects of Hydroelectric Generation in Doubtful Sound......Page 64
References......Page 78
Introduction......Page 80
The Harvard Ocean Prediction System - HOPS......Page 81
Forecasts and Simulations......Page 84
References......Page 100
Abstract......Page 103
Introduction......Page 104
Coastal Frontogenesis and Meso-Low for Mation
......Page 107
The Effect of Wind Stress on the Gulf Stream
......Page 108
Responses of Shelf Circulation to Wind Stress
......Page 111
Wind-Forced Along-Shore Advection
......Page 112
Coastal Frontogenesis in Fuenced by SST Distribution
......Page 114
Effects of Gulf Stream Frontal Events 
......Page 115
Effect of Gulf Stream Offshore Position on Coastal Storm Development
......Page 116
Sensitivity Studies......Page 117
Mesoscale Air-Sea Coupling off the U.S. West Coast
......Page 118
Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction off the Gulf Coast......Page 119
Summary......Page 120
References......Page 121
Introduction......Page 126
Dynamics......Page 128
Subgrid Scale Mixing
......Page 129
Moist Physics
......Page 131
Boundary Conditions
......Page 132
Dynamics......Page 133
Subgrid Scale Mixing
......Page 134
Boundary Conditions
......Page 136
Tropical Cyclone......Page 138
Idealized Coastal Cyclogenes  Simulation......Page 144
Mesoscale Frontogenesis in the Coastal Zone......Page 149
Summary and Future Plans......Page 151
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 157
System Design......Page 159
Data Acquisition and Analysis......Page 161
Numerical Models......Page 164
Evaluation of Results......Page 167
References......Page 171
Introduction
......Page 174
Nx1D Closure Scheme Model......Page 181
Stochastic Wind Forcing......Page 185
Discussion......Page 187
References......Page 191
Introduction......Page 193
Three-Dimensional Models......Page 194
Atmospheric Forcing
......Page 198
The North Sea and Baltic Sea System
......Page 199
The Ocean Models
......Page 203
Towards a New Two-Dimensionaol Perational Set-Up 
......Page 204
Towards a Baroclinic Ocean Forecasting Model......Page 206
The Baltic Inflow Event of 1993
......Page 208
Future Developments......Page 215
Summary......Page 216
References......Page 217
Introduction......Page 221
Modelling System Description......Page 222
Ocean Forecast Model......Page 223
Data Assimilation Module......Page 224
Bathymetry Specification......Page 227
Boundary Conditions......Page 229
Applications......Page 232
Persian Gulf......Page 233
Red Sea......Page 239
Mediterranean......Page 250
Baltic Sea......Page 262
Summary......Page 271
References......Page 273
Abstract......Page 275
Introduction......Page 276
Astronomical Considerations......Page 277
Hydrodynamic Considerations......Page 280
Compound Tides and Overtides
......Page 281
Hydrodynamic Effects on Node Factors
......Page 283
Nonlinear Interaction with Nontidal Phenomena
......Page 284
Tidal currents......Page 287
Analysis and Prediction Techniques......Page 289
Least Square Harmonic Analysis
......Page 290
Nonharmonic Comparison Methods 
......Page 293
Background......Page 298
Horizontal Mixing
......Page 302
Vertical Mixing
......Page 303
Three DimensionaloCean-Shelf Tidal Model
......Page 305
Limited Area High Resolution Shelf Edge Models
......Page 306
Shelf Sea Turbulence Energy Models
......Page 309
Higher Tidal Harmonics
......Page 310
Influence of wind Induced Turbulence and Wave-Surrent Interaction on Tides
......Page 311
Stratification Effects Upon Tidal Currents
......Page 313
Concluding Remarks......Page 318
References......Page 321
Introduction......Page 326
Model Results Using Schwiderski's Tidal Forcing
......Page 328
Optimization Methodology......Page 330
Model Response to Open Boundary Forcing......Page 331
Optimization......Page 333
Tidal Pulse Mode Selection
......Page 335
Applications of the Optimization System......Page 339
Optimization of M 2 Tidal Forcing......Page 340
Optimization of K 1 Tidal Forcing......Page 343
Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 346
References......Page 347
Introduction......Page 349
The Pacific-Wide 1994 Shikotan Tsunami
......Page 351
The Regionally-Generate 1992 Cape Mendocino Tsunami
......Page 354
Tsunami Modeling......Page 355
Long-Term Tsunami Prediction
......Page 358
Tsunami Wave  Trains and Later Wave Arrivals
......Page 361
Tsunami Generation
......Page 364
Tsunami Observations
......Page 365
Tsunami Currents and Sediment Deposition
......Page 366
Summary......Page 367
References......Page 368
Introduction......Page 372
Linear Regression......Page 374
Serial Correlation......Page 379
Methods of Reducing Uncertainty......Page 380
Application to Mean Sea Levels......Page 381
Air Pressure......Page 384
Multiple Air Pressures......Page 387
Winds......Page 389
Tsunami......Page 390
Newlyn......Page 391
Trends from Coupled Ocean/Atmospheric Models
......Page 392
Trends in Tides......Page 393
Conclusion......Page 395
References......Page 397
Introduction......Page 400
Thermodynami Processes......Page 402
Dynamic Processes......Page 412
Numerical Ice-Ocean Coupled Models
......Page 418
Russian Forecast System for Arctic Waters
......Page 421
The Baltic Forecast System......Page 423
The Bohai Sea Forecast System......Page 426
The U.s. Navy's Polar Ice Prediction System 2.0......Page 427
Summary and Future Work
......Page 430
References......Page 432
Introduction......Page 437
Single Point Model in the Vertical
......Page 439
Wind Induced Circulation in an Estuary
......Page 444
Concluding Remarks......Page 455
References......Page 457
Introduction......Page 460
The Development of a Coastal Ocean Forecast System
......Page 461
System Components......Page 462
Developmental Evolution......Page 463
Fixed Buoys......Page 465
Coastal-Marine Automated Network
......Page 466
Satellite-Borne Sensors
......Page 467
National Water Level Program......Page 471
Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System
......Page 474
Wind Forecasts......Page 476
Ocean Surface Wave Forecasts......Page 477
Storm Surge Forecasts......Page 478
Tide and Tidal Current Predictions
......Page 480
Experimental Cofs for the U.s. East Coast
......Page 483
Tidal Model......Page 484
Data Assimilation......Page 485
Product Development and Information Dissemination
......Page 486
Ocean Surface Currents From Feature Tracking......Page 488
Outlook......Page 489
References......Page 490
World Wide Web Sites......Page 492
Introduction......Page 493
Concept of Operations for Coastal METOC Support......Page 494
General Strategy for Coasta METOC Modeling......Page 495
Naval Applications of Coastal Ocean Prediction......Page 496
Example Output from Operational Navy Ocean Models......Page 497
References......Page 502
Background: Identificationo of Users' Needs......Page 504
The Multidisciplinary Suite of Services/Products and the Cross-Disciplinary Flow of Data......Page 506
Description of Situation......Page 508
References......Page 510
List of Contributors......Page 511