Cloud Data Center Network Architectures and Technologies

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of contents
Preface
Author Biography
1 Introduction
	1.1 Reliability History
	1.2 Need of Reliability in Product Design
	1.3 Reliability Application and Specialized Areas
	1.4 Terms and Definitions
	1.5 Useful Sources for Obtaining Information on Reliability
	1.6 Military and Other Reliability Documents
	1.7 Scope of the Book
	1.8 Problems
	References
2 Basic Mathematical Concepts
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Arithmetic Mean and Mean Deviation
		2.2.1 Arithmetic Mean
		2.2.2 Mean Deviation
	2.3 Boolean Algebra Laws
	2.4 Probability Definition and Properties
	2.5 Useful Definitions
		2.5.1 Cumulative Distribution Function
		2.5.2 Probability Density Function
		2.5.3 Expected Value
		2.5.4 Laplace Transform
		2.5.5 Laplace Transform: Final-Value Theorem
	2.6 Probability Distributions
		2.6.1 Binomial Distribution
		2.6.2 Exponential Distribution
		2.6.3 Rayleigh Distribution
		2.6.4 Weibull Distribution
		2.6.5 Bathtub Hazard Rate Curve Distribution
	2.7 Solving First-Order Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms
	2.8 Problems
	References
3 Reliability Basics
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Bathtub Hazard Rate Curve
	3.3 General Reliability-Related Formulas
		3.3.1 Failure (or Probability) Density Function
		3.3.2 Hazard Rate Function
		3.3.3 General Reliability Function
		3.3.4 Mean Time to Failure
	3.4 Reliability Networks
		3.4.1 Series Network
		3.4.2 Parallel Network
		3.4.3 k-out-of-m Network
		3.4.4 Standby System
		3.4.5 Bridge Network
	3.5 Problems
	References
4 Reliability Evaluation Methods
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
	4.3 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
		4.3.1 Fault Tree Probability Evaluation
	4.4 Markov Method
	4.5 Network Reduction Approach
	4.6 Decomposition Approach
	4.7 Delta-Star Method
	4.8 Probability Tree Analysis
	4.9 Binomial Method
	4.10 Problems
	References
5 Robot Reliability
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Robot Failure Classifications, Causes, and Corrective Measures
	5.3 Robot Reliability–Related Survey Results and Robot Effectiveness Dictating Factors
	5.4 Robot Reliability Measures
		5.4.1 Robot Reliability
		5.4.2 Mean Time to Robot Failure (MTTRF)
		5.4.3 Robot Hazard Rate
		5.4.4 Mean Time to Robot Problems
	5.5 Reliability Analysis of Electric and Hydraulic Robots
		5.5.1 Reliability Analysis of the Electric Robot
		5.5.2 Reliability Analysis of the Hydraulic Robot
	5.6 Models for Performing Robot Reliability and Maintenance Studies
		5.6.1 Model I
		5.6.2 Model II
		5.6.3 Model III
	5.7 Problems
	References
6 Computer and Internet Reliability
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Computer Failure Causes and Issues in Computer System Reliability
	6.3 Computer Failure Classifications, Hardware and Software Error Sources, and Computer Reliability Measures
	6.4 Computer Hardware Reliability versus Software Reliability
	6.5 Fault Masking
		6.5.1 Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR)
			6.5.1.1 TMR System Maximum Reliability with Perfect Voter
			6.5.1.2 TMR System with Voter Time-Dependent Reliability and Mean Time to Failure
		6.5.2 N-Modular Redundancy (NMR)
	6.6 Software Reliability Assessment Methods
		6.6.1 Classification I: Software Metrics
			6.6.1.1 Design Phase Measure
			6.6.1.2 Code and Unit Test Phase Measure
		6.6.2 Classification II: Software Reliability Models
			6.6.2.1 Mills Model
			6.6.2.2 Musa Model
		6.6.3 Classification III: Analytical Methods
	6.7 Internet Facts, Figures, Failure Examples, and Reliability-Associated Observations
	6.8 Internet Outage Categories and an Approach for Automating Fault Detection in Internet Services
	6.9 Models for Performing Internet Reliability and Availability Analysis
		6.9.1 Model I
		6.9.2 Model II
	6.10 Problems
	References
7 Transportation Systems Failures and Reliability Modeling
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Defects in Vehicle Parts and Classifications of Vehicle Failures
	7.3 Mechanical Failure-Associated Aviation Accidents
	7.4 Rail Defects and Weld Failures and Mechanical Failure-Associated Delays in Commuter Rail Service
	7.5 Road and Rail Tanker Failure Modes and Failure Consequences
	7.6 Ship-Related Failures and their Causes
	7.7 Failures in Marine Environments and Microanalysis Techniques for Failure Investigation
		7.7.1 Thermomechanical Analysis
		7.7.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		7.7.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
		7.7.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
	7.8 Mathematical Models for Performing Reliability Analysis of Transportation Systems
		7.8.1 Model I
		7.8.2 Model II
		7.8.3 Model III
		7.8.4 Model IV
	7.9 Problems
	References
8 Power System Reliability
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Power System Reliability-Related Terms and Definitions
	8.3 Power System Service Performance Indices
		8.3.1 Index I
		8.3.2 Index II
		8.3.3 Index III
		8.3.4 Index IV
		8.3.5 Index V
		8.3.6 Index VI
	8.4 Loss of Load Probability (LOLP)
	8.5 Availability Analysis of a Single Power Generator Unit
		8.5.1 Model I
		8.5.2 Model II
		8.5.3 Model III
	8.6 Availability Analysis of Transmission and Associated Systems
		8.6.1 Model I
		8.6.2 Model II
	8.7 Problems
	References
9 Medical Equipment Reliability
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Medical Equipment Reliability-Related Facts and Figures
	9.3 Medical Devices and Medical Equipment/Devices Categories
	9.4 Methods and Procedures for Improving Reliability of Medical Equipment
		9.4.1 Parts Count Method
		9.4.2 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
		9.4.3 General Approach
		9.4.4 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
		9.4.5 Markov Method
	9.5 Human Error in Medical Equipment
		9.5.1 Important Medical Equipment/Device Operator Errors
		9.5.2 Medical Devices with High Incidence of Human Error
	9.6 Medical Equipment Maintainability and Maintenance
		9.6.1 Medical Equipment Maintainability
			9.6.1.1 Reasons for Maintainability Principles’ Application
			9.6.1.2 Maintainability Design Factors
			9.6.1.3 Maintainability Measures
		9.6.2 Medical Equipment Maintenance
			9.6.2.1 Indices
			9.6.2.2 Mathematical Models
				9.6.2.2.1 Model
	9.7 Sources for Obtaining Medical Equipment Reliability-Related Data
	9.8 Useful Guidelines for Healthcare and Reliability Professionals for Improving Medical Equipment Reliability
	9.9 Problems
	References
10 Mining Equipment Reliability
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Reasons for Improving Mining Equipment Reliability and Factors Impacting Mining System Reliability
	10.3 Useful Reliability-Related Measures for Mining Equipment
	10.4 Open-Pit System Reliability Analysis
		10.4.1 Open-Pit Parallel System
		10.4.2 Open-Pit Series System
	10.5 Dump-Truck Tire Reliability and the Factors Affecting Their Life
	10.6 Programmable Electronic Mining System Failures
		10.6.1 Systematic Failures
		10.6.2 Random Hardware Failures
	10.7 Designing Reliable Conveyor Belt Systems and Methods of Measuring Winder Rope Degradation
		10.7.1 Magnetic Nondestructive Testing Method
		10.7.2 Visual Inspection Method
	10.8 Typical Mining Equipment Maintenance Errors and Factors Contributing to Maintenance Errors
	10.9 Useful Engineering Design-Related Improvement Guidelines for Reducing Mining Equipment Maintenance Errors
	10.10 Problems
	References
11 Oil and Gas Industry Equipment Reliability
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Optical Connector Failures
	11.3 Mechanical Seals’ Failures
		11.3.1 Mechanical Seals’ Typical Failure Modes and Their Causes
	11.4 Corrosion-Related Failures
		11.4.1 Types of Corrosion or Degradation that Can Cause Failure
		11.4.2 Corrosion/Condition Monitoring Methods
	11.5 Fatigue Damage Initiation Assessment in Oil and Gas Steel Pipes
	11.6 Oil and Gas Pipeline Fault Tree Analysis
	11.7 Common Cause Failures Defense Approach for Oil and Gas Industry Safety Instrumented Systems
		11.7.1 Common Cause Failures Defense Approach
			Task I: Scheduling
			Task II: Preparation, Execution, and Restoration
			Task III: Failure Reporting
			Task IV: Failure Analysis
			Task V: Implementation
			Task VI: Validation and Continuous Improvements
	11.8 Problems
	References
Index