Clinical research in communication disorders : principles and strategies

Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Part I. Science and the Scientific Methods
	1. Why Study Science and Research Methods?
		Evaluation of Research
		The Need to Study Scientific Methods
		The Need to Produce In-House Knowledge
		Why Research by Clinicians Is Limited
		Problems Associated With Certain Research Practices
		Problems Associated With the Education and Training Models
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	2. An Introduction to Research: The Formal and Formative Approaches
		What Is Research?
		Why Do Scientists Do Research?
		How Is Research Done?
		Serendipity in Research
		Planning Is Still Important
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	3. Science and Its Basic Concepts
		What Is Science?
		Outcome of Scientific Activity
		Variables and Their Types
		Causality and Functional Analysis
		Experiment and Experimental Control
		Hypotheses in Scientific Research
		Theories and Hypotheses
		Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
		Theories and Scientific Laws
		Data and Evidence
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	4. Treatment Research
		Evidence-Based Practice
		What Is Treatment Research?
		Consequences of Treatment
		Treatment Research: Logical and Empirical Constraints
		Group Treatment Research: Randomized Clinical Trials
		Single-Subject Treatment Research: Multiple Control Conditions
		Randomized Clinical Trials Versus Single-Subject Treatment Research
		Classification of Treatment Research
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	5. Other Types of Research
		Ex Post Facto Research
		Normative Research
		Standard-Group Comparisons
		Experimental Research
		Clinical and Applied Research
		Translational Research
		Sample Surveys
		Qualitative Research
		Mixed-Methods Research
		The Relation Between Research Types and Questions
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	6. Observation and Measurement
		Observation and Measurement
		Philosophies of Measurement
		Scales of Measurement
		Measures of Communicative Behaviors
		Client-Assisted Measurement
		Indirect Measures: Self-Reports
		The Observer in the Measurement Process
		Mechanically Assisted Observation and Measurement
		Reliability of Measurement
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
Part II. Clinical Research Designs
	7. Research Designs: An Introduction
		What Are Research Designs?
		The Structure and Logic of Experimental Designs
		Variability: Philosophical Considerations
		Experimental Designs: Means of Controlling Variability
		Validity of Experimental Operations
		Generality (External Validity)
		Factors That Affect Generality
		Concluding Remarks
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	8. The Group Design Strategy
		Common Characteristics of Group Designs
		Preexperimental Designs
		True Experimental Designs
		Designs to Evaluate Multiple Treatments
		Factorial Designs
		Quasi-Experimental Designs
		Time-Series Designs
		Counterbalanced Within-Subjects Designs
		Correlational Analysis
		Group Designs in Clinical Research
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	9. Single-Subject Designs
		Historical Background to Single-Subject Designs
		Characteristics of Single-Subject Designs
		Experimental Control in Single-Subject Designs
		Preexperimental Single-Subject Design
		Designs for Single Treatment Evaluation
		Designs for Multiple Treatment Comparison
		Designs for Interactional Studies
		N-of-1 Randomized Clinical Trials
		Single-Subject Designs in Clinical Research
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	10. Statistical Analysis of Research Data
		Historical Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Research Data
		Statistical Significance
		Hypothesis Testing
		Statistical Analysis of Group Design Data
		Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
		Visual Analysis of Single-Subject Data
		Statistical Analysis of Single-Subject Data
		Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Significance
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	11. Generality Through Replications
		Direct Replication
		Systematic Replication
		Sample Size and Generality
		Failed Replications: Sources of Treatment Modifications
		Homogeneity and Heterogeneity of Participants
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	12. Comparative Evaluation of Design Strategies
		Research Questions and Investigative Strategies
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Design Strategies
		Problems Common to Design Strategies
		Philosophical Considerations in Evaluation
		The Investigator in Design Selection
		The Final Criterion: Soundness of Data
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	13. Designs Versus Paradigms in Research
		Limitations of Exclusively Methodological Approaches
		Research Methods and Subject Matters
		Philosophy as Methodology
		Philosophy of Subject Matters
		Philosophy of the Science of Speech and Language
		Philosophical Ways of Handling Methodological Problems
		The Interplay Between Philosophy and Methodology
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
Part III. Doing, Reporting, and Evaluating Research
	14. How to Formulate Research Questions
		How to Formulate Research Questions
		Preparation of Theses and Dissertations
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	15. How to Write Research Reports
		General Format of Scientific Reports
		Structure and Content of Research Papers
		Writing Without Bias
		Good Writing: Some Principles
		Writing Style
		Writing and Revising
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	16. How to Evaluate Research Reports
		Professionals as Consumers of Research
		Understanding and Evaluating Research
		Evaluation of Research
		Evaluation of Research Reports: An Outline
		A Hierarchy of Treatment Research Evidence
		Evaluation and Appreciation of Research
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
	17. Ethics of Research
		Fraud in Scientific Research
		Ethical Justification for Treatment Evaluation
		The Protection of Human Participants in Research
		Ethical Issues With Treatment Research
		Consequences of Ethical Constraints
		Protection of Animal Subjects
		Dissemination of Research Findings
		Summary
		References
		Study Guide
Index