Clinical psychology : a modern health profession

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Being a Clinical Psychologist
	Chapter Objectives
	Describing the Profession and Its History
	The Challenges and Responsibilities of Four Different Psychologists
		A Clinical Psychology Student
		Clinical Psychologist A—Working in a General Hospital Setting
		Clinical Psychologist B—Working in a Private Practice Setting
		Clinical Psychologist C—Working in an Academic Setting
	Practice Realities in Clinical Psychology
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 2 Becoming a Clinical Psychologist
	Chapter Objectives
	Considerations for Career Planning
	Concrete Planning Steps
	Maximizing Your Academic Preparation and Building the Best Possible Application Package for Graduate Training
		Application Forms
		Grade-Point Averages
		Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
		The Statement of Interest
		Letters of Reference
		Research or Clinical Experience?
		Timing Issues
	Getting the Most out of Graduate School
	Post-Doctoral Training
	Getting Licensed
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 3 Methods for Research and Evaluation
	Chapter Objectives
	Chapter Organization
	Properties of Psychological Tests
		Reliability
		Validity
	How Should Tests Be Described With Respect to Their Reliability and Validity?
	Measuring Change in Therapy
	Methods Used to Learn About Therapy Outcome
		Case Studies
		Therapy Outcome Research Based on Groups
	Qualitative Research
	Program Evaluation
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 4 Ethical Decision Making
	Chapter Objectives
	Setting the Tone
	Defining What Ethical Behavior Is
	Our Profession’s Commitment to Ethical Standards of Practice
	Legal Facts and Ethics
	Practice Guidelines/Codes of Conduct
	Codes of Ethics
	Example: Reasoning Through the Decision-Making Process
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
	Key Terms Learned
	Thinking Questions
	References
	Web-based resources
	Web-based course
CHAPTER 5 The Nature of Psychopathology
	Chapter Objectives
	Assessment and Four Different Psychologists
	Psychological Problems That Clinical Psychologists Focus On
	Defining Psychological Problems
		Statistical or Normative Approach
		Subjective Interpretation (Psychological Pain)
		Judgments of Maladaptive Functioning
	Issues in Defining Psychological Problems
	Some Important Concepts in Defining Psychological Problems
		Sign
		Symptom
		Syndrome
		Mental Disorder
	Psychological Problems: What Processes Are Affected?
		Emotions and Emotional Regulation
		Thoughts/Cognitions, Intellectual Functioning, Information Processing
		Perceptions
		Interpersonal Processes
		Regulatory or Coping Behavior
		Development
		Environment
	Conceptualizations of Psychological Problems
	Philosophical Underpinnings of Orientations to Psychopathology
		Symptom as Focus
		Underlying Cause as Focus
	Current Conceptualizations of Psychopathology
	Diagnostic Classification Systems
		Descriptions
		Communication
		Research
		Theory Development
		Treatment
		Education
		Insurance and Reimbursement
		Epidemiological Information
	Specific Current Classification Systems
		International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
		Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)
		Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 6 Overview of Assessment
	Chapter Objectives
	Overview
	Assessment-Related Issues of Four Psychologists
	What Is Psychological Assessment?
	Psychological Testing Versus Psychological Assessment
	Psychological Assessment in Practice and Training
	Purpose of Assessment
	The Tools of Psychological Assessment
	Types of Psychological Assessment
		Psychodiagnostic Assessment
		Intellectual/Cognitive
		Behavioral
		Health
		Psychophysiological
		Rehabilitative
		Forensic
	Goals of Psychological Assessment
		Problem Explication
		Formulation
		Prognosis and Treatment Outcome
		Treatment Recommendations
		Provision of a Therapeutic Context
		Communication of Findings to Referral Source and to the Patient(s)
	Research
	Importance of Context
	Interpretation, Decision Making, and Prediction
	Quantitative or Actuarial Approach
	Clinical Judgment or Subjective Approach
	Clinical Decision Making and Errors in Judgment
		Base Rate Issue
		Barnum Effect
		Illusory Correlation
		Preconceived Ideas and Confirmatory Bias
		Inappropriate Use of Heuristics
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 7 Psychodiagnostic Assessment
	Chapter Objectives
	Psychodiagnostic Assessment
	What Are the Tests and Tools Used in Psychodiagnostic Assessment?
		Clinical Interviews
		Unstructured Interviews
		Structured Interviews
		Objective Tests/Self-Report Inventories
		Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), MMPI-2, and MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)
			Validity Scales
			Clinical Scales
			Interpretation
			Reliability and Validity
			Pros of the MMPI-2
			Cons of the MMPI-2
			MMPI-2 Reconstructed Form (MMPI-2-RF)
		MMPI-A
	Other Omnibus Self-Report Measures
		Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventories
			Pros of the MCMI-III
			Cons of the MCMI-III
	The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
	Rating Scales
	Projectives
		Rorschach Inkblot Technique
			Reliability and Validity
			Pros of the RIT
			Cons of the RIT
		Thematic Apperception Test/Technique
			Reliability and Validity
			Pros of the TAT
			Cons of the TAT
		Drawing Tasks
			Reliability and Validity
			Pros of Drawing Tasks
			Cons of Drawing Tasks
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 8 Cognitive and Neuropsychological Assessment
	Chapter Objectives
	Intellectual Assessment
	Purpose of Intellectual Assessment
	Domains Assessed in Intellectual Assessment
	What Is Intelligence?
	What Is IQ?
	Intelligence Tests
		Stanford-Binet Scale
			Stanford-Binet 5 (SB-5)
			Wechsler Scales of Intelligence
			Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV)
			Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V)
			Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSII-IV)
	Interpreting and Using Intelligence Test Scores
	Clinical Neuropsychology and Neuropsychological Evaluations
		Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment
		Assumptions Underlying Neuropsychological Assessment
		Domains Important to Assess
	How Is a Neuropsychological Evaluation Done?
	Neuropsychological Tests: Fixed Batteries
		Halstead Reitan
		Luria Nebraska
	Neuropsychological Testing: Flexible Approach
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 9 Behavioral and Biological Assessment
	Chapter Objectives
	Behavioral Assessment
		Rationale and Basic Principles
		Validity and Ethics in Implementation and Interpretation
		What Can Be Done to Maximize the Usefulness of Observations?: Tips for Strengthening Observational Methods
		Self-Monitoring
	Summary
	Biological Assessments
		Physiological Systems
		Measurement of Physiological Activity
		Reliability and Validity
		Applications
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
	Key Terms Learned
	Thinking Questions
	References
CHAPTER 10 The Process of Psychotherapy
	Chapter Objectives
	Defining Psychotherapy
	The Therapy Environment
	Homework Assignments
	Therapy Length
	Multiclient Therapy
	Elements in the Process of Therapy
		The Client
			Who Goes Into Therapy?
			Client Readiness
		Characteristics of the Therapist and Outcome
		Techniques
	Typical Presenting Problems
	The Therapeutic Relationship
	Cultural Competence in Clinical Psychology
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 11 Psychotherapies I
	Chapter Objectives
	Psychoanalysis
		Terminology
		How Common Is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic Treatment?
		Primary Assumptions and Principles of Psychoanalytic Treatment
		Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory
		Phases of Classical Psychoanalysis
		Ego Psychology
		Object Relations Theory
		Self Psychology Theory
		Attachment Theory
		Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapies
		Goals of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
		Psychoanalytic Treatment
		Vehicles for Behavior Change in Psychoanalytic Treatment
		New Issues in the Field
	Person-Centered Therapy
		Theory
		Person-Centered Psychotherapy
			Empathy
			Unconditional Positive Regard
			Genuineness
	Systems Therapies
		Theory
		Specific Systems Therapy Approaches
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Controversies
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 12 Psychotherapies II
	Chapter Objectives
	Behavior Therapy
		Roots and Underlying Theory
		Ethical Considerations
		Punishment
		Reinforcement
		References
		Concluding Observations
	Cognitive Therapy
		Theory and Rationale
		Two Major Proponents: Ellis and Beck
	Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
	Biofeedback, Relaxation, and Stress Management
		Theory and Rationale
		Biofeedback
			The Training Process
		Relaxation or Self-Regulation Methods
			Summary
		Stress Management
		A Model of the Stress Process: Major Components and Moderating Variables
		Summary
	Emotion-Focused Therapy
		Rationale and Process
	Motivational Interviewing
		Origins and Process
	Dialectical Behavior Therapy
		Rationale
		Method
	Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
	Mindfulness Meditation
		Roots and Rationale
		The Method
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 13 Psychotherapy Outcome
	Chapter Objectives
	Methods
	A Brief History of the Key Findings From Therapy Outcome Research
	Why Do We Do Meta-Analytic Reviews and What Questions Are They Trying to Answer?
	What Has Been Learned From Existing Meta-Analyses?
	Cost-Effectiveness of Psychological Therapies
	Controversies Around Knowledge Translation From Therapy Outcome Research
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 14 Evidence-Based Therapy: Innovation or Quackery?
	Chapter Objectives
	Defining Treatment Specificity and Uniqueness
	Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
		Description, Rationale, and Method
		Treatment Outcome
			Evidence for Positive Outcome
			Is Specificity Testing Possible?
			Is There Evidence for Specificity?
		Summary of EMDR
	Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
		Summary of ACT
	Healing Touch and Therapeutic Touch
		Description, Rationale, and Method
		Research Evidence on Mechanisms, Specificity, and Outcomes
		Summary
	Mindfulness Meditation (MM)
		Treatment Outcome
			Is Specificity Testing Possible?
			Has Specificity Been Demonstrated?
		Summary of MM
	Comparing Claims of Uniqueness and Specificity for the Four Treatments Described
	Conclusion and Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 15 Child Clinical Psychology
	Chapter Objectives
	Developmental Stages and Childhood Psychopathology
	Ethical Challenges
	Impact of Development on Assessment
	Intervention
		Behavior Therapy
		Play Therapy
		Systems Therapy
		Overview of Treatment Outcome
	The Example of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 16 Forensic Psychology
	Chapter Objectives
	What Is Forensic Psychology?
	Forensic Psychology Today
	The Clinical Forensic Psychologist
		Police Psychology
		Crime and Delinquency
		Victimology
		Correctional Psychology
		Psychology and Law or Legal Psychology
	Differences Between Traditional Clinical Psychology and Forensic Psychology Practice
	Tasks of the Clinical Forensic Psychologist
		Assessment
			Forensic Assessment Tools
			Forensically Relevant Assessment Tools
			Clinical Measures and Assessment Techniques
			Treatment
			Treatment of Perpetrators of Crime
			Treatment of Victims of Crime
			Treatment of Workers in the Field
	Consultation and Opinions
	Lie Detection
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 17 Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
	Chapter Objectives
	Understanding Health and the Causation of Diseases
	Early Life Infl uences on Health
	Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease
		Adherence
		Pain
			Understanding Pain
			Acute Pain
			Chronic Pain
		Working With Cardiovascular Disease Patients
			Hypertension
			Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
			Heart Transplantation
			Restenosis
		Working With Cancer Patients
	Conclusion
	Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 18 Psychopharmacology 410
	Chapter Objectives
	Why Cover the Topic of Psychopharmacology?
	A Clinical Case Scenario
	The Language of Pharmacology
		Important Concepts
		Frequently Used Terms and Abbreviations
	Basic Principles of Drug Action, Drug Classes, Drug-Specific Responses and Side Effects
	Types of Psychopharmacological Medication and Areas of Application
	Combining Pharmacological Treatment and Psychological Interventions
	How the Arrival of the Internet Has Changed Clinical Practice
	Should Psychologists Have Drug Prescription Privileges?
	Conclusion
	Some (Sobering) Ongoing Considerations
		Key Terms Learned
		Thinking Questions
		References
CHAPTER 19 Current Trends and the Future of Clinical Psychology
	Chapter Objectives
	Health Care System Changes to Accommodate Aging Populations
	Trends in Clinical Training
	Prescription Privileges
	Clinical Psychology, Computers, and the Web
	Research in Clinical Psychology
	Positive Psychology and Spirituality
	Conclusion
		Key Terms Learned
		References
Author Index
Subject Index