Clinical pathophysiology made ridiculously simple

Cover
	Title Page
	Copyright
Table of Contents
Chapter Outlines
1. The Cardiovascular System
	ANATOMICAL OVERVIEW
	--
HEART FAILURE
	Left Heart Failure
	Right Heart Failure
	Symptoms and Signs of Heart Failure
	Preload, Afterload, and Treatment of Heart Failure
	The Kidneys in Heart Failure
	--THE FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE HEART AND THEIR DISEASES
	Diseases of the Heart Muscle
	Cardiac Hypertrophy
	Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
	Cardiac Dilatation
	--The Valves and Their Diseases: Stenosis and Regurgitation
	Aortic Valve
	Mitral Valve
	Tricuspid Valve
	Pulmonary Valve
	Review of Valves 1: Review by Pathology
	Review of Valves II: Review by Murmur
	--
Diseases of the Electrical System: Arrhythmias
	Bradyarrhythmia (Bradycardia)
	Tachyarrhythmias
	Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
	Review of Arrhythmias
	--
Diseases of the Heart's Vasculature:Angina and Myocardial Infarction
	Angina and Myocardial Infarction
	Complications of Myocardial Infarction
	Treatment of Angina and Myocardial Infarction
	--
VASCULAR DISEASE OUTSIDE THE HEART: PERIPHERAL ARTERIES AND AORTA
	Emboli
	Peripheral Vascular Disease
	Atherosclerosis of the Aorta
	Aortic Dissection
	Lipids and Lipid-Lowering Drugs
	Vasculitis
	Hypertension
	Consequences of Hypertension
	Treatment of Hypertension
	--
CARDIAC INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND NEOPLASIA
	Endocarditis
	Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
	Myocarditis
	Pericarditis
	Cardiac Neoplasia
	Atrial Myxoma
	--
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
	Fetal Circulation
	Classification o f Congenital Heart Disease
	Cyanotic Heart Disease
	Noncyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
	Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
	Pulmonic Stenosis
	Congenital Aortic Stenosis
	Coarctation of the Aorta
	Review of Congenital Heart Disease
2. The Pulmonary System
	--
COMPONENTS OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM
	Alveolar Sac/ Airway
	Membrane
	Blood Vessels
	--
OBSTRUCTIVE AND RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE
	Obstructive Lung Diseases
		Emphysema
		Pulmonary Function Testing
		Asthma
		Chronic Bronchitis
		Cystic Fibrosis
	Restrictive Lung Disease
	Pulmonary Function Tests in Restrictive Lung Disease
	Symptoms and Signs of Restrictive Lung Disease
	Treatment of Restrictive Lung Disease
	Review of Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease
	--
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
	Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension
	--
RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
	Rhinitis
	Sinusitis
	Pharyngitis
	Laryngitis
	Epiglottitis
	Bronchitis
	Bronchiolitis
	Pneumonitis
	Pneumonia
	Tuberculosis (TB)
	--
LUNG CANCER
	--DISEASES OF THE PLEURA AND PLEURAL SPACE
	Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
	Pleural Effusion
	Chylothorax, Hemothorax, and Pneumothorax
	--
PULMONARY PHYSICAL EXAM
	Percussion
	Fremitus, Egophony, and Pectoriloquy
	Clubbing
3. The Renal System
	OVERVIEW OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
	--
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
	Prerenal Failure
	Intrinsic Renal Failure
	Laboratory Distinction Between Prerenal and Intrinsic Renal Failure
	Postrenal Failure
	Causes of Intrinsic Renal Pathology: Diseases of Tubules and Glomeruli
	Nephrotic Syndrome
	Nephritic Syndrome
	--
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
	--
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) AND URINALYSIS
	Urethritis
	Cystitis
	Pyelonephritis
	Urinalysis
	--
TUMORS OF THE URINARY TRACT
	--
FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
	Basic Concepts
	Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia
	Hypernatremia
	Hyponatremia
	Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
	Hyperkalemia
	Hypokalemia
	Acid/Base Pathophysiology
		Respiratory Acidosis
		Respiratory Alkalosis
		Metabolic Alkalosis
		Metabolic Acidosis
		Overall Algorithm for Acid/Base Disturbance Diagnosis
4. The Gastrointestinal System
	--
ANATOMICAL OVERVIEW
	--
DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS
	Obstruction
	Muscle
	Diverticula
	Reflux
	Esophageal Cancer
	Esophageal Varices
	--
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH
	Peptic Ulcer Disease
	Other Causes of Gastritis
	Loss of Intrinsic Factor
	Obstruction
	Gastroparesis
	Gastric Cancer
	--
DISEASES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
	Malabsorption
	Obstruction
	Small Bowel Tumors
	--
DISEASES OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
	Hirschprung's Disease
	Diverticula
	Diarrhea
	Colon Cancer
	Colitis
	--
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD): CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS
	--
UPPER AND LOWER GI BLEEDING
	--
DISEASES OF THE LIVER
	Overview of Liver Function
	Bilirubin and Jaundice
	Liver Function Tests
	Diseases of the Liver Parenchyma
	Disease of the Liver Vasculature: Portal Hypertension
	--
DISEASES OF THE GALL BLADDER AND BILE DUCTS
	Gallstones ( Cholelithiasis)
	Cancer of the Bile Ducts (Cholangiocarcinoma)
	Inflammatory Diseases of the Biliary System
	Biliary Atresia
	--
DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS
	Pancreatitis
	Pancreatic Tumors
	--
APPROACH TO ABDOMINAL PAIN
	Diagnosis of Abdominal Pain
	Physical Exam
5. The Endocrine System
	GENERAL PRINCIPLES
	THYROID
		Hyperthyroidism
			Causes of Hyperthyroidism
			Symptoms and Signs of Hyperthyroidism
			Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
			Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
		Hypothyroidism
			Causes of Hypothyroidism
			Symptoms and Signs of Hypothyroidism
			Laboratory Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism
			Treatment of Hypothyroidism
		Thyroiditis
		Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer
	ADRENAL GLANDS
		Hyper- and Hypoaldosteronism
		Hypoaldosteronism
	Cushing's Syndrome
		Causes of Cushing's Syndrome
		Symptoms and Signs of Cushing's Syndrome
		Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome
		Localizing Cushing's Syndrome:Pituitary vs. Ectopic
		Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome
	Adrenal Insufficiency
		Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
		Secondary and Tertiary Adrenal Insufficiency
		Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency
		The ACTH Stimulation ("Cort Stim'') Test
		Treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency
	Pheochromocytoma
	Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
	MULTIPLE ENDOCRINENEOPLASIA (MEN)
	PITUITARY GLAND
		Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary
			Pituitary Adenomas and Hyperpituitarism
			ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
			TSH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
			Growth Hormone Adenomas and Acromegaly
			LH/FSH-Secreting Tumors
			Prolactin-Secreting Adenomas.
		Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary
	THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS AND GLUCOSE REGULATION
	Diabetes Mellitus
		Symptoms and Signs of Diabetes Mellitus
		Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
	Hypoglycemia
		Excess Insulin
		Decreased Counter-Regulatory Hormones
	CALCIUM, THE PARATHYROIDS, AND BONE
		PTH.
		Vitamin D.
		Hypercalcemia
		Elevated PTH
			Primary Hyperparathyroidism
			Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
			Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
			PTH-Related Protein (PTHrP)
		Vitamin D-Induced Hypercalcemia
		Bone Breakdown
		Symptoms and Signs of Hypercalcemia
			Treatment of Hypercalcemia
		Hypocalcemia
		Decreased PTH: Hypoparathyroidism andPseudohypoparathyroidism
			Hypoparathyroidism
			Pseudohypoparathyroidism
		Vitamin D Deficiency
		Hungry Bone Syndrome
		Binding of Calcium
		Hypoalbuminemia
		Symptoms and Signs of Hypocalcemia
		Treatment of Hypocalcemia
	Hypercalciuric Hypocalcemiaand Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
	Diseases of Bone
		Thickened Bones: Osteopetrosis
		Weakened Bones: Osteoporosisand Osteomalacia
		Thickened and Weakened Bones: Paget'sDisease (Osteitis Deformans)
		Infection of Bone: Osteomyelitis
		Tumors of Bone
6. The Hematologic System
	COMPONENTS OF THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
	RED BLOOD CELLS
		Too Few RBCs: Anemia
			Symptoms and Signs of Anemia
			Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
			Causes of Anemia
			Decreased Production of RBCs
				Bone Marrow Failure, Renal Failure, AplasticAnemia.
				Iron, B12, and Folate Deficiency
				Increased Loss of RBCs: Bleedingand Hemolysis
					Bleeding
					Hemolysis
					Extracorpuscular defects
					Intracorpuscular defects: Problemswith RBC components
						Hemoglobin
						Membrane
						Metabolic Pathways.
					Lab Findings in Hemolysis
					Anemia of Chronic Disease
					Blood Smear
					Treatment of Anemia
					Review of Anemia
		Too Many RBCs: Polycythemia
			Causes of Polycythemia
				Hyperproliferative State of the Bone Marrow:Polycythemia Vera
				Elevated EPO
			Lab Findings in Polycythemia
			Treatment of Polycythemia
	WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND IMMUNOLOGY
		Hypersensitivity
		Immunodeficiency
			Decreased Number of WBCs
			Decreased Function of WBCs
		Neutrophils
			Increased Neutrophils
			Decreased Neutrophils (or DecreasedFunction of Neutrophils)
		Lymphocytes
			Increased Lymphocytes
			Decreased Lymphocytes (or DecreasedFunction of Lymphocytes)
		Basophils, Mast Cells, and Eosinophils
		The Hematologic Malignanciesof WBC Lineage
			Leukemias
			Lymphomas
			Multiple Myeloma
		Review of WBCs
	PLATELETS AND COAGULATION FACTORS
		Hypocoagulable States: Tendencyto Bleed
			Decreased Coagulation Factors
			Decreased Platelet Function or Number
				Platelet dysfunction
				Decreased Platelet Number: Thrombocytopenia
			Summary of Hypocoagulable States
		Hypercoagulable States:Tendency to Clot
7. The Nervous System
	ANATOMICAL OVERVIEW
	NEUROANATOMY AND LOCALIZATION
		Motor and Sensory Pathways
		Motor Pathway: Upper Motor Neurons vs.Lower Motor Neurons
		Sensory Pathways
		Summary of Motor and Sensory Systems
		Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
			Brainstem
			Cranial Nerves
				Cranial Nerve I
				Cranial Nerve II
				Cranial Nerve III
				Cranial Nerve IV
				Cranial Nerve V
				Cranial Nerve VI,
				Cranial Nerv e VII
				Cranial Nerve VIII,
				Cranial Nerve IX,
				Cranial Nerve X
				Cranial Nerve XI,
				CN XII,
		Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
			Cerebellum
			Basal Ganglia
			Parkinson's Disease
	DISEASES OF THE BRAIN
		Mental Status Changes: Dementiaand Delirium
		Seizures
		Antiepileptics
		Elevated Intracranial Pressure
			Hydrocephalus
			Pseudotumor Cerebri
		Intracranial Infection and Bleeding
			Meningeal Signs
			Epidural Bleeding and Infection
				Epidural Hematomas
				Epidural Abscesses
			Subdural Bleeding and Infection
				Subdural Hematomas
				Subdural Abscesses
			Subarachnoid Bleeding and Infection
				Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
				Meningitis
			Bleeding and Infection in the Brain
				Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage
				Brain Abscess.
				Encephalitis
			Central Nervous System Tumors
		Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Examination
		Stroke
			Cerebral Vasculature
				Anterior Circulation.
				Posterior Circulation.
		Multiple Sclerosis
	DISEASES OF THE SPINAL CORD
	NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION
	DISEASES OF LOWER MOTOR NEURONS, NMJ, & MUSCLE
		Diseases of Anterior Horn Cells
		Diseases of Peripheral Nerves
		Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction
			Myasthenia Gravis
			Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
		Diseases of the Muscle
8. Rheumatology
	TREATMENT OFAUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
		Immunosuppressive andAnti-Inflammatory Drugs
	JOINT DISEASE: ARTHRITIS
		Synovial Fluid Analysis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
		Osteoarthritis (OA)
		Spondyloarthritis
		Infectious Arthritis
		Gout and Pseudogout
			Gout
			Pseudogout
9. Male and Female Reproductive System
	MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		Prostate
			Prostatitis
			Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
			Prostate Cancer
		Testicles
			Orchitis
			Torsion
			Testicular Cancer
			Erectile Dysfunction
	FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		The Menstrual Cycle, OralContraceptives, and Amenorrhea
			The Menstrual Cycle
			Amenorrhea
		Inflammation of the FemaleGenital Tract
			Vaginitis
			Cervicitis
			Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
		Neoplasia of the Female Genital Tract
			Vulvar, Vaginal, Cervical, Uterine,and Ovarian Neoplasia
				Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD)
		Other Diseases of the Female Genital Tract
			Endometriosis
			Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS
		Diseases of the Breasts
			Breast Cancer
		Infertility
10. Cases
	CASE 1
	CASE 2
	CASE 3
	CASE 4
	CASE 5
	CASE 6
	CASE 7
	CASE 8
	CASE 9
	CASE 10
	CASE 11
	CASE 12
	CASE 13
	CASE 14
	CASE 15
	CASE 16
	CASE 17
	CASE 18
	CASE 19
	CASE 20
	CASE 21
	CASE 22
	CASE 23
	CASE 24
	CASE 25
	CASE 26
	CASE 27
	CASE 28
	CASE29
	CASE 30
	CASE 31
Index
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