Clinical Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical, Ethical, Legal and Social Implications

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction: Ethical Issues of Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence
	1.1	 Neurotechnology + Artificial Intelligence = Intelligent Neurotechnologies (INT)
	1.2	 Novel Philosophical, Ethical, Legal, and Sociological Approaches to INT: An Overview
	References
2: Actions, Agents, and Interfaces
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 BCIs and the Decoding of Movement Intention
	2.3	 Basic and Non-basic Actions
	2.4	 Action, Belief, and Reliability
	2.5	 Action, BCIs, and Identification
	2.6	 Conclusion
	References
3: Skilled Action and the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interfaces
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Do BCI Actions Differ from Ordinary Actions?
		3.2.1	 How Does Acting with a BCI Work?
		3.2.2	 What Is Peculiar About BCIs?
	3.3	 Is Acting with a BCI a Skill Users Can Acquire?
		3.3.1	 What Is Skilled Acting?
		3.3.2	 Learning Effects and BCI Skills
		3.3.3	 Skilled Acting in Action Theory
	3.4	 The Normative Implications of Skilled BCI Use
	3.5	 Conclusion
	References
4: Augmenting Autonomy Through Neurotechnological Intervention à la Kant: Paradox or Possibility?
	4.1	 Introduction: The Basis for Augmenting Autonomy Through Brain-Computer Interfacing
	4.2	 Instrumental Autonomy and Moral Autonomy
	4.3	 Advancing from the Enhancement of Instrumental to Moral Autonomy in a Naturalistic Framework
	4.4	 Escaping the Paradox: Extending the Notion of Self-Legislation
	4.5	 Conclusion
	References
5: Can BCIs Enlighten the Concept of Agency? A Plea for an Experimental Philosophy of Neurotechnology
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Neuroadaptation and Symbiotic Technology
	5.3	 Sense of Agency
	5.4	 Experimental Philosophy
	5.5	 Me and My Subconscious Brain States in Action
	5.6	 Conclusion: A Call for ST-Based Experimental Philosophy
	References
6: Brain-Computer Interfaces: Current and Future Investigations in the Philosophy and Politics of Neurotechnology
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 BCIs: Technology and Applications
	6.3	 Ethical, Social, and Legal Implications of BCIs: State of the Art
		6.3.1	 Generic Issues
		6.3.2	 Results from Conceptual Research from the Project INTERFACES
	6.4	 A Look Ahead: Focusing on Procedures in the Ethics of BCIs
	6.5	 Conclusion
	References
7: Pragmatism for a Digital Society: The (In)significance of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Technology
	7.1	 Introduction: Waves of Technology (Ethics)
	7.2	 The Digital Society Is Here, Again: Parallel Trends in Academia and in Society
		7.2.1	 Neural Technologies
		7.2.2	 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
	7.3	 Two Wrong Answers: Significance-as-Consensus and Reduction to Hype
	7.4	 Significant Technologies? Insights from STS and Pragmatism
		7.4.1	 Economies of Promising: Transactions and Vanguard Visions
		7.4.2	 Emerging Publics and Their Problems
	7.5	 Significance and Our Responsibility as Researchers
	7.6	 Conclusion
	References
8: Brain-Computer Interface Use as Materialized Crisis Management
	8.1	 Background
	8.2	 Sociology of Brain-Computer Interfaces
	8.3	 Methods
	8.4	 BCI Use as Materialized Crisis Management
		8.4.1	 What Is a Crisis?
		8.4.2	 BCI Training as Repetitive Action Crisis
			8.4.2.1	 Traumatic Crises
			8.4.2.2	 Crises of Decision-Making
			8.4.2.3	 Crises of Leisure
			8.4.2.4	 Traumatic Crises 2.0
			8.4.2.5	 Mini Crises
		8.4.3	 Routinizing BCI Use
		8.4.4	 Recommendations for Future BCI Development
	8.5	 Conclusion
	References
9: The Power of Thoughts: A Qualitative Interview Study with Healthy Users of Brain-Computer Interfaces
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Methods
		9.2.1	 Study Design
		9.2.2	 Recruitment and Sample
		9.2.3	 Data Collection and Analysis
	9.3	 Results
		9.3.1	 BCIs from a Healthy User Perspective
		9.3.2	 Ethical Evaluation of BCIs
		9.3.3	 Expectations and Fears Towards BCIs for Healthy Users
	9.4	 Discussion
	References
10: Diffusion on Both Ends: Legal Protection and Criminalisation in Neurotechnological Uncertainty
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Problem Analysis
	10.3	 Legal Protection by Criminalisation
		10.3.1	 Protecting Patients
		10.3.2	 Diffusions
		10.3.3	 Some Reflections on Future Debates
	References
11: Data and Consent Issues with Neural Recording Devices
	11.1	 Questions and Scope
	11.2	 How Neurotechnologies Work
	11.3	 Neural-Signal Recording
	11.4	 The GDPR
	11.5	 Is Brain Data Personal Data?
	11.6	 Is Personal Data Processed in Neurotechnological Devices?
	11.7	 Recording Brain Signals and the GDPR
	11.8	 Consent
	11.9	 Conclusion
	References
12: Ethical Implications of Brain-Computer Interface and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Health Care
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 The Importance of Neuropsychiatric Disorders for the Development of Health Care Technology
	12.3	 Ethical Implications of Medical Research Using Brain-Computer Interface
	12.4	 Clinical Use of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical and Anthropological Implications
	References
13: Practical, Conceptual and Ethical Dimensions of a Neuro-controlled Speech Neuroprosthesis
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Neuro-controlled Technology
	13.3	 Neural-Signal Driven Speech Devices
	13.4	 Risk Factors with Intracortical Probes
	13.5	 Processing Brain Signals for Speech
	13.6	 Control over Synthetic Speech
	References
14: The Emperor’s New Clothes? Transparency and Trust in Machine Learning for Clinical Neuroscience
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Opportunities for Applied Machine Learning in Clinical Neuroscience
	14.3	 The Ideal of Transparency
	14.4	 Trust and Trustworthiness
	14.5	 The Paradox Relation of Trust and Transparency
	14.6	 Trust and Transparency of Applied ML for Neuroimaging
	References
15: The Security and Military Implications of Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 The Security Implications of Artificial Intelligence
	15.3	 Data Bias and Accountability
	15.4	 Manipulations
	15.5	 Social Control and Discrimination
	15.6	 Military Applications of AI
	15.7	 Security Implications of Democratization of Access
	15.8	 The Security Implications of Neurotechnology
	15.9	 Data Bias, Agency and Accountability
	15.10	 Manipulations
	15.11	 Social Control and Discrimination
	15.12	 Military Applications of Neurotechnology
	15.13	 Security Implications of Democratization of Access
	15.14	 Conclusion
	References
16: Connecting Brain and Machine: The Mind Is the Next Frontier
	16.1	 The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Technologies for the Interaction Between Human and Machine
	16.2	 Embodied and Situated Minds: How We Use, Act and Think with Technology
	16.3	 Connecting Brain and Machine: Brain-Computer Interfaces
	16.4	 Measurement Technologies and Applications of Brain-Computer Interfaces
	16.5	 Neuroadaptive Technology and Its Potential for Future Human-Computer Interaction Applications
	References