CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1 — Neuroanatomy, Brain Development, Protection, Metabolic Needs of the Brain, and Neuroplasticity
	Learning Objectives
	Overview of the Nervous System
	Brain Regions, Structures, and Functions
		Directionality and Terminology
	Brain Divisions
		Forebrain and Lateralization
		Midbrain
		Hindbrain
	Brain Development
	Prenatal Brain Growth
		Neurulation
	Brain Cells and Brain Maturation
		Neurons and Glial Cells
		Cell Migration
		Synaptogenesis
		Apoptosis
	Postnatal Brain Growth and Neuroplasticity
	Factors Influencing Brain Development
	Neuroplasticity
	Traumatic Brain Injury
	Brain Injury—Stroke
	Developmental Conditions
	Amputation—Phantom Limb
	Deprivation Studies
	Enrichment Studies
	Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity
		Glial Cells, Dendritic Arborization, Axonal Sprouting, and Synaptogenesis
		Medication, Neurotrophins, and Neurogenesis
		Neurotrophins
	Protection and Metabolic Needs of the Brain
		Brain Metabolism and TBI
	Sex Differences in Brain Morphology and Function
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Summary: Main Points
	Review Questions
Chapter 2 — Cellular Function, Neurotransmission, and Pharmacology
	Learning Objectives
	Intracellular Components and Functions
		Dendrites and Synapses
	Development of the Action Potential
		Electrostatic Pressure and Diffusion
		Depolarization and Hyperpolarization
	Process of Chemical Neurotransmission
		Exocytosis
		Neurotransmitter Regulation
	Postsynaptic Receptors
	Termination of Neurotransmission
		Endocytosis and Pinocytosis
	Neurotransmitter Substances
		Transmitter Gases
		Large Molecule Transmitters
		Small Molecule Transmitters
	Psychopharmacology
		Pharmacokinetics
		Medication Effects
		Agonists and Antagonists
	An Overview of Psychotropic Drugs and Mode of Action
		Antianxiety Medications
		Antidepressant Medications
		Antipsychotic Medications
		Mood Stabilizers
		Psychostimulants
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Summary: Main Points
	Review Questions
Chapter 3 — Techniques of Brain Imaging and Brain Stimulation
	Learning Objectives
	Fundamental Principles of Brain Activation and Measurement
		Measurement Design Issues
	Brain Imaging Techniques: Structural Imaging
		Computed Tomography (CT )
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
	Brain Imaging Techniques: Functional Imaging
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
		Positron Emission Tomography (PET )
		Methodological Limitations of Functional Neuroimaging Studies
		Electroencephalogram (EEG and qEEG)
		Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rtfMRI)
		Optical Imaging: Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
	Brain Stimulation Techniques
		Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT )
		Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( TMS) and Repetitive TMS (rTMS)
		Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)
		Optogenetics
		Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
		Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Summary: Main Points
	Review Questions
Chapter 4 — Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type and Parkinson’s Diseases
	Learning Objectives
	Alzheimer’s Disease
		Background Information
		Etiology
		Genetic Findings: Early Versus Late Onset
		Genetic Findings: Early Versus Late Onset
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Pharmacological Treatment
		Risk and Protective Factors Implicated in Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type
	Summary of Alzheimer’s Disease
	Parkinson’s Disease
		Prevalence and Comorbidity Findings
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Neurotransmitter Findings
		Interventions for Parkinson’s Disease
		Environmental Factors
		Summary of Parkinson’s disease
	Review Questions
Chapter 5 — Schizophrenia
	Learning Objectives
	Background, Prevalence, and Developmental Course
		Multicultural Findings
		Developmental Course
	Etiologic Theories
		Genetics Overview
		Genetic Findings
		Genetic Linkage Findings
		Candidate Gene Studies
		Specific Candidate Genes
		Structural Findings
		Molecular Findings
		Functional Findings
	Pharmacological Interventions for Schizophrenia
		Mode of Action of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Medication
		Augmentation and Experimental Interventions
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Summary: Main Points
	Review Questions
Chapter 6 — Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
	Learning Objectives
	Major Depressive Disorder
		Prevalence and Demographic Information
		Multicultural Findings
		Developmental Findings
	Etiologic Theories
		Genetic Findings
		Neurotransmitter Levels: Monoamine Theory and Depletion Studies
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Additional Etiologic Areas of Research: Major Depressive Disorder
		Physiologically Based Treatment Methods for Major Depressive Disorder
		Brain Stimulation and Non-Pharmacological Interventions
		Summary of Major Depressive Disorder: Main Points
	Bipolar Disorder
		Prevalence and Demographic Information
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Neurotransmitter Studies
		Functional Studies
		Molecular Processes
		Pharmacological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
		Brain Stimulation
		Summary of Bipolar Disorder: Main Points
	Review Questions
Chapter 7 — Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
	Learning Objectives
	Panic Disorder
		Background Information
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Anxiety Models
		Neurotransmitter Findings
		Pharmacological Intervention and Brain Stimulation Techniques
		Alternative Interventions
		Summary of Panic Disorder
	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
		Prevalence, Cross-Cultural, Diversity, and Developmental Findings
		Religiosity and OCD
		Comorbidity
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Neurotransmitter Findings
		Physiologically Based Interventions for OCD
		Neuorosurgery
		Summary of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
	Review Questions
Chapter 8 — Addiction and Substance Use Disorders
	Learning Objectives
	Drug Addiction
		Background, Prevalence, Multicultural, and Developmental Findings
		Initiation and Maintenance of Addiction: Reinforcement Theories
		Genetic Findings
		Stimulants
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 9 — Disorders of Childhood Origin: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ASD, and Tourette’s Disorder
	Learning Objectives
	Background Information
		Prevalence
	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
		Comorbidity
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Summary
		Pharmacological Interventions
		Non-Pharmacological Interventions
		Summary of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
	Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Prevalence
		Comorbidity
		Savants
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Additional Theories
		Pharmacological and Additional Interventions
		Summary of Autism Spectrum Disorder
	Tourette’s Disorder
		Prevalence
		Comorbidity
		Genetic Findings
		Structural Findings
		Functional Findings
		Pharmacological Interventions
		Alternative Interventions
		Summary of Tourette’s Disorder
	Review Questions
References
Index