Clinical Neuroanatomy: Brain Circuitry and Its Disorders

Clinical Neuroanatomy: Brain Circuitry and Its Disorders......Page 1
Front-matter......Page 2
Clinical Neuroanatomy......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 24
1.2	Macroscopy of the Brain......Page 27
1.2.1	Lateral View of the Brain......Page 28
1.2.3	Dorsal View of the Brain......Page 29
1.2.4	Basal View of the Brain and Its Relations to the Skull Base......Page 30
1.2.6	Imaging of the Brain......Page 32
1.3.1	The Meninges......Page 33
Clinical Case 1.1 Epidural, Subdural and Subarachnoid Haemorrhages (Antoine Keyser and Pieter Wesseling)......Page 38
Clinical Case 1.2 Space-Occupying Lesions (Antoine Keyser and Pieter Wesseling)......Page 39
1.4	The Spinal Cord......Page 41
1.4.1	Gross Anatomy......Page 42
1.4.2	Microscopy: Subdivision of Grey and White Matter......Page 43
1.5.1	The Cranial Nerves......Page 47
1.5.2	Three Cross-Sections Through the Brain Stem......Page 49
1.5.3	The Reticular Formation and Related Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Nuclei......Page 52
1.6	The Cerebellum......Page 53
1.6.1	Gross Anatomy, Subdivision and Compartmentalization......Page 54
1.6.2	Major Fibre Connections......Page 55
1.7.1	Subdivision......Page 56
1.7.2	The Thalamus and Thalamocortical Connections......Page 57
1.7.3	The Hypothalamus......Page 61
1.8.1	Subdivision: Pallium and Subpallium......Page 62
1.8.2	Brodmann’s and Other Cortical Maps......Page 64
1.8.3	Overview of Cortical Connections......Page 67
1.8.4	The Limbic System: Rhinencephalon, the Hippocampal Formation and the Amygdala......Page 72
1.8.5	The Basal Ganglia and Related Basal Forebrain Structures......Page 76
References......Page 80
2.1	Introduction......Page 87
2.3	Gross Anatomy of the Vessels of the Brain and the Spinal Cord......Page 88
2.4	Vascular Imaging......Page 91
2.5	Arterial Supply of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 94
2.6	The Circle of Willis and Its Perforating Branches......Page 96
Clinical Case 2.1 Aneurysm of the Anterior Communicating Artery......Page 100
2.7	Ischaemic Stroke......Page 101
Clinical Case 2.3 MCA Stenosis......Page 104
Clinical Case 2.5 Ischaemic Necrosis in the MCA Territory......Page 105
Clinical Case 2.6 Basilar Tip Aneurysm/Basilar Thrombosis......Page 106
2.8	Arterial Supply of the Capsula Interna and the Basal Ganglia......Page 108
Clinical Case 2.7 Small-Vessel Disease of the lenticulostriate Arteries......Page 109
2.9	Arterial Supply of the Thalamus......Page 110
Clinical Case 2.8 Thalamic Stroke......Page 111
Clinical Case 2.9 Variants of Paramedian Artery Occlusion......Page 112
2.10	Arterial Supply of the Cerebellum......Page 114
2.11	Arterial Supply of the Brain Stem......Page 116
Clinical Case 2.11 A Typical Wallenberg Syndrome......Page 120
2.12	Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord......Page 122
Clinical Case 2.13 Spinal Cord Infarction due to a Cervical Tumour......Page 123
2.13	Venous Drainage......Page 124
Clinical Case 2.14 V. Galeni Magna Aneurysm......Page 127
Clinical Case 2.16 Straight Sinus Thrombosis......Page 128
References......Page 130
3.2	Tissue-Staining Techniques......Page 133
3.3.1	Fibre Dissection......Page 134
3.3.2	The Classic Degeneration Techniques......Page 135
3.3.3	Modern Tract-Tracing Techniques......Page 138
3.4	Immunohistochemical Techniques......Page 139
3.5	Electrophysiological Techniques......Page 140
3.5.1	EEG and MEG......Page 141
3.5.2	Evoked Potentials......Page 142
3.5.3	Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation......Page 143
3.5.4	Electrophysiological Methods for Mapping Brain Motor and Sensory Circuits......Page 145
3.6	Non-invasive Imaging Techniques......Page 147
3.6.1	MR Imaging......Page 148
3.6.2	Diffusion Tensor Imaging......Page 149
3.6.4	Positron Emission Tomography......Page 151
References......Page 152
4.1	Introduction......Page 159
4.2	Receptors and Peripheral Pathways......Page 160
4.2.1	Receptors......Page 161
4.2.2	Segmental Innervation of the Skin......Page 163
4.2.3	Peripheral Pathways......Page 170
4.2.4	Lesions of the Dorsal Roots......Page 172
Clinical Case 4.1 Meralgia Paraesthetica......Page 169
Clinical Case 4.2 Sensory Neuronopathies/Neuropathies......Page 171
Clinical Case 4.3 Neuralgic Amyotrophy......Page 177
4.3.1	Dorsal Column Projections......Page 178
4.3.2	Sensory Pathways in the Dorsolateral Funiculus......Page 182
4.3.3	The Somatosensory Thalamus......Page 183
4.3.4	Somatosensory Cortical Projections......Page 185
4.3.5	Sensorimotor Transition......Page 190
4.3.6	Lesions of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System......Page 191
Clinical Case 4.4 Lateral Medullary Lesion Affecting the Decussating Medial Lemniscus......Page 181
Clinical Case 4.5 Sensory Effects of Lesions of the Posterior Columns......Page 193
Clinical Case 4.6 Lesions of the Medial Lemniscus......Page 194
Clinical Case 4.7 The Control of Hand Movements in a Case of Hemianaesthesia Following a Parietal Lesion......Page 196
Clinical Case 4.8 Isolated Loss of Stereognosis......Page 197
4.4.1.1	Anterograde Degeneration Studies in Humans......Page 198
4.4.1.4	The Spinothalamic Tracts......Page 202
4.4.2	Brain Stem Projections......Page 204
4.4.3	Thalamic and Hypothalamic Projections......Page 206
4.4.4	Cortical Targets......Page 207
4.4.6	Lesions of the Anterolateral System......Page 208
Clinical Case 4.9 Distribution of Anterogradely Degenerating Fibres Following Anterolateral Cordotomy......Page 199
Clinical Case 4.10 Central Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Lesions......Page 211
Clinical Case 4.11 Lesions of the Pain System from Medulla to Thalamus......Page 212
Clinical Case 4.12 Central Post-stroke Pain Following a Cortical Infarct......Page 214
4.5.1	Trigeminal Afferents......Page 215
4.5.2	Brain Stem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei......Page 216
4.5.3	Thalamic Projections......Page 218
4.5.5	Lesions of the Trigeminal Somatosensory System......Page 219
Clinical Case 4.13 Trigeminal Neuralgia......Page 220
Clinical Case 4.14 Trigeminal Ganglion or Root Compression......Page 221
Clinical Case 4.15 Wallenberg Syndrome......Page 223
References......Page 224
5.1	Introduction......Page 237
5.2.1	The Raphe Nuclei......Page 238
5.2.2	The Medial Reticular Formation......Page 240
5.3.1	Serotonergic Cell Groups......Page 241
5.4.1	The Pedunculopontine and Laterodorsal Tegmental Nuclei......Page 242
5.4.2	The Basal Nucleus of Meynert and Associated Nuclei......Page 244
5.5	Fibre Connections of the Reticular Formation......Page 246
5.6	Sleep and Wakefulness......Page 249
5.7	Some Sleep Disorders......Page 255
Clinical Case 5.1 Idiopathic Narcolepsy......Page 256
Clinical Case 5.2 Symptomatic Narcolepsy......Page 257
Clinical Case 5.3 Sleep Disturbances in PD......Page 259
5.8	Disorders of Consciousness......Page 260
Clinical Case 5.4 Uncal Herniation Syndrome......Page 261
Clinical Case 5.5 Transtentorial Uncal/Tonsillar Herniation......Page 263
Clinical Case 5.6 “Top of the Basilar” Syndrome......Page 264
Clinical Case 5.8 Akinetic Mutism......Page 266
References......Page 268
6.1	Introduction......Page 275
6.2	A Few Notes on the Development of the Brain Stem......Page 276
Clinical Case 6.1 Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders......Page 279
6.3	The Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens Nerves......Page 280
Clinical Case 6.2 Lesions of Individual Ocular Motor Nerves......Page 283
Clinical Case 6.3 Lesions of the Oculomotor Nerve and Nucleus......Page 287
Clinical Case 6.4 Sinus Cavernosus Syndromes......Page 288
6.4.2	The Vestibulo-Optokinetic System......Page 290
6.4.3	Brain Stem Control of Horizontal and Vertical Eye Movements......Page 292
Clinical Case 6.5 Brain Stem Lesions Affecting Horizontal Eye Movements: INO......Page 294
Clinical Case 6.6 Brain Stem Lesions Affecting Vertical Eye Movements: Parinaud Syndrome......Page 295
6.4.4	Voluntary Control of Eye Movements......Page 296
Clinical Case 6.7 Paralysis of Saccades and Pursuit......Page 297
6.5.1	The Sensory Part of the Trigeminal Nerve......Page 298
6.5.2	The Motor Part of the Trigeminal Nerve......Page 300
Clinical Case 6.9 Late Blink Reflex Changes in Lateral Medullary Lesions......Page 303
6.6	The Facial Nerve......Page 305
Clinical Case 6.10 Facial Nerve Paralysis......Page 306
Clinical Case 6.11 Congenital Facial Palsy......Page 307
6.7	The Gustatory System......Page 309
6.8	The Vestibulocochlear Nerve......Page 310
6.8.2	Fibre Connections of the Vestibular Nuclei......Page 313
6.8.3	Functional and Pathophysiological Aspects of Vestibular Control......Page 314
Clinical Case 6.12 Peripheral Vestibular Disorders......Page 316
Clinical Case 6.13 Central Vestibular Disorders......Page 318
6.9.1	The IXth, Xth and XIth Cranial Nerves......Page 319
Clinical Case 6.14 Lesions of the IXth, Xth and XIth Cranial Nerves......Page 320
6.9.2	Swallowing......Page 321
Clinical Case 6.15 Dysphagia......Page 322
6.10 The Hypoglossal Nerve......Page 323
References......Page 324
7.1	Introduction......Page 331
7.2.1	The Middle Ear and the Cochlea: Mechanical Transmission of Sound......Page 332
7.2.4	The Auditory Periphery: Generation of Evoked Activity......Page 334
7.2.5	Hearing Loss......Page 335
Clinical Case 7.1 Cerebellopontine Angle Tumour......Page 336
7.3.1	The Cochlear Nuclei: Diversification of Cochlear Input......Page 338
7.3.3	The Upper Brain Stem: Integration of Ascending Auditory Pathway......Page 339
Clinical Case 7.2 Impaired Sound Localization Following a Midline Pontine Lesion......Page 340
7.4.2	The Acoustic Radiation......Page 341
7.4.3	The Auditory Cortex: Sequential Levels of Auditory Processing......Page 342
7.4.4	Auditory Disorders Related to Stroke......Page 345
Clinical Case 7.3 Auditory Agnosia Caused by Bilateral Lesions Restricted to the Auditory Radiations......Page 347
Clinical Case 7.4 Neuropathology of Auditory Agnosia Following Bilateral Temporal Lobe Infarction......Page 348
Clinical Case 7.5 Auditory Hallucinations Following a Metastasis in Heschl’s Gyrus......Page 350
7.5	The Descending Auditory System......Page 351
References......Page 352
8.1	Introduction......Page 357
8.2.1	The Retina......Page 358
8.2.2	The Optic Nerve, the Optic Chiasm and the Optic Tract......Page 362
Clinical Case 8.2 Isolated Absence of the Optic Chiasm......Page 364
8.2.5	The Superior Colliculus and the Pulvinar......Page 367
8.2.6	The Pretectum and the Pupillary Light Reflex......Page 369
Clinical Case 8.1 Hereditary Retinal Dystrophies......Page 361
Clinical Case 8.3 Selective Transneuronal Degeneration of the LGB After Enucleation......Page 365
Clinical Case 8.4 Lesions of the Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway......Page 371
8.3.1	The Striate Cortex......Page 372
Clinical Case 8.6 MELAS and Central Blindness......Page 375
8.4	The Retinogeniculocortical Pathway and Typical Visual-Field Defects......Page 377
Clinical Case 8.7 The Spectrum of Visual-Field Defects......Page 379
Clinical Case 8.8 Altitudinal Hemianopia......Page 381
8.5.1	Dorsal Pathway Lesions......Page 383
Clinical Case 8.10 Cerebral Achromatopsia......Page 385
Clinical Case 8.11 Paroxysmal Visual Phenomena......Page 386
8.5	The Extrastriate Visual Cortex and Abnormalities of Complex Visual Perception......Page 382
8.5.2	Ventral Pathway Lesions......Page 384
References......Page 387
9.1	Introduction......Page 393
9.2.1	The Peripheral or LMNs......Page 394
9.2.2	Motor Units and Muscle Units......Page 396
9.2.3	Motor Unit–Muscle Unit Association......Page 398
9.2.4	Reflex Pathways in the Spinal Cord......Page 400
9.2.5	Muscle Tone......Page 403
9.2.6.1	Plexus Lesions......Page 404
9.2.6.2	Diseases of the Motor Unit......Page 405
9.2.6.3	Motoneuron Disease......Page 406
Clinical Case 9.1 Manual Motor Control in a Deafferented Man......Page 402
Clinical Case 9.2 Lesions of the Brachial Plexus......Page 407
9.3	Gait and Posture......Page 408
Clinical Case 9.4 Atrophy of Intrinsic Hand Muscles in Patients with Parietal Lesions......Page 409
Clinical Case 9.5 The Spectrum of MND......Page 410
Clinical Case 9.6 A Juvenile ALS Case......Page 412
9.3.1	Physiological Basis of Human Locomotion......Page 414
9.3.3	Supraspinal Control......Page 415
9.3.4	Spinal Cord Injuries......Page 417
9.3.5	Gait Disorders......Page 419
9.3.6	Posture......Page 421
Clinical Case 9.7 The Brown-Séquard Syndrome......Page 418
Clinical Case 9.8 Gait Disorders......Page 420
9.4.1	Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord......Page 422
9.4.2.1	Corticobulbar Fibres......Page 427
9.4.2.3	The Corticospinal Tract......Page 432
9.4.2.4	Indirect Corticospinal Projections......Page 440
9.4.3.1	Lesions of the Corticospinal Tract in Humans......Page 442
9.4.3.2	The Effects of Sectioning of the Pyramidal Tract in Monkeys......Page 445
9.4.3.3	Human Manipulatory Skills......Page 446
Clinical Case 9.14  Pure Motor Hemiplegia Due to a Medullary Pyramid Lesion......Page 447
9.4.3.5	Transection of Descending Brain Stem Pathways......Page 448
9.4.4.2	Human Cortical Motor Areas......Page 450
9.4.4.3	Lesions of the Precentral Gyrus......Page 455
Clinical Case 9.15 Recovery of Function Following a Lesion of the Motor Cortex......Page 456
Clinical Case 9.16 Lesions of the Premotor Versus Motor Cortices......Page 458
Clinical Case 9.9 Corticobulbar Projections......Page 428
Clinical Case 9.10 Aberrant Corticofacial Projections......Page 430
Clinical Case 9.11 Course and Site of Termination of Corticospinal Projections......Page 438
Clinical Case 9.12 Interruption of a Relay of Corticospinal Excitation by a Spinal Lesion at C6–C7......Page 441
Clinical Case 9.13 Lesions of the Corticospinal Tract: Overview......Page 443
Clinical Case 9.17 Visuomotor Ataxia......Page 460
Clinical Case 9.18 Apraxia......Page 462
References......Page 463
10.1	Introduction......Page 475
10.2	A Few Notes on the Development of the Cerebellum......Page 476
Clinical Case 10.1 Midline or Vermis Malformations......Page 478
10.3	Gross Morphology, Subdivision and Compartmentalization......Page 480
10.5	The Cerebellar Peduncles......Page 482
10.6.1	The Spinocerebellar Tracts......Page 483
10.6.3	Olivocerebellar Projections......Page 485
10.6.4	Corticopontocerebellar Projections......Page 490
10.6.5	Hypothalamocerebellar Projections......Page 494
Clinical Case 10.3 The Human Central and Medial Tegmental Tracts......Page 489
Clinical Case 10.4  Corticopontine Projections in the Human Brain......Page 493
Clinical Case 10.5  The Human Brachium Conjunctivum......Page 495
10.7.2	Cerebellothalamocortical Projections......Page 496
10.7.4	Open Versus Closed Loops......Page 498
10.8	Cerebellar Dysfunction......Page 500
10.9.1	Signs of Cerebellar Disease......Page 502
Clinical Case 10.7  Friedreich Ataxia......Page 504
Clinical Case 10.10 Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration......Page 508
Clinical Case 10.11 Caudal Paramedian Midbrain Syndrome......Page 509
10.9.5	Ataxic Hemiparesis......Page 510
Clinical Case 10.6  Holmes or Rubral Tremor......Page 503
Clinical Case 10.9  Multiple System Atrophy, Cerebellar Variant (MSA-C)......Page 506
10.10	The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome......Page 511
Clinical Case 10.13 Cerebellar Mutism......Page 512
References......Page 513
11.1	Introduction......Page 521
11.2.1	The Striatum......Page 525
11.2.2	The Pallidal Complex......Page 527
11.2.4	The Motor Thalamus......Page 528
11.2.5	The Substantia Nigra and the Ventral Tegmental Area......Page 530
11.2.6	The Direct and Indirect Basal Ganglia Pathways......Page 531
11.3.1	The Corticostriatal Projection System......Page 533
11.3.2	The Striatofugal System......Page 536
11.3.3.1 Overview......Page 537
11.3.3.2 Pallidofugal Fibres......Page 538
Clinical Case 11.1 Anterograde Fibre Degeneration Following Pallidal Lesions......Page 540
11.3.3.5 The Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus......Page 541
11.3.4	The Nigrostriatal System......Page 542
11.3.5	Lesions of the Basal Ganglia......Page 544
Clinical Case 11.2 Selective Vulnerability of the Basal Ganglia I: Overview......Page 545
Clinical Case 11.3 Selective Vulnerability of the Basal Ganglia II: Familial Striatal Degeneration......Page 547
Clinical Case 11.4 Selective Vulnerability of the Basal Ganglia III: Leigh Syndrome......Page 548
Clinical Case 11.6 Hemiballism......Page 550
Clinical Case 11.7 Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy......Page 551
11.4.1	Parkinson Disease......Page 554
11.4.2	Hemiballismus......Page 559
Clinical Case 11.9 The Clinical Spectrum of PD and Related Disorders: I Juvenile PD and Vascular Parkinsonism......Page 560
Clinical Case 11.10 The Clinical Spectrum of PD and Related Disorders II: Parkinson-Plus Disorders......Page 561
11.4.3	Chorea......Page 564
11.5	Neuropathology of Basal Ganglia Disorders......Page 565
11.5.1	Parkinson Disease......Page 566
Clinical Case 11.11 Neuropathological Assessment of Hypokinetic Movement Disorders......Page 570
11.5.2	Parkinson-Plus Disorders......Page 573
Clinical Case 11.12 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy......Page 574
Clinical Case 11.13 Corticobasal Degeneration......Page 576
11.5.3	Huntington Disease......Page 578
References......Page 579
12.1	Introduction......Page 591
12.2.2	The Thoracolumbar or Sympathetic Division......Page 592
12.2.3	The Craniosacral or Parasympathetic Division......Page 593
12.2.4	Afferent Visceral Fibres......Page 595
12.2.5	The Enteric Nervous System......Page 597
Clinical Case 12.1 Aganglionosis......Page 599
Clinical Case 12.2 Ganglioneuronitis in Paraneoplastic Syndrome......Page 600
12.2.6		Autonomic Innervation of the Viscera......Page 601
12.2.7	Some Cases of Autonomic Failure......Page 602
Clinical Case 12.3 Pure Autonomic Failure......Page 603
12.3.1	Ascending Viscerosensory Projections......Page 604
12.3.2	The Central Autonomic Network......Page 605
12.3.3	Neural Control of Blood Pressure......Page 606
Clinical Case 12.5 Denervation of Carotid Baro- and Chemoreceptors......Page 608
12.3.4	Neural Control of Breathing......Page 609
Clinical Case 12.6 CNS Lesions Producing Abnormal Breathing Patterns......Page 611
Clinical Case 12.7 Disorders of Chemical Control of Breathing I: Sleep/Central Apnoea......Page 614
Clinical Case 12.8 Disorders of Chemical Control of Breathing II: SIDS......Page 616
12.3.5	Neural Control of Micturition......Page 617
Clinical Case 12.9 Disorders of Micturition......Page 622
References......Page 624
13.1	Introduction......Page 629
13.2.1	Boundaries and Subdivision......Page 630
13.2.2	Hypothalamic Nuclei......Page 632
13.2.3	The Pituitary Gland......Page 636
Clinical Case 13.3 Craniopharyngioma......Page 638
Clinical Case 13.1 Ventromedial Hypothalamus Syndrome......Page 635
Clinical Case 13.2 Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal with Pharyngosellar Pituitary......Page 637
13.3	Fibre Connections......Page 640
Clinical Case 13.4 Anterograde Transneuronal Atrophy of the Mammillary Body Following a Hippocampus Infarction......Page 642
13.3.2	The Mammillothalamic Tract and the Mammillary Peduncle......Page 643
Clinical Case 13.5 Unilateral Atrophy of the Mammillary Body Due to Damage of the Mammillothalamic Tract......Page 644
13.4.1	The Magnocellular Secretory System......Page 646
13.5	Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus......Page 647
Clinical Case 13.6 Pallister–Hall Syndrome......Page 650
13.5.2	Reproduction......Page 648
13.5.4	Sleep......Page 651
References......Page 652
14.1	Introduction......Page 659
14.2	The Concept of the Limbic System......Page 660
14.3.1	The Main Olfactory System......Page 662
14.3.2	The Accessory Olfactory System......Page 665
Clinical Case 14.1 Olfactory Groove Meningioma......Page 664
14.4	The Basal Forebrain......Page 666
14.4.2	The Ventral Striatopallidal System......Page 669
14.4.4	The Magnocellular Basal Forebrain System......Page 670
14.5.1	Subdivision......Page 671
14.5.2	Fibre Connections......Page 673
14.5.3	Functional Aspects......Page 676
14.5.4	Lesions of the Amygdala......Page 678
Clinical Case 14.2 Partial Klüver–Bucy Syndrome......Page 680
Clinical Case 14.3 Bilateral Degeneration of the Amygdala......Page 682
14.6	Anatomy of Neuropsychiatric Disorders......Page 679
14.7.1	Subdivision......Page 684
14.7.2	Fibre Connections......Page 687
14.7.3	Some Functional Aspects......Page 691
14.8	Memory and Memory Disorders......Page 695
Clinical Case 14.4 Anterograde Transneuronal Atrophy of the Mammillary Body......Page 692
Clinical Case 14.5 Diffuse Infiltrative Growth Along Hippocampal Projections......Page 694
Clinical Case 14.6 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)......Page 696
14.8.2	Brain Regions Damaged in Amnesia......Page 698
Clinical Case 14.7 Acute Wernicke Encephalopathy......Page 702
Clinical Case 14.8 Chronic Wernicke Encephalopathy......Page 703
Clinical Case 14.9 Case HM......Page 704
Clinical Case 14.10 Case WH......Page 706
Clinical Case 14.11 Unilateral Herpes Simplex Encephalitis of the Amygdala and the Rostral Hippocampus......Page 707
Clinical Case 14.12 Thalamic Amnesia......Page 708
14.9.2	The Neuroanatomical Basis for Memory Impairment in AD......Page 710
Clinical Case 14.13 The Neuropathological Assessment of AD......Page 715
Clinical Case 14.14 Alzheimer Disease......Page 719
Clinical Case 14.15 Argyrophilic Grain Disease......Page 722
References......Page 725
15: The Cerebral Cortex and Complex Cerebral Functions......Page 737
15.2	Cortical Maps......Page 738
15.3	The Isocortex......Page 744
15.3.1	The Frontal Lobe......Page 746
Clinical Case 15.1 Prefrontal Disconnection with Forced Hyperphasia and Environmental Dependency......Page 752
15.3.3	The Temporal Lobe......Page 758
15.3.4	The Occipital Lobe......Page 759
15.3.5	The Insular Lobe......Page 761
Clinical Case 15.2 Grasping Disorders......Page 757
15.4	Corticocortical Projections......Page 762
15.4.1	Long Association Fibre Tracts......Page 763
15.4.2.1 A Few Notes on the Development of the Corpus Callosum......Page 767
15.4.2.2 The Corpus Callosum and the Anterior Commissure......Page 769
15.4.3	White Matter Disorders......Page 771
Clinical Case 15.3 Some Developmental Disorders of the Corpus Callosum......Page 768
Clinical Case 15.4 Callosal Syndrome After Resection of a Large Arteriovenous Malformation......Page 770
Clinical Case 15.5 White Matter Disorders I: PVL......Page 772
Clinical Case 15.6 White Matter Disorders II: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy......Page 773
Clinical Case 15.7 White Matters Disorders III: Binswanger......Page 775
Clinical Case 15.8 White Matter Disorders IV: CADASIL......Page 780
15.5.1	Laterality or Asymmetry?......Page 781
15.5.2	Lateralization of Visuospatial Processing......Page 782
15.5.4	Anatomical and Functional Differences......Page 785
15.6.1	The Classic, Clinicopathological Approach......Page 786
15.6.2	Syntax......Page 790
15.6.3	Language Pathways......Page 792
15.6.4	Primary Progressive Aphasia......Page 793
15.7	Disconnection Syndromes......Page 796
Clinical Case 15.9 Left Hemineglect, the Case of Federico Fellini......Page 784
Clinical Case 15.10 Language Disorders (Broca, Wernicke, Global, Conduction and Transcortical Types of Aphasia)......Page 788
Clinical Case 15.11 Syntactic Approach to Broca Aphasia......Page 791
Clinical Case 15.12 Logopenic Variant of PPA......Page 794
15.7.1	Language Network Disorders......Page 797
15.7.2	Praxis Network Disorders......Page 801
15.7.3	Visual Network Disorders......Page 803
Clinical Case 15.14 Dejerine’s Case on Pure Alexia......Page 799
Clinical Case 15.15 Primary Progressive Apraxia......Page 802
Clinical Case 15.16 Bálint Syndrome......Page 804
Clinical Case 15.17 Prosopagnosia......Page 805
15.8.1	The Clinical Profile of PDDs......Page 806
15.8.2	Alzheimer Disease......Page 815
15.8.3	Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration......Page 818
Clinical Case 15.24 Dementia of Lewy Body Type (DLB)......Page 821
Clinical Case 15.18 The Enigma of Lobar Degeneration......Page 807
Clinical Case 15.19 Progressive Comportmental/Executive Dysfunction (Behavioural Variant of FTD)......Page 810
Clinical Case 15.20 Primary Progressive Aphasia......Page 811
Clinical Case 15.21 Progressive Amnestic Dysfunction (AD)......Page 814
Clinical Case 15.22 Neuropathological Assessment of PDDs (Consensus Criteria)......Page 816
Clinical Case 15.23 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration......Page 819
References......Page 823
Index......Page 837