CLINICAL NEUROANATOMY brain circuitry and its disorders.

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introductory Chapters
	1: Overview of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Macroscopy of the Brain
			1.2.1 The Superolateral View of the Brain
			1.2.2 The Inferomedial Surface of the Brain
			1.2.3 The Basal Surface of the Brain and Its Relations to the Skull Base
			1.2.4 Some Horizontal Sections of the Brain
			1.2.5 Imaging of the Brain
		1.3 The Meninges, the Intracranial Compartments and the Ventricular System
			1.3.1 The Meninges
			1.3.2 The Intracranial Compartments
			1.3.3 The Ventricular System
		1.4 A Developmental Ontology of the Brain
		1.5 The Spinal Cord
			1.5.1 Gross Anatomy
			1.5.2 Microscopy: Subdivision of Grey and White Matter
		1.6 The Brain Stem
			1.6.1 The Cranial Nerves
			1.6.2 Three Cross-Sections Through the Brain Stem
			1.6.3 The Reticular Formation and the Neuromodulatory Systems
		1.7 The Cerebellum
			1.7.1 Gross Anatomy, Subdivision and Compartmentalization
			1.7.2 Major Fibre Connections
			1.7.3 Precerebellar Nuclei
		1.8 The Diencephalon
			1.8.1 Subdivision
			1.8.2 The Pretectum
			1.8.3 The Thalamus and Thalamocortical Connections
			1.8.4 The Prethalamus
			1.8.5 The Prerubral Tegmentum
		1.9 The Hypothalamus and the Preoptic Region
		1.10 The Telencephalon
			1.10.1 Subdivision: Pallium and Subpallium
			1.10.2 Brodmann’s and Other Cortical Maps
			1.10.3 Overview of Cortical Connections
			1.10.4 The Limbic System: Rhinencephalon, the Hippocampal Formation and the Amygdala
			1.10.5 The Basal Ganglia and Related Basal Forebrain Structures
		References
	2: Vascularization of the Brain and Spinal Cord
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 A Few Notes on the Development of the Blood Supply of the Brain
		2.3 Gross Anatomy of the Vessels of the Brain and the Spinal Cord
		2.4 Vascular Imaging
		2.5 Arterial Supply of the Cerebral Cortex
		2.6 The Circle of Willis, the MCA and Their Perforating Branches
		2.7 Ischaemic Stroke
		2.8 Arterial Supply of the Internal Capsule and the Basal Ganglia
		2.9 Arterial Supply of the Preoptic Region and the Hypothalamus
		2.10 Arterial Supply of the Thalamus
		2.11 Arterial Supply of the Cerebellum
		2.12 Arterial Supply of the Brain Stem
		2.13 Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord
		2.14 Venous Drainage
		References
	3: Notes on Techniques
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Tissue-Staining Techniques
		3.3	 Tract-Tracing Techniques
			3.3.1	 Fibre Dissection
			3.3.2	 The Classic Degeneration Techniques
			3.3.3	 Modern Tract-Tracing Techniques
			3.3.4	 Polarized Light Imaging
		3.4	 Immunohistochemical Techniques
		3.5	 Electrophysiological Techniques
			3.5.1	 EEG and MEG
			3.5.2	 Evoked Potentials
			3.5.3	 Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation
			3.5.4	 Combining TMS and EEG
			3.5.5	 Electrophysiological Methods for Mapping Brain Motor and Sensory Circuits
			3.5.6	 Deep Brain Stimulation and Microelectrode Recordings of the Brain
		3.6	 Non-invasive Imaging Techniques
			3.6.1	 MR Imaging
			3.6.2	 Diffusion MRI and Tractography
			3.6.3	 Functional MRI
			3.6.4	 Positron Emission Tomography
		3.7	 The Human Connectome
		References
Part II: Special Chapters (Neurofunctional Systems)
	4: The Somatosensory System
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Receptors and Peripheral Pathways
			4.2.1 Receptors
			4.2.2 Segmental Innervation of the Skin
			4.2.3 Peripheral Pathways
			4.2.4 Lesions of the Dorsal Roots
		4.3 The Large-Fibred Dorsal (Posterior) Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
			4.3.1 Dorsal Column Projections
			4.3.2 Sensory Pathways in the Dorsolateral Funiculus
			4.3.3 The Somatosensory Thalamus
			4.3.4 Somatosensory Cortical Projections
			4.3.5 Sensorimotor Transition
			4.3.6 Lesions of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System
		4.4 The Small-Fibred Sensory Pathways in the Ventral Quadrant
			4.4.1 The Anterolateral or Pain System
				4.4.1.1	 Anterograde Degeneration Studies in Humans
				4.4.1.2	 Nociception
				4.4.1.3	 The Gate Control Theory and Neuronal Circuitry in  the Dorsal Horn
				4.4.1.4	 The Spinothalamic Tracts
			4.4.2 Brain Stem Projections
			4.4.3 Thalamic and Hypothalamic Projections
			4.4.4 Cortical Targets
			4.4.5 Descending Pain Modulatory Systems
			4.4.6 Lesions of the Anterolateral System
		4.5 The Trigeminal Somatosensory System
			4.5.1 Trigeminal Afferents
			4.5.2 Brain Stem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei
			4.5.3 Thalamic Projections
			4.5.4 Cortical Targets
			4.5.5 Lesions of the Trigeminal Somatosensory System
		References
	5: The Reticular Formation and the Neuromodulatory Systems
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 The Concept of the ARAS
			5.1.2 A New Concept of the Reticular Formation
		5.2 Cytoarchitecture, Subdivision, and Organization of the Reticular Formation
			5.2.1 The Medial Reticular Formation
			5.2.2 The Lateral Reticular Formation
			5.2.3 Precerebellar Nuclei of the Reticular Formation
		5.3 Neuromodulatory Systems
			5.3.1 Serotonergic Cell Groups
			5.3.2 Noradrenergic Cell Groups
			5.3.3 Cholinergic Cell Groups
				5.3.3.1	 The Pedunculopontine and Laterodorsal Tegmental Nuclei
				5.3.3.2	 The Basal Nucleus of Meynert and Associated Nuclei
		5.4 Fibre Connections of the Reticular Formation
		5.5 Projections of the Neuromodulatory Cell Groups
		5.6 Sleep and Wakefulness
		5.7 Some Sleep Disorders
		5.8 Disorders of Consciousness
		References
	6: The Cranial Nerves
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 A Few Notes on the Development of the Brain Stem
		6.3	 The Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens Nerves
		6.4	 Eye Movements
			6.4.1	 Overview
			6.4.2	 The Vestibulo-optokinetic System
			6.4.3	 Brain Stem Control of Horizontal and Vertical Eye Movements
			6.4.4	 Voluntary Control of Eye Movements
		6.5	 The Trigeminal Nerve
			6.5.1	 The Sensory Portion of the Trigeminal Nerve
			6.5.2	 The Motor Portion of the Trigeminal Nerve
		6.6	 The Facial Nerve
		6.7	 The Gustatory System
		6.8	 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
			6.8.1	 The Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei
			6.8.2	 Fibre Connections of the Vestibular Nuclei
			6.8.3	 Functional and Pathophysiological Aspects of Vestibular Control
		6.9	 The Glossopharyngeal, Vagus and Accessory Cranial Nerves
			6.9.1	 The IXth, Xth and XIth Cranial Nerves
			6.9.2	 Swallowing
		6.10 The Hypoglossal Nerve
		References
	7: The Auditory System
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 The Cochlea and the Cochlear Nerve
			7.2.1	 The Middle Ear and the Cochlea: Mechanical Transmission of Sound
			7.2.2	 Cochlear Hair Cells: Transduction and Amplification
			7.2.3	 Spiral Ganglion Cells and the Cochlear Nerve: Neural Transmission
			7.2.4	 The Auditory Periphery: Generation of Evoked Activity
			7.2.5	 Hearing Loss
		7.3	 The Brain Stem Auditory System
			7.3.1	 The Cochlear Nuclei: Diversification of Cochlear Input
			7.3.2	 The Superior Olivary Complex: Recreation of Auditory Space
			7.3.3	 The Upper Brain Stem: Integration of Ascending Auditory Pathway
			7.3.4	 Brain Stem Topography: Generation of Evoked Potentials
		7.4	 The Forebrain Auditory System
			7.4.1	 The Auditory Thalamus
			7.4.2	 The Acoustic Radiation
			7.4.3	 The Auditory Cortex: Sequential Levels of Auditory Processing
			7.4.4	 Auditory Disorders Related to Stroke
		7.5	 The Descending Auditory System
		References
	8: The Visual System
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Anatomy and Imaging of the Visual System
			8.2.1 The Retina
			8.2.2 The Optic Nerve, the Optic Chiasm and the Optic Tract
			8.2.3 The Lateral Geniculate Body
			8.2.4 The Optic Radiation
			8.2.5 The Superior Colliculus and the Pulvinar
			8.2.6 The Pretectum and the Pupillary Light Reflex
		8.3 The Visual Cortex
			8.3.1 The Striate Cortex
			8.3.2 Extrastriate and Visual Association Cortices
		8.4 The Retinogeniculocortical Pathway and Typical Visual Field Defects
		8.5 The Extrastriate Visual Cortex and Abnormalities of Complex Visual Perception
			8.5.1 Dorsal Pathway Lesions
			8.5.2 Ventral Pathway Lesions
		References
	9: Motor Systems
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 The Peripheral Motor System
			9.2.1 The Peripheral or Lower Motoneurons
			9.2.2 Motor Units and Muscle Units
			9.2.3 Motor Unit: Muscle Unit Association
			9.2.4 Reflex Pathways in the Spinal Cord
			9.2.5 Muscle Tone
			9.2.6 Lesions of Peripheral Motoneurons
				9.2.6.1 Plexus Lesions
				9.2.6.2 Diseases of the Motor Unit
				9.2.6.3 Motoneuron Diseases
		9.3 Gait and Posture
			9.3.1 Organization of Spinal Circuits Controlling Locomotion
			9.3.2 Physiological Basis of Human Locomotion
			9.3.3 Afferent Control
			9.3.4 Supraspinal Control
			9.3.5 Spinal Cord Injuries
			9.3.6 Gait Disorders
			9.3.7 Posture
		9.4 Central Control of Movement
			9.4.1 Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord
			9.4.2 Long Corticofugal Pathways
				9.4.2.1 Corticobulbar Fibres
				9.4.2.2 The Internal Capsule
				9.4.2.3 The Corticospinal Tract
				9.4.2.4 Indirect Corticospinal Projections
			9.4.3 Lesions of Supraspinal Motor Structures
				9.4.3.1 Lesions of the Corticospinal Tract in Humans
				9.4.3.2 The Effects of Sectioning of the Pyramidal Tract in Monkeys
				9.4.3.3 Human Manipulatory Skills
				9.4.3.4 Pure Lesions of the Human Pyramidal Tract
				9.4.3.5 Transection of Descending Brain Stem Pathways
			9.4.4 Human Cortical Motor Areas
				9.4.4.1 Cortical Motor Areas in Monkeys
				9.4.4.2 Human Cortical Motor Areas
				9.4.4.3 Lesions of the Precentral Gyrus
				9.4.4.4 Lesions of the Supplementary Motor Area
				9.4.4.5 Lesions of the Premotor Cortex
			9.4.5 Higher-Order Motor Control
			9.4.6 Lesions of Higher-Order Motor Centres
		References
	10: The Cerebellum
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 A Few Notes on the Development of the Cerebellum
		10.3 Gross Morphology, Subdivision and Compartmentalization
		10.4 Cerebellar Circuitry
		10.5 The Cerebellar Nuclei
		10.6 The Cerebellar Peduncles
		10.7 The Precerebellar Nuclei
		10.8 Cerebellar Afferent Connections
			10.8.1 The Spinocerebellar Tracts
			10.8.2 Vestibulocerebellar Projections
			10.8.3 Olivocerebellar Projections
			10.8.4 Corticopontocerebellar Projections
			10.8.5 Hypothalamocerebellar Projections
		10.9 Cerebellar Output: Motor and Cognitive Channels
			10.9.1 The Brachium Conjunctivum
			10.9.2 Cerebellothalamocortical Projections
			10.9.3 The Uncinate Tract
			10.9.4 Open Versus Closed Loops
		10.10 Cerebellar Dysfunction
		10.11 Ataxia: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects
			10.11.1 Signs of Cerebellar Disease
			10.11.2 Hereditary Spinocerebellar Ataxias
			10.11.3 Acquired Ataxias
			10.11.4 Vascular Lesions
			10.11.5 Ataxic Hemiparesis
		10.12 The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome
		References
	11: Basal Ganglia
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 A Few Notes on the Development of the Basal Ganglia
		11.3	 Subdivision, Cytoarchitecture and Basic Circuitry
			11.3.1	 The Striatum
			11.3.2	 The Pallidal Complex
			11.3.3	 The Subthalamic Nucleus
			11.3.4	 The Motor Thalamus
			11.3.5	 The Substantia Nigra and the Ventral Tegmental Area
			11.3.6	 The Direct and Indirect Basal Ganglia Pathways
		11.4	 Functional Basal Ganglia Connections
			11.4.1	 The Corticostriatal Projection System
			11.4.2	 The Striatofugal System
			11.4.3	 The Output Structures of the Basal Ganglia
				11.4.3.1 Overview
				11.4.3.2 Pallidofugal Fibres
				11.4.3.3 The Subthalamic Nucleus
				11.4.3.4 The Zona Incerta
				11.4.3.5 The Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus
				11.4.3.6 Updated Model of Basal Ganglia Circuitry
			11.4.4	 The Nigrostriatal System
			11.4.5	 Lesions of the Basal Ganglia
		11.5	 Pathophysiology of Basal Ganglia Disorders
			11.5.1	 Parkinson Disease
			11.5.2	 Hemiballismus
			11.5.3	 Chorea
			11.5.4	 Dystonia
			11.5.5	 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
		11.6	 Neuropathology of Basal Ganglia Disorders
			11.6.1	 Parkinson Disease
			11.6.2	 Parkinson-Plus Disorders
			11.6.3	 Huntington Disease
		References
	12: The Autonomic Nervous System
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Peripheral Components of the Autonomic Nervous System
			12.2.1 Pre- and Postganglionic Neurons
			12.2.2 The Thoracolumbar or Sympathetic Division
			12.2.3 The Craniosacral or Parasympathetic Division
			12.2.4 Afferent Visceral Fibres
			12.2.5 The Enteric Nervous System
			12.2.6 Autonomic Innervation of the Viscera
			12.2.7 Some Cases of Autonomic Failure
		12.3 Central Components of the Autonomic Nervous System
			12.3.1 Ascending Viscerosensory Projections
			12.3.2 The Central Autonomic Network
			12.3.3 Neural Control of Blood Pressure
			12.3.4 Neural Control of Breathing
			12.3.5 Neural Control of Micturition
		References
	13: The Hypothalamus, the Preoptic Area, and Hypothalamohypophysial Systems
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Development of the Hypothalamus and the Preoptic Area
		13.3 Anatomical Organization of the Hypothalamus and the Preoptic Area
			13.3.1 Boundaries and Subdivision
			13.3.2 Hypothalamic and Preoptic Nuclei
			13.3.3 The Pituitary Gland
			13.3.4 Circumventricular Organs
		13.4 Fibre Connections of the Hypothalamus and the Preoptic Area
			13.4.1 The Fornix
			13.4.2 The Mamillothalamic Tract and the Mamillary Peduncle
			13.4.3 The Stria Terminalis
			13.4.4 The Medial Forebrain Bundle
		13.5 Hypothalamohypophysial Pathways
			13.5.1 The Magnocellular Secretory System
			13.5.2 The Parvocellular Secretory System
		13.6 Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus and the Preoptic Area
			13.6.1 Thirst and Fluid Homeostasis
			13.6.2 Feeding
			13.6.3 Reproduction
			13.6.4 Thermoregulation
			13.6.5 Sleep
		References
	14: The Limbic System
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 The Concept of the Limbic System
			14.2.1 Some Notes on the Terminology of Cortical Areas Used in This Chapter
		14.3 The Olfactory System (The Rhinencephalon)
			14.3.1 The Main Olfactory System
			14.3.2 The Accessory Olfactory System and the Terminal Nerve
		14.4 The Basal Forebrain
			14.4.1 The Septum
			14.4.2 The Ventral Striatopallidal System
			14.4.3 The Extended Amygdala
			14.4.4 The Magnocellular Basal Forebrain System
		14.5 The Amygdala
			14.5.1 Subdivision
			14.5.2 Fibre Connections
			14.5.3 Functional Aspects
			14.5.4 Lesions of the Amygdala
		14.6 Anatomy of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
		14.7 The Hippocampus
			14.7.1 Subdivision
			14.7.2 Fibre Connections
			14.7.3 Some Functional Aspects
			14.7.4 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
		14.8 Memory and Memory Disorders
			14.8.1 A Taxonomy of Memory
			14.8.2 Brain Regions Damaged in Amnesia
		14.9 Neuroanatomy of Alzheimer’s Disease
			14.9.1	 A Few Notes on Dementia
			14.9.2 The Neuroanatomical Basis for Memory Impairment in AD
		References
	15: The Cerebral Cortex and Complex Cerebral Functions
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Cortical Maps
		15.3 The Isocortex
			15.3.1 The Frontal Lobe
			15.3.2 The Parietal Lobe
			15.3.3 The Temporal Lobe
			15.3.4 The Occipital Lobe
			15.3.5 The Insular Lobe
		15.4 Corticocortical Projections
			15.4.1 Long Association Fibre Tracts
			15.4.2 Commissural Connections
				15.4.2.1 A Few Notes on the Development of the Corpus Callosum
				15.4.2.2 The Corpus Callosum and the Anterior Commissure
			15.4.3 White Matter Disorders
		15.5 Hemispheric Differences
			15.5.1 Laterality or Asymmetry?
			15.5.2 Lateralization of Visuospatial Processing
			15.5.3 Lateralization of Auditory Processing
			15.5.4 Anatomical and Functional Differences
		15.6 Language and the Brain
			15.6.1 The Classic, Clinicopathological Approach
			15.6.2 Syntax
			15.6.3 Language Pathways
			15.6.4 Primary Progressive Aphasia
			15.6.5 Reading and Writing
		15.7 Disconnection Syndromes
			15.7.1 Language Network Disorders
			15.7.2 Praxis Network Disorders
			15.7.3 Visual Network Disorders
		15.8 The Neuroanatomical Basis of Cognitive Impairment in the Primary Degenerative Dementias
			15.8.1 The Clinical Profile of PDDs
			15.8.2 Alzheimer Disease
			15.8.3 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
			15.8.4 Dementia with Lewy Bodies
		References
Index