Clinical Atlas of Bone SPECT/CT

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: SPECT/CT Physics
	Basic Radiation Physics: Radioactive Materials
		1 Atomic Structure
		2 Radioactive Decay
		3 Using Radionuclides for Imaging
		4 Cross-References
		References
	Basic Radiation Physics: X-rays
		1 X-Ray and Gamma Ray Interactions
		2 Generating X-Rays for Medical Imaging
		3 The X-Ray Tube
		References
	Principles of SPECT
		1 Gamma Camera Imaging
		2 SPECT Acquisition
		3 Cross-References
		References
	Principles of CT
		1 CT Fundamentals
			1.1 Instrumentation
			1.2 Acquisition
			1.3 Reconstruction
			1.4 CT for SPECT/CT
		References
Part II: SPECT/CT Technical Artifacts and Pitfalls
	Gamma Camera Artifacts
		1 Misplaced Activity
		2 Gamma Camera Issues
		3 SPECT Issues
		References
	CT and SPECT/CT Artifacts
		1 X-ray Related Artefacts
		2 CT Instrumentation-Related Artefacts
		3 CT Reconstruction-Related Artefacts
		4 SPECT/CT Artefacts
		References
Part III: Spine
	Normal Spine: X-ray and CT Anatomy
		1 Cervical Spine
		2 Thoracic Spine
		3 Lumbar Spine
		4 Sacral Spine
		References
	Spine: Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
		1 Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
			1.1 Burden of Back Pain
			1.2 Appropriate Use Criteria
			1.3 Normal Variants and Pitfalls
			1.4 Degenerative Spine
			1.5 Inflammation and Infection
			1.6 Benign and Malignant Tumors
			1.7 Postoperative Spine
		References
	Spine: Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		1 European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Practice Guidelines
		2 Acquisition Settings Used in This Section
		3 Metal Artifact Reduction (MAR) Reconstruction
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Transitional Vertebra
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Vertebral Hemangioma
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Vertebral Hemangioma
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
			3.5 PSMA-PET/CT
			3.6 DOTA-PET/CT
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Bone Island (Enostosis)
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Bone Islands
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
			3.5 PSMA-PET/CT
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Limbus Vertebra
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Limbus Vertebra
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Schmorl´s Node
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Schmorl´s Node
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
			3.5 PSMA-PET/CT
			3.6 DOTA-PET/CT
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Scoliosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Scoliosis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Fibrous Dysplasia
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Fibrous Dysplasia
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 PET/CT (Various Tracers)
		References
	Common Variants and Pitfalls: Paget´s Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Paget´s disease
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 PET/CT (Various Tracers)
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Bulging Disc
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Bulging Disc
			3.1 CT
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Disc Herniation
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Disc Herniation
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Degenerative Disc Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Degenerative Disc Disease
			3.1 CT
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Foraminal Stenosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Foraminal Stenosis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Osteophytosis - Endplate Changes
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteophytosis: Endplate Changes
			3.1 CT
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Facet Joint Arthropathy
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Facet Joint Arthropathy
			3.1 CT
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Spondylolysis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Spondylolysis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Spondylolisthesis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Spondylolisthesis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine Disease: Kyphosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Kyphosis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Spinal Stenosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Spinal Stenosis
			3.1 CT
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine Disease: Atlanto-occipital Degeneration
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Cranio-Vertebral Junction Arthropathy
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Uncovertebral Joint Degeneration
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Uncovertebral Degeneration
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Degenerative Spine: Vertebral Insufficiency Fracture
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Vertebral Insufficiency Fracture
			3.1 CT
			3.2 MRI
			3.3 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: Baastrup´s Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Baastrup´s Disease
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: Bertolotti´s Syndrome
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Bertolotti Syndrome
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: Spondylodiscitis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of spondylodiscitis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: Ankylosing Spondylitis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Ankylosing Spondylitis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 NaF-PET/CT
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: SAPHO Syndrome
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of SAPHO Syndrome
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Inflammation and Infection: Scheuermann´s Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Scheuermann´s Disease
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Tumors: Introduction
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Modalities
		3 Lesion Characteristics
			3.1 Margin
			3.2 Matrix and Mineralization
			3.3 Periosteal Reaction
			3.4 Soft Tissue Extension
		4 Bone-RADS
		5 Integrating Bone SPECT/CT Findings
		References
	Bone Metastases (Lytic): Imaging Characteristics and Treatment Response
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Lytic Bone Metastases
			3.1 X-ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 PET/CT
		References
	Bone Metastases (Sclerotic): Diagnostic Workflow and Imaging Characteristics
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Sclerotic Bone Metastases
			3.1 X-ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 PET/CT
		References
	Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Vertebral Compression Fracture
			3.1 CT
			3.2 MRI
			3.3 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Tumors: Lymphoma
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Lymphoma
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Tumors: Ewing Sarcoma
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Ewing Sarcoma
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Tumors: Multiple Myeloma
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Multiple Myeloma
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Aneurysmal Bone Cysts: Imaging Characteristics
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Introduction
		1 Introduction
		2 Surgical Hardware
		3 Pseudoarthrosis
			3.1 Radiographs
			3.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
			3.3 Bone SPECT and SPECT/CT
		4 Adjacent Segment Degeneration
		5 Soft-Tissue Changes
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Systematic Approach SPECT/CT Assessment
		1 Systematic Approach SPECT/CT Assessment Postoperative Spine
			1.1 Vertebral Body Alignment
			1.2 Facet Joints
			1.3 Intervertebral Space
			1.4 Endplate Changes and Osteophytes
			1.5 Integrity of Surgical Hardware
			1.6 Clefts and Lucencies
			1.7 Subsidence and Cage Position
			1.8 New Bone Formation
			1.9 Spinal Soft Tissues
			1.10 Sacroiliac Joint
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS)
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS)
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Adjacent Segment Degeneration
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Adjacent Segment Degeneration
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Hardware Failure - Pedicle Screw Loosening
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Pedicle Screw Loosening
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Cage Subsidence
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Cage Subsidence
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Pseudoarthrosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Pseudoarthrosis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Locked Pseudoarthrosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Locked Pseudoarthrosis
			3.1 CT
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Epidural Fibrosis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Epidural Fibrosis
			3.1 CT
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Pedicle Screw Fracture: Detection and Implications
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Pedicle Screw Fracture
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Postoperative Spine: Dynamic Stabilization
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Dynamic Stabilization
			3.1 CT
		References
Part IV: Shoulder and Elbow
	Normal X-ray and CT Anatomy of Shoulder and Elbow
		1 Shoulder
			1.1 Conventional Radiography
			1.2 Computed Tomography
			1.3 Normal Anatomy
				1.3.1 Articular Anatomy
					Glenohumeral Joint
					Acromioclavicular Joint
				1.3.2 Osseous Anatomy
					Proximal Humerus
					Scapula
					Glenoid
					Acromion
					Coracoid Process
					Clavicle
		2 Elbow
			2.1 Conventional Radiography
			2.2 Computed Tomography
			2.3 Normal Anatomy
				2.3.1 Articular Anatomy
				2.3.2 Osseous Anatomy
					Distal Humerus
					Proximal Radius
					Proximal Ulna
	Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol in Shoulder and Elbow
		1 Radiopharmaceutical Dose
		2 Patient Position
		3 Image Acquisition
		References
	Introduction to Conditions and Procedures in Shoulder and Elbow
		References
	Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis: An Overview
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
			2.1 Plain Radiograph
			2.2 Ultrasound
			2.3 CT
			2.4 MRI
			2.5 Scintigraphy
		References
	Bone SPECT/CT in Shoulder: Tendinitis Calcarean Subscapularis or Calcific Tendinitis of Subscapularis
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
			2.1 Plain Radiograph and CT
			2.2 Ultrasound
			2.3 MRI
			2.4 Scintigraphy
		References
	Osteoid-Osteoma of the Elbow: Imaging Findings
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
			2.1 Plain Radiograph
			2.2 CT
			2.3 Nuclear Medicine
			2.4 Ultrasound
			2.5 MRI
		References
	Heterotopic Ossification of the Elbow: Imaging Findings
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
			2.1 Plain Radiograph
			2.2 CT
			2.3 MRI
			2.4 Bone Scintigraphy
		References
	Non-union or Delayed Union of the Elbow
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
		References
	Shoulder: Scapular Notching
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
			2.1 Radiography
			2.2 CT
			2.3 Scintigraphy
		References
	Elbow Osteoarthritis: Imaging Findings
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
			2.1 Plain X-Ray
			2.2 CT
			2.3 Ultrasound
			2.4 MRI
			2.5 Bone Scintigraphy
		References
	Elbow: Septic Arthritis
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Findings
		References
	Insertion Tendinopathy of the Elbow: Imaging Findings
		1 Imaging Findings
		References
	Elbow Epicondylitis
		1 Introduction
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Elbow Epicondylitis
			3.1 Plain Radiograph
			3.2 Ultrasound
			3.3 MRI
		References
Part V: Hand and Wrist
	Hand and Wrist: Normal X-ray and CT Anatomy
		Reference
	Hand and Wrist: Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
		References
	Hand and Wrist: Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		1 Introduction
		2 SPECT/CT Arthrography
		References
	Osteoarthritis of the Wrist
		1 Introduction
		2 Biomechanics
		3 Etiology
			3.1 Other Causes Include
		4 Pathophysiology
			4.1 SNAC and SLAC Wrist Patterns
			4.2 Other Patterns of Wrist Osteoarthritis
		5 Clinical Features/Symptoms
		6 Diagnostic Imaging
			6.1 Radiography
		7 CT
		8 MRI
		9 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT
			9.1 Why Functional Imaging? Cellular Changes in OA
			9.2 SPECT/CT in Osteoarthritis: Clinical Situation, Benefits, and Newer Possibilities
		10 Treatment
			10.1 Different Surgical Techniques
		References
	Hand and Wrist: Fracture Nonunion
		1 Introduction
		2 Fractures Not Healing
		3 Types of Nonunion
		4 What Is Pseudarthrosis?
		5 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT (Figs. 1-5)
			5.1 Physiological Basis for Using Bone Scintigraphy
			5.2 Fractures on Scintigraphy: How Early and for How Long Seen?
			5.3 Detecting Occult Fractures
			5.4 Necrotic Bone Fragment
			5.5 SPECT/CT Versus X-Ray, CT, and MRI
			5.6 When to Use BS with SPECT/CT and How
		References
	Hand and Wrist: Carpal Boss and Painful Accessory Ossicles
		1 Introduction
		2 Etiology
		3 Clinical Features/Symptoms
		4 Clinical Examination
		5 Differential Diagnosis
		6 Diagnostic Imaging
			6.1 Radiography
			6.2 CT
			6.3 MRI
			6.4 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT (Figs. 1, 2, and 3)
		7 Treatment
		References
	Hand and Wrist: Kienbock´s Disease (Lunate Malacia)
		1 Introduction
		2 Anatomy
		3 Pathophysiology and Predisposing Risk Factors
		4 Clinical Features
		5 Diagnostic Imaging
		6 Classification of KD
		7 Imaging Approach to KD
		8 Treatment
		9 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Impaction Syndromes
		1 Introduction
		2 Etiology
		3 Biomechanics
		4 Pathophysiology
		5 Clinical Features/Symptoms
		6 Diagnostic Imaging
			6.1 Radiography
			6.2 CT
			6.3 MRI
			6.4 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT
		7 Treatment
		8 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Infections of the Hand and Wrist
		References
	Hand and Wrist: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
		1 Introduction
		2 Etiology/Pathophysiology
		3 Subtypes
		4 Clinical Features/Symptoms
		5 Diagnostic Criteria
		6 Diagnostic Imaging
		7 Radiography/CT
		8 MRI
		9 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT (Figs. 1 and 2)
		10 Treatment
		References
	Hand and Wrist: De Quervain Tenosynovitis
		1 Introduction
		2 Etiology
		3 Anatomy
		4 Pathophysiology and Predisposing Risk Factors
		5 Clinical Features/Symptoms
		6 Diagnostic Imaging
		7 Plain Radiography
		8 Ultrasound
		9 CT
		10 MRI
		11 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT (Fig. 1)
		12 Treatment
		13 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Ganglion Cyst
		1 Introduction
		2 Etiology and Predisposing Risk Factors
			2.1 Common Sites
		3 Pathophysiology
		4 Clinical Features/Symptoms
		5 Diagnostic Imaging
			5.1 Radiography
			5.2 Ultrasonography
			5.3 CT
			5.4 MRI
			5.5 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT
			5.6 Arthroscopy
		6 Treatment
			6.1 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Uptake in Asymptomatic Wrist
		1 Introduction
		2 Review of Literature
		References
Part VI: Pelvis and Hip
	Hip and Pelvis: Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
		1 Introduction
		2 Sacroiliac Joint Pathology
		3 Trauma of the Pelvis and Hip
		4 Insufficiency Fractures of the Pelvis and Hip
		5 Hip Joint Arthritis
		6 Impingement Syndromes of the Hip
		7 Complications of Hip Arthroplasty
		References
	Hip and Pelvis: Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		1 Imaging Technique
		References
	Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
			3.1 Ultrasound
			3.2 Plain Radiograph
			3.3 CT
			3.4 MRI
		References
	Traumatic Hip Fractures
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Traumatic Hip Fractures
			3.1 Plain Radiographs/X-Rays
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Insufficiency Fractures
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Insufficiency Fractures
			3.1 Plain X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Avulsion Fractures of the Hip and Pelvis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT Findings
		3 Imaging Features of Avulsion Fractures
			3.1 Plain radiographs
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Arthritides: Osteoarthritis (OA)
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone Scintigraphy with SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging
			3.1 Plain Radiograph
			3.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Osteitis Pubis: Bone SPECT/CT Findings
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteitis Pubis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Pelvis: Sacroiliitis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Sacroiliitis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 18F-Fluoride PET/CT
		References
	Osteitis Condensans Ilii
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteitis Condensans Ilii
			3.1 X-ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 FDG-PET/CT
		References
	Enthesopathies
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Enthesopathies
			3.1 Ultrasound
			3.2 X-ray
			3.3 CT
			3.4 MRI
		References
	Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) Syndrome
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging features of Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) Syndrome
			3.1 Computed Tomography
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Calcific Tendonitis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging features of Calcific Tendonitis
			3.1 Plain Radiography
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) and Iliopsoas Bursitis
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) and Iliopsoas Bursitis
			3.1 Radiographs and Computed Tomography (CT)
			3.2 Ultrasound
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Heterotopic Ossification
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Heterotopic Ossificans
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 Ultrasound
			3.3 CT
			3.4 MRI
			3.5 18F-FDG PET/CT
			3.6 18F-NaF PET/CT
		References
	Osteopoikilosis: Bone Scintigraphy and Imaging Features
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteopoikilosis
			3.1 Plain Radiograph and Computed Tomography (CT)
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Benign Bone Lesions: Sclerotic Enchondroma
		1 Clinical Features
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging
			3.1 Plain Radiograph and CT
			3.2 MRI
		4 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Pelvis: Osteoid Osteoma
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteoid Osteoma
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 Ultrasound
			3.3 CT
			3.4 MRI
			3.5 18F-NaF PET/CT
		References
	Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor of Femur
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of LSMFT
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 18F-FDG PET/CT
		References
	Fibrous Dysplasia of the Hip
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Fibrous Dysplasia
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Osteochondroma of the Femur
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteochondroma
			3.1 X-Ray/CT
			3.2 MRI
			3.3 Ultrasound
		References
	Pelvis: Paget´s Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging in Paget´s Disease of Pelvis
			3.1 Plain Radiograph/CT
			3.2 MRI
			3.3 18F-FDG PET/CT
			3.4 18F-NaF PET/CT
			3.5 PSMA PET/CT
		4 Treatment and Prognosis
		References
	Hip Replacement: Types of Arthroplasty and Fixation Zones
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Resurfacing, Partial, and Total Hip Arthroplasty
			1.2 Cemented Versus Cementless THA
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		References
	Hip Arthroplasty: Assessment of Component Position and Fixation
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
			2.1 Types of Prostheses/Material
		3 Imaging Features of Component Position and Fixation
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
		References
	Hip Arthroplasty: Normal Postoperative Findings
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Normal Postoperative Findings in Hip Arthroplasty
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Hip Arthroplasty: Abnormal Postoperative Findings
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Abnormal Postoperative Findings
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Hip Arthroplasty: Periprosthetic Fractures
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features
			3.1 Radiographs
			3.2 Computed Tomography
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Vascular Disorders: Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Avascular Necrosis
			3.1 X-ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
Part VII: Knee
	Normal X-ray and CT Anatomy of the Knee
		1 Knee
	Introduction to Knee Joint Conditions and Procedures
		References
	SPECT/CT Knee Protocol
		References
	Osgood-Schlatter Disease: SPECT/CT Findings
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Imaging Features of Osgood-Schlatter Disease
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Bone Bruise: SPECT/CT and MRI Findings
		1 Introduction
		2 Clinical Details
		3 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		4 Imaging Features of Bone Bruise
			4.1 MRI
			4.2 X-Ray
			4.3 CT
		References
	Ligament Pathologies: SPECT/CT, X-ray, and MRI Findings Pre- and Postoperative
		1 Introduction
		2 Case 1
			2.1 Clinical Details
		3 Case 2
			3.1 Clinical Details
		4 Case 3
			4.1 Clinical Details
		5 Imaging Features of Ligament Pathologies
			5.1 X-Ray
			5.2 CT
			5.3 MRI
			5.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
			2.1 Imaging Features of Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease
				2.1.1 X-Ray
				2.1.2 CT
				2.1.3 MRI
				2.1.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Osteochondral Lesion of the Knee
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Imaging Features of Osteochondral Lesions of the Knee
			3.1 X-ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Patellar Maltracking: Imaging Features
		1 Introduction
		2 Case 1
			2.1 Clinical Details
			2.2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Case 2
			3.1 Clinical Details
			3.2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		4 Case 3
			4.1 Clinical Details
			4.2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		5 Imaging Features of Patellar Maltracking
			5.1 X-Ray
			5.2 CT
			5.3 MRI
			5.4 Ultrasound
		References
	Knee: SPECT/CT Arthrography
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
			2.1 SPECT/CT Arthrography
		References
	Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD): Radiological Aspects and Treatment Options
		1 Clinical Details
		References
	Primary Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Radiological Aspects and Treatment Options
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Imaging Features of Osteoarthritis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 Ahlbäck
			3.3 Kellgren and Lawrence
			3.4 CT
			3.5 MRI
		References
	Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Imaging Features of Post-traumatic OA
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 MRI
		References
	Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty (UKA): SPECT/CT Characteristics and Challenges
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Types of Prosthesis
		4 Imaging Features of UKA
			4.1 X-Ray
			4.2 CT
			4.3 MRI
		References
	Patellofemoral Joint (PFJ) Arthroplasty
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Imaging Features of Patellofemoral OA
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Painful Total Knee Replacement
		1 Clinical Details
			1.1 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		2 Clinical Details
			2.1 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Clinical Details
			3.1 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		4 Clinical Details
			4.1 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		5 Imaging Features of Painful TKR
			5.1 X-Ray
			5.2 CT
		References
Part VIII: Foot and Ankle
	Foot and Ankle Pain: Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
		1 Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
		References
	Foot and Ankle Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		1 Foot and Ankle Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		References
	Role of SPECT/CT in Trauma
		1 Introduction
		2 SPECT Acquisition Protocol
		3 Tarsal Bone Fracture
		4 Stress Fracture
		5 Insufficiency Fracture
		6 Fracture with Infection
		7 Nonunion
		8 Pseudoarthrosis
		9 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
		References
	Stress Fractures
		1 Introduction
		References
	Ankle Impingement Syndromes
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT and Correlative Images
		3 Imaging Features of Ankle Impingement Syndromes
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
			3.4 Ultrasound
			3.5 SPECT/CT
		References
	Osteoarthritis of the Foot and Ankle
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases/Figures
			2.1 Case 1: 2nd Cuneometatarsal Joint Osteoarthritis
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
			2.2 Case 2: OA of Talonavicular Joint
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
			2.3 Case 3: Subtalar OA
				2.3.1 Clinical Details
			2.4 Case 4: Postoperative OA in Joint Adjacent to Midfoot Fusion
				2.4.1 Clinical Details
			2.5 Case 5: Ankle OA Secondary to Congenital Talipes Equinovarus
				2.5.1 Clinical Details
			2.6 Case 6: Postoperative OA of the 1st MPJ
		References
	Foot: Osteochondral Lesions
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Osteochondral Lesions
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Accessory Ossicles and Sesamoid Bones
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Accessory Navicular Syndrome
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Accessory Navicular Syndrome
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.2 Case 2: Os Trigonum Syndrome
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
				2.2.2 Images
				2.2.3 Imaging Features of Os Trigonum Syndrome
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.3 Case 3: Sesamoiditis
				2.3.1 Clinical Details
				2.3.2 Images
				2.3.3 Imaging Features of Sesamoiditis
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.4 Case 4: Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome (POPS)
				2.4.1 Clinical Details
				2.4.2 Images
				2.4.3 Imaging Features of Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome (POPS)
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
	Inflammatory and Infectious Conditions of the Foot and Ankle
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Polyarticular Gout
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Polyarticular Gout
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		3 Case 2: Infected Pseudarthrosis
			3.1 Clinical Details
				3.1.1 Images
				3.1.2 Imaging Features of Infected Pseudarthrosis
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
	Ligament and Tendon Injuries
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Anterior Talofibular Ligament Injury
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Anterior Talofibular Ligament Injuries
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.2 Case 2: Deltoid Ligament Injury
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
				2.2.2 Images
				2.2.3 Imaging Features of Deltoid Ligament Injury
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.3 Case 3: Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis Injury
				2.3.1 Clinical Details
				2.3.2 Images
				2.3.3 Imaging Features of Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis Injury
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.4 Case 4: Plantar Fasciitis
				2.4.1 Clinical Details
				2.4.2 Images
				2.4.3 Imaging Features of Plantar Fasciitis
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.5 Case 5: Posterior Tibial Tendon Injury
				2.5.1 Clinical Details
				2.5.2 Images
				2.5.3 Imaging Features of Posterior Tibial Tendon Injury
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.6 Case 6: Sinus Tarsi Syndrome
				2.6.1 Clinical Details
				2.6.2 Images
				2.6.3 Imaging Features of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome
					X-Ray
					Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
			2.7 Case 7: Peroneal Tendon Injury
				2.7.1 Clinical Details
				2.7.2 Images
				2.7.3 Imaging Features of Peroneal Tendon Injury
					X-Ray
				2.7.4 Ultrasound
					CT
					MRI
		References
	Tarsal Coalition
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Talocalcaneal Coalition
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Talocalcaneal Coalition
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.2 Case 2: Calcaneonavicular Coalition
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
				2.2.2 Images
				2.2.3 Imaging Features of Calcaneonavicular Coalition
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
	SPECT/CT in Osteochondroses and Osteonecrosis
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Osteonecrosis of the Talar Dome
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Osteonecrosis of the Talar Dome
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.2 Case 2: Freiberg´s Disease
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
				2.2.2 Images
				2.2.3 Imaging Features of Freiberg´s Disease
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
	Foot and Ankle: SPECT/CT Arthrography
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
	Recurrent Pain After Foot Arthrodesis: Diagnostic Value of Bone SPECT/CT
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Foot Arthrodesis
			3.1 X-Ray
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		References
	Ankle Arthroplasty
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Aseptic Loosening
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Aseptic Loosening
					X-ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.2 Case 2: Gutter Impingement
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
				2.2.2 Images
				2.2.3 Imaging Features of Gutter Impingement
					X-ray
					CT
					Sonography
					MRI
			2.3 Case 3: Periprosthetic Stress Fracture
				2.3.1 Clinical Details
				2.3.2 Images
				2.3.3 Imaging Features of Gutter Impingement
					X-ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.4 Case 4: Adjacent Joint Degeneration
				2.4.1 Clinical Details
				2.4.2 Images
				2.4.3 Imaging Features of Adjacent Joint Degeneration
					X-ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
	Forefoot Deformity Correction Surgery
		1 Introduction
		2 Cases
			2.1 Case 1: Metatarsalgia and Metatarsal Stress Fracture
				2.1.1 Clinical Details
				2.1.2 Images
				2.1.3 Imaging Features of Metatarsal Stress Fracture After Hallux Valgus Correction
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.2 Case 2: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
				2.2.1 Clinical Details
				2.2.2 Images
				2.2.3 Imaging Features of CRPS
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
			2.3 Case 3: Hallux Rigidus
				2.3.1 Clinical Details
				2.3.2 Images
				2.3.3 Imaging Features of Hallux Rigidus
					X-Ray
					CT
					MRI
		References
Part IX: Sport Injuries
	Epidemiology of Sporting Injuries
		1 Epidemiology of Childhood Sporting Injuries
		2 Epidemiology of Recreational Sporting Injury in Adults
		3 Epidemiology of Sporting Injuries in Professional Athletes
		4 Overuse Versus Acute Injury
		References
	Pathophysiology of Adult Sporting Injuries
		1 Pathophysiology of Sporting Injuries
		2 Pathophysiology of Tendon and Ligament Injury
		3 Pathophysiology of Muscle Injury
		4 Pathophysiology of Acute Bone Injury
		5 Pathophysiology of Chronic Bone Injury
		6 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Pathophysiology of Pediatric Sporting Injuries
		1 Pediatric Sporting Injuries
			1.1 Introduction
		2 Anatomy of the Growing Musculoskeletal System
		3 Injury Patterns
		4 Salter-Harris Fractures
		5 Apophyseal Fractures
		6 Osteochondritis Dissecans
		References
	Sporting Injuries in the Older Population
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		References
	Technical Factors in the Optimization of Scintigraphic Imaging
		1 Filtered Back Projection
		2 Iterative Reconstruction Methods
		3 Collimator-Detector Response Compensation
		4 Handling the Variables in OSEM Reconstruction
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Bone Islands
		1 Pathophysiology
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Enchondroma
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Fibrous Dysplasia
		1 Case: Fibrous Dysplasia
			1.1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
			1.2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Herniation Pit of the Femoral Neck
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Non-ossifying Fibroma and Fibrous Cortical Defect
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Osteochondroma
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Osteoid Osteoma
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Incidental Benign Skeletal Lesions: Vertebral Hemangiomas
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Soft-Tissue Finding That May Lead to Confusion: Horseshoe Kidney
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Soft-Tissue Finding That May Lead to Confusion: Polycystic Kidneys
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Sporting Injuries in the Child and Adolescent
		1 Growth Plate Injuries
			1.1 Case History
		2 Apophyseal and Avulsion Injuries
			2.1 Case History
			2.2 Acute Fractures
		References
	Intraosseous Disc Herniation
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Discitis: An Expected Cause of Low Back Pain in a Jogger
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Pars Fractures of the Lumbar Spine
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Occult Degenerative Disease in the Athletic Cohort
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Septic Arthritis of the Acromioclavicular Joint
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Clavicular Fractures
		1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		3 Case History 1
		4 Case History 2
		5 Case History 3
		References
	Acute and Chronic Elbow Injury
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Multimodality Imaging of Shoulder Injuries
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Case History 3
		4 Case History 4
		5 Case History 5
		6 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		7 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Injuries of the Wrist and Hand
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Central Low Back Pain and Pelvic Dysfunction
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Case History 3
		4 Case History 4
		5 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		6 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		7 Teaching Point
		References
	Anterolateral Pelvic and Groin Pain
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		References
	Mechanical Dysfunction of the Sacroiliac Joint
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Functional Real Time Ultrasound in Optimal Muscle Activation in Disorders of the Sacroiliac Joint
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		References
	Ancillary Changes Around the Trunk in Low Back Pain
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Thigh Splints: Adductor-Insertion Avulsion Syndrome
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Imaging
		References
	Femoroacetabular Hip Impingement
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Pathological Hip Fracture Due to an Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Stress Fracture of the Hip
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Anterior Knee Pain
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Case History 3
		4 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		5 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Derangement of the Deep Knee Structures
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Case History 3
		4 Case History 4
		5 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		6 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)
		1 Case History
		2 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Stress Fracture of the Tibia and Fibula
		1 Case History
		2 Aetiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		3 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	SPECT/CT in Metatarsalgia
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Aetiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		4 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Midfoot Pain
		1 Case History 1
			1.1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
			1.2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		2 Case History 2
			2.1 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
			2.2 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		3 Case History 3
		References
	Ankle and Proximal Mid-Foot Pain
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Case History 3
		4 Case History 4
		5 Aetiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		6 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Posterior Ankle and Heel Pain
		1 Case History 1
		2 Case History 2
		3 Case History 3
		4 Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
		5 Radiological Imaging: Classical Features, Advantages, and Limitations
		References
	Myositis Ossificans
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Bone SPECT/CT
		3 Imaging Features of Myositis Ossificans
			3.1 X-ray
			3.2 US
			3.3 CT
			3.4 MRI
		References
Part X: Bone Tumors/Oncology
	Cross-Sectional Imaging in Skeletal Oncology
		1 Radiograph
		2 Lesion Localization
		3 Margins
		4 Periosteal Reaction
		5 Matrix Mineralization
		6 Cortical Involvement
		7 Computed Tomography
		8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		9 Case 1: Hereditary Multiple Exostosis
			9.1 Clinical Details
		10 Case 2: Myositis Ossificans
			10.1 Clinical Details
		11 Case 3: Chondroblastoma Undergoing Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA)
			11.1 Clinical Details
		12 Case 4: Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			12.1 Clinical Details
		References
	Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol in Skeletal Oncology
		1 Introduction
		2 Radiopharmaceutical Dose
		3 Bone SPECT/CT Patient Preparation
		4 Image Acquisition Protocol
		References
	Benign Bone Tumors: Osteoid Osteoma
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Pathophysiology
		3 Site
		4 Imaging Features
		References
	Enchondroma and Chondroma: Benign Intramedullary Cartilage Tumors
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Pathophysiology
		3 Site
		4 Imaging Features
			4.1 Plain Radiographs and CT
			4.2 MRI
			4.3 Bone Scan and SPECT/CT
		References
	Non-ossifying Fibroma, Fibrous Cortical Defect, and Fibroxanthomas: Benign Bone Tumors
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Imaging Features
			2.1 Plain Radiographs and CT
		References
	Benign Bone Tumors: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Imaging Features
			2.1 Plain Radiographs
		References
	Osteoblastoma: A Benign Bone Tumor
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Pathophysiology
		3 Site
		4 Imaging Features
			4.1 Plain Radiographs
			4.2 CT
			4.3 MRI
			4.4 Bone Scan
			4.5 Bone SPECT/CT
		References
	Osteosarcoma: A Malignant Bone Tumor
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Pathophysiology
		3 Site
		4 Imaging Features
			4.1 Plain Radiographs
			4.2 CT
			4.3 MRI
			4.4 Bone Scan
		References
	Chondrosarcoma: A Malignant Bone Tumor
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Pathophysiology
		3 Site
		4 Imaging Features
			4.1 Plain Radiographs
			4.2 CT
			4.3 MRI
			4.4 Bone Scan
			4.5 Bone SPECT/CT
			4.6 Treatment
			4.7 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Malignant Bone Tumors: Ewing Sarcoma
		1 Clinical Details
		2 Imaging Features
			2.1 Plain Radiographs
			2.2 Bone Scan
			2.3 18F-FDG PET/CT
		References
	Giant Cell Tumors (GCT)/Osteoclastomas
		1 Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Pathophysiology
		3 Site
		4 Imaging Features
			4.1 Plain Radiographs and CT
			4.2 MRI
			4.3 Bone Scan
			4.4 Treatment
			4.5 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Bone Metastases
		1 Introduction
		2 Anatomical Imaging in Bone Metastasis
		3 Bone SPECT/CT in the Evaluation of Bone Metastasis
		References
Part XI: Skull and Jaw
	Jaw: Normal X-ray and CT Anatomy
	Jaw: Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
	Jaw: Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		References
	SPECT/CT in Condylar Hyperplasia
		1 Etiology and Classification of CH
		2 Imaging
		3 Treatment
		4 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	SPECT/CT in Jaw Osteomyelitis and Osteonecrosis
		1 Etiology and Classification
		2 Imaging
		3 Treatment
		4 Therapy Response Assessment
		5 Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Fibrous Dysplasia in the Jaw
		1 Etiology and Classification
		2 Imaging
		3 Treatment
		References
	Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis: Imaging
		1 Etiology and Clinical Presentation
		2 Imaging
		3 Treatment
		References
	Benign Jaw Tumors: Types
		1 Cemento-ossifying Fibroma
		2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			2.1 Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
			2.2 Cherubism
		3 (Pseudo-) Bone Cysts
		4 Benign Cartilage Lesions
		References
	Primary Malignant Jaw Tumors
		1 Osteosarcoma
		2 Ewing Sarcoma
		3 Other Primary Jaw Bone Tumors
		References
	Skull: Normal X-ray and CT Anatomy
	Skull: Introduction to Conditions and Procedures
		References
	Skull: Bone SPECT/CT Acquisition Protocol
		References
	Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions in the Skull
		1 Incidental Findings in the Skull
			1.1 Hyperostosis Frontalis
			1.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			1.3 Hemangioma (Osseous Venous [Low Flow] Vascular Malformations)
			1.4 Meningioma
			1.5 Osteoid Osteoma
			1.6 Osteoma
			1.7 Paget´s Disease
			1.8 Eosinophilic Granuloma/Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
			1.9 Skull Bone Metastases
		References
Part XII: Anatomy
	Hip and Pelvis Anatomy
		1 Bony and Cartilaginous Anatomy
		2 Capsular and Ligamentous Anatomy
			2.1 The Sacroiliac Joint
			2.2 The Pubic Symphysis
			2.3 The Hip Joint
		3 Musculature
			3.1 Flexion
			3.2 Extension
			3.3 Abduction
			3.4 Adduction
			3.5 Medial Rotation
			3.6 Lateral Rotation
		References
	Knee Anatomy
		1 Bony Anatomy
		2 Ligamentous Attachments
			2.1 Cruciate Ligaments
			2.2 Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
			2.3 Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
		3 Menisci
		4 Musculature
		References
	Foot and Ankle Anatomy
		1 Bony Anatomy
		2 Articulations and Ligamentous Anatomy
			2.1 Inferior Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
			2.2 Ankle Joint
			2.3 Intertarsal Joints
			2.4 Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints
			2.5 Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
			2.6 Foot Arches
		3 Musculature and Tendons
			3.1 Extrinsic Muscles: Plantar Flexors
			3.2 Extrinsic Muscles: Dorsiflexors
			3.3 Intrinsic Muscles
		References
	Shoulder and Elbow Anatomy
		1 Part 1: The Shoulder
			1.1 Bony Anatomy
			1.2 Articulations and Ligamentous Anatomy
			1.3 Muscles and Tendons
		2 Part 2: The Elbow
			2.1 Bony Anatomy
			2.2 Articulations and Ligamentous Anatomy
			2.3 Muscles and Tendons
		References
	Hand and Wrist Anatomy
		1 Bony Anatomy
		2 Ligamentous Anatomy
		3 Articulations
			3.1 Distal Radioulnar Joint
			3.2 Radiocarpal Joint and Intercarpal Joints
			3.3 Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			3.4 Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
		4 Musculature and Tendons
			4.1 Extrinsic Muscles: Flexors
			4.2 Extrinsic Muscles: Extensors
			4.3 Intrinsic Muscles
			4.4 Palmar Aponeurosis
		References
	Spine Anatomy
		1 Vertebrae
			1.1 Vertebral Body
			1.2 Posterior Elements
		2 The Atlas and Axis
		3 Intervertebral Discs
		4 Ligaments
		5 Musculature
		References
Index