Clinical Aromatherapy: Essential Oils in Healthcare

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CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY: Essential Oils in Healthcare
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
	References
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
Section I: Overview
1 - The Evolution of Aromatherapy
	Ancient History
		Egypt
		Iraq, France, Syria
		China
		India
		Tibet
		Greece
		Arabia
		Uzbekistan
		Europe
		Native Americans
	Fourteenth Century to Present Day
		United Kingdom
		Modern Drug Development
	Renaissance of Aromatherapy
		Rene-Maurice Gattefossé: Chemist
		Jean Valnet: Medical Doctor
		Marguerite Maury: Nurse
	Aromatherapy Today
		Herbal Medicine
		Mind-Body Medicine
		Massage and Bodywork
		Energy Medicine
	Types of Aromatherapy
		Aesthetic Aromatherapy
		Clinical Aromatherapy
		Holistic Aromatherapy
	References
2 - How Essential Oils Work
	How Essential Oils Work
		How Essential Oils Are Absorbed
			Topical Absorption
				The Skin
				Skin Penetration and Permeation
				Topical Absorption of Essential Oils
				Polarity and Optical Activity
				Damaged Skin
				Massage or The ‘M’ Technique
					Topical application of essential oils can be used for the following
					Topical applications can be given in
					The amount of an essential oil absorbed through the skin depends (not in any specific order) on the following
			Inhalation
				Absorption to the Lungs
				Absorption to the Brain
				The Limbic System
				The Amygdala
				The Hippocampus
				Smell and Brain Imaging
				Pheromones
	Applications
		1) Inhalation
			Direct Inhalation
				No Steam using aromasticks, aromapatches, aromapackets, cotton balls, aroma ribbons
					Drop four drops carrier oil (jojoba or grapeseed) to top, bottom and each side of wick to lock aroma
					.These can be purchased blank so specific essential oil/s can be added. Or the patch can contain proprietary single essential oi...
					.These can be purchased complete with tested mixtures for symptoms such as nausea, insomnia, curbing appetite, helping concentra...
					.Add one to five drops of essential oil/s to a cotton ball and inhale for 5 to 10 minutes.  Repeat as necessary
					.This can be attached to the bedclothes of children or adults for an easily applied sleeping or comfort aroma. Cut off a 1-inch ...
				Direct Inhalation with Steam
			Indirect Inhalation
				1) Room Fresheners
				2) Burners
				3) Fans
				4) Humidifiers
				5) Diffusers
				6) Nebulizers
				7) Spritzer Sprays (essential oils in water)
				8) Aromastones
		Inhaled Essential Oils Can Be Used For
		2) Internal
			Mouthwashes and Gargles
			Vaginal Douches, Creams, and Tampons
			Rectal Suppositories
		3) Oral
			Method of Oral Use
				Gelatin Capsules
				Disper
				Honey
				Enteric-Coated Gelatin Capsules
				Human Studies on Oral Use
	How Essential Oils are Excreted
	References
3 - Basic Plant Taxonomy, Basic Essential Oil Chemistry, Extraction, Biosynthesis, and Analysis
	Basic Plant Taxonomy
	Examples of why the Botanical Name is Important
		Lavender
		Chamomile
		Different Essential Oils from Different Parts of the Plant
		Clones and Chemotypes
	References
	Basic Essential Oil Chemistry
	Essential Oils Components
	Nonterpenoid Hydrocarbons
		Terpenes
		Monoterpenes
		Sesquiterpenes
		Diterpenes
		Alcohols
		Sesquiterpenols
		Phenolic Terpenes
		Ethers (Phenolic) or Phenylpropanoids
		Aldehydes
		Esters
		Ketones
		Oxides
		Lactones
		Coumarins
		Furanocoumarins
	Apart from Chemistry
	References
	Extraction, Biosynthesis, and Analysis
	Extraction
		Distillation (Steam)
			Variations of Steam Distillation
		Expression
		Methods for Producing Aromatic Extracts (not essential oils)
			Enfleurage
			Supercritical Fluid Extraction
			Resinoids
			Notes (Aroma Intensities)
			Oxidation
	Terpene Biosynthesis: how and why Plants Make Essential Oils
		Mevalonic Acid Pathway
		Shikimic Acid Pathway
		Storage of Essential Oils in Plants
		Secretory and Storage Structures of Essential Oils in Plants
		Allelopathy
		Quality of Essential Oils
		Analysis Tests for Purity in Essential Oils
		Gas Chromatography
		HPLC
		NMR
		Optical Rotation
		Refractive Index
		Infrared Spectroscopy
		The Nose (Organoleptic Evaluation)
	Buying Essential Oils
	References
4 - Essential Oil Toxicity and Contraindications
	Part 1: Essential Oil Toxicity and Toxicology
		Toxicity
		Toxicology
		Essential Oils are Complex Compounds
		Overview
		Different Approaches
	Dermal Toxicity
		Skin Irritants
		Skin Allergens
		Phototoxins
		Chemical Burns
		Overview
	Oral Toxicity
		Nephrotoxins
		Hepatotoxins
		Neurotoxins
		Psychotropic Activity
		Essential Oils Used in Suppositories
	Measuring Toxicity
		Oral Lethal Dose
		Dermal Lethal Dose
	Inhalation Toxicity
	Conclusion
	Part 2. Contraindications & safety
		Possible Drug Interactions
		Cytochrome P450
		Platelet Aggregation
		Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
		Antidiabetic Effects
		Diuretics
		Enhancing Drug Delivery/Absorption
		Epilepsy
		Pregnancy
		Hormone Replacement Therapy
		Oncology
	General Contraindications
	Safety and Storage of Essential Oils
		Safety
		Storage
	References
5 - Aromatherapy and Integrative Healthcare
	Integrative Healthcare—what’s in a Name
	Why do we Need IH
	Where does Aromatherapy Fit in an Integrative Model of Healthcare
	Models of Integration
		Building the Foundation: Integration of Clinical Aromatherapy in the Practice Setting
	Examples of Integration
		United States—All Great Things Begin with Small Beginnings
			North Carolina
			New York
				Huntington Hospital
				The Center for Health and Healing
			Minnesota
			Texas
			Utah
	Hospital Systems
		Aurora Healthcare
		Veterans Affairs System: Minneapolis
		Planetree Organization
		United Kingdom
			Manchester
			London
				The Royal Marsden Hospital
				University College Hospital
			Leeds
		South Africa
	Summary
	Examples of how Aromatherapy Can be Used in Hospitals
	How to Begin Integration
	Conducting a Pilot Study
	References
6 - The ‘M’ Technique®
	What is It
	Where did the ‘M’ Technique Come From
	Where is the Research
	Where is It Used
		United Kingdom
			Hospitals and Hospices
		Special Needs
		The Elderly
		End of Life
		Cancer Care
		The Netherlands
		Japan
		South Africa
		United States
	The ‘M’ Technique as Part of Nursing Care
	References
Section II: Clinical Use of
Aromatherapy
7 - Infection
	Hospital-Acquired Infections
		Common Hospital-Acquired Infection
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa
			Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
			Vancomycin-Resistant Escherichia coli
			Streptococcus
			Acinetobacter baumannii
			Klebsiella pneumoniae
			Clostridum difficile
			Multiple-Resistant Serratia marcescens
			Proteus mirabilis
			Enterobacter
			Citrobacter freundii
			Burkholderia cepacia Complex (BCC) or Burkholderia cepacia
	Bacterial Classification
		Coccus Bacteria
		Bacillus Bacteria
	Bacteria and Antibiotics
		Resistance to Antibiotics
	Essential Oils as Antibacterial Agents
	Research on the Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oils
	Viruses
	Antiviral Properties of Essential Oils
	Fungal Infections
		Cryptococcosis
		Aspergillosis
	Candida albicans
	Evolutionary Pharmacology
	References
8 - Insomnia
	Sleep
		Insomnia
		Night Sedation
	Aromatherapy for Insomnia
		Background
		Published Aromatherapy Studies
		Lavender
			Background
			Recent Studies
		Neroli
		Passionflower and Lime Blossom
		Black Cumin
		Roman Chamomile
		Ravensara
		Rose
		Mixtures
	References
9 - Nausea and Vomiting
	Conventional Approaches to Treating Vomiting
		Nonpharmacologic Techniques
	Aromatherapy for Nausea
		Peppermint
		Spearmint
		Ginger
			Published Reviews on Ginger
			Published Studies on Ginger
		Lavender
		Cardamom
		Citrus Peel Oils
		Aniseed, Caraway, Clove, and Fennel
		Mixtures
		RJBA Studies
		Importance of Individual Preference in Choice of Essential Oil
	References
10 - Pain and Inflammation
	Pain
		Physiology of Pain
		Etiology of Pain
		Orthodox Approaches to Pain
			Narcotic/Opioid Drugs
			Common Nonopioid/Nonnarcotic Drugs
		Antiinflammatory Drugs
			NSAIDs
			Steroid-based Antiinflammatory Drugs
		Limitations of Orthodox Treatments
		Chronic Pain Syndrome
		Aromatherapy for Pain
			Inhalation
			Topical Use
			Oral Use
			Animal Studies
			Human Studies
				Inhaled
				Topical
				Oral
		Research on Isolated Analgesic Components of Essential Oils
		Antispasmodic Essential Oils for Pain
	Inflammation
		Antiinflammatory Essential Oils
			Antiinflammatory Components
			Antiinflammatory Essential Oils
	Conclusions
	References
11 - Stress and Well-Being
	Definition of Stress
		Stressors
		Chronic Stress
		Measurable Physical Responses to Chronic Stress
		Stress and Patients
			Aromatherapy for Patient Stress
		Stress and Hospital Staff
			Aromatherapy for Hospital Staff
		Stress and Hospital Visitors
			Aromatherapy for Stressed Visitors
			Burnout
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
			PTSD and Aromatherapy
	References
Section III: Aromatherapy in
Clinical Specialties
12 - Care of the Elderly
	The Elderly
		Aromatherapy and the Elderly
			Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
			Preventing Falls in the Elderly
			Skin Ulcers and Slow Healing Wounds
			Osteoarthritis and Hemorrhoids
	References
13 - Critical Care/ICU
	Aromatherapy for Drug-Resistant Pathogens in Critical Care
	Fear
	Aromatherapy in ICU
		ICU Nurses Stress
		Extubation
	References
14 - Dermatology
	Acne
	Athlete’s Foot and Onychomycosis
	Herpes
	Wrinkles
	References
15 - Mental Health
	Schizophrenia
	Aromatherapy and Mental Illness
		Addiction
			Nicotine Addiction
			Substance Addiction
			Alcohol Addiction
			Food Addiction
			Sleeping Pill and Benzodiazepine Addiction
		Depression
		Bipolar Disorder
	References
16 - Oncology
	Aromatherapy and Cancer Treatment
		Cancer and Conventional Side Effects
			Postradiation Burns
			Chemo-Induced Nausea
			Radiation-Induced Mucositis
			Chemo-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
			Lymphedema
		Aromatherapy as a General Supportive Role
		Essential Oils to Avoid in Oncology
	References
17 - Palliative, Hospice, and End-of-Life Care
	Palliative Care
		Aromatherapy in Palliative Care
			Fungating Wounds
		Giving Comfort During Palliative Care
	Hospice Care
		Aromatherapy in Hospice Care
			Mouth Care
	End-of-Life Care
		Peace and Serenity at the End of Life
		End-of-Life Care with the ‘M’ Technique and Aromatherapy
	References
18 - Pediatrics
	Hyperactivity
	Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
	Pediculosis (Head Lice)
	Infantile Colic
	Baby Baths with Lavender
	Baby Apnea, Pediatric Viral Pneumonia, and Reduction of Sedation During Mechanical Ventilation of a Young Child
	References
19 - Respiratory Care
	Aromatherapy for General Respiratory Care
	Chronic Bronchitis
		Aromatherapy for Chronic Bronchitis
	Asthma
		Aromatherapy and Asthma
	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	Sinusitis
		Aromatherapy and Sinusitis
	Cystic Fibrosis
		Aromatherapy and Cystic Fibrosis
	Tuberculosis
		Aromatherapy and TB
	Forced Vital Lung Capacity
	References
20 - Women’s Health
	Aromatherapy for Dysmenorrhea
	Pregnancy and Labor
		Pregnancy
		PIH
		Labor
		Induced Labor
	Postpartum Care
		Baby Blues
		Episiotomy
		Cracked Nipples
	Menopause
		Menopausal Problems
		Aromatherapy
	Vaginal Infections
		Thrush (Candida albicans)
		Bacterial Vaginosis
		Trichomoniasis
	References
Appendix - Recommended Essential Oil Distributors and Resources
	Suppliers for USA Courses
		Nature’s Gift
		SunRose Aromatics, LLC
		Applachian Valley Natural Products
		Florihana
	Other Recommended Distributors
		Oshadi Ltd
		Quinessence Aromatherapy Ltd
		Chemistry Notes
	Diffusers
		Plant Extracts International Inc
	Aromapatches
		Bioesse Technologies
	Aromapackets
		Aeroscena
	Recommended Essential Oil Journals
		Europe
		UK
		Australia
		USA
	Essential Oil Research Database
Index
	A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		J
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		R
		S
		T
		U
		V
		W
		X
		Y
		Z
What Healthcare Professionals are Saying About
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