Clinical Anatomy of the Eye, Second Edition

Tilte Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
CHAPTER 1: Development of the Eye and the Ocular Appendages......Page 8
The Retina......Page 9
The lens......Page 14
The Ciliary Body and Suspensory Ligaments of the Lens......Page 16
The Vitreous Body......Page 19
The Cornea......Page 20
The Eyelids......Page 21
Postnatal Growth......Page 22
Glaucoma......Page 23
Persistent Pupillary Membrane......Page 24
Congenital Fistulas of the lacrimal Sac......Page 25
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 27
CHAPTER 2: An Overview of the Anatomy of the Skull......Page 28
Composition......Page 29
Anterior View......Page 30
Lateral View......Page 33
Inferior View......Page 34
The Cranial Cavity......Page 35
Middle Cranial Fossa......Page 36
Posterior Cranial Fossa......Page 39
Dura Mater of the Brain......Page 42
Dural Nerve Supply......Page 44
Arachnoid Mater of the Brain......Page 45
Pia Mater of the Brain......Page 46
The Venous Blood Sinuses......Page 47
Fractures of the Facial Bones......Page 50
Development of the Skull......Page 51
The Neonatal Skull......Page 52
Radiographic Appearance......Page 54
Computed Tomography......Page 57
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 59
Clinical Problems......Page 62
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 64
CHAPTER 3: The Orbital Cavity......Page 66
Roof......Page 67
Floor......Page 68
Lateral Wall......Page 69
Openings into the Orbital Cavity and the Structures That Pass Through Them......Page 70
The Periorbita or Orbital Periosteum Orbital Fascia......Page 73
Effect of Age on the Orbital Cavity......Page 74
Close Relationship Between Orbit and Eyeball......Page 75
Complications of Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Anesthesia......Page 76
Orbitalis Muscle Muscle of Muller and Exophthalmos......Page 77
Computed Tomography CT......Page 78
Ultrasonography......Page 79
Clinical Problems......Page 81
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 83
CHAPTER 4: The Paranasal Sinuses......Page 85
Maxillary Sinuses......Page 86
lymphatic Drainage......Page 88
Frontal Sinuses......Page 90
Sphenoidal Sinuses......Page 91
Nerve Supply......Page 92
Sinusitis......Page 93
Ethmoidal Fractures......Page 94
Clinical Problems......Page 95
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 96
CHAPTER 5: The Ocular Appendages......Page 97
Alopecia Areata and Hypothyroidism......Page 98
Function and General Arrangement......Page 99
Structure......Page 102
Orbicularis Oculi......Page 103
Orbital Septum and Tarsal Plates......Page 105
Smooth Muscle......Page 106
Conjunctiva......Page 107
Arterial Supply......Page 108
Nerve Supply......Page 109
Lid Glands......Page 112
Fascial Spaces......Page 113
Reconstruction Following Excision of Tumors......Page 114
Bulbar Ocular Conjunctiva......Page 115
Structure......Page 116
Conjunctival lymph Drainage......Page 118
Palpebral Conjunctiva Examination......Page 119
Surgical Grasping of the Conjunctiva......Page 120
Structure......Page 121
Arterial Supply......Page 124
Nerve Supply......Page 125
Punctum Lacrimale......Page 126
Lacrimal Sac......Page 127
Tear Distribution in the Conjunctival Sac......Page 128
Lacrimal Gland......Page 129
Lacrimal Sac......Page 130
Nasolacrimal Duct......Page 131
Clinical Problems......Page 132
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 135
CHAPTER 6: The Eyeball......Page 139
Function......Page 140
Enucleation of the Eyeball......Page 141
General Shape and Dimensions......Page 143
Position......Page 144
Displacement of the Eyeball......Page 145
Sclera......Page 146
Choroid......Page 164
Ciliary Body......Page 167
Iris......Page 172
Pupil Movements......Page 178
Nervous Layer-The Retina......Page 182
Pigmented Layer of the Retina......Page 184
Neural Retina......Page 188
Structure......Page 199
Meningeal Sheath of the Optic Nerveand Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure......Page 200
Aqueous Humor......Page 201
Intraocular Pressure......Page 203
Structure......Page 204
Accommodation......Page 209
Vitreous Body......Page 211
Age Changes......Page 213
Senile Changes in the Vitreous......Page 214
Clinical Problems......Page 215
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 217
CHAPTER 7: The Anatomy of the Eyeball as Seen with the Ophthalmoscope, Slit Lamp, and Gonioscope......Page 221
Red Reflex......Page 222
Optic Disc......Page 223
Color of the Fundus......Page 224
The Slit Lamp......Page 225
Bulbar Conjunctiva......Page 227
Cornea......Page 228
Eyelid Margin and Conjunctiva......Page 229
Gonioscopy......Page 231
Anterior Chamber Angle Examination......Page 233
Clinical Problems......Page 234
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 236
CHAPTER 8: Movements of the Eyeball and the Extraocular Muscles......Page 238
Terms Used in Describing Eye Movements......Page 239
Axes of Rotation of the Eyeball......Page 240
Light Microscopic Structure......Page 241
Electron Microscopic Structure......Page 243
Specific Structure of the Extraocular Muscles......Page 244
Tendon of Insertion......Page 245
Motor Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles......Page 246
Myoneural junctions in Skeletal Muscle......Page 248
Muscle Spindles of Extraocular Muscles......Page 250
Colgi Tendon Organs......Page 251
Muscle Contraction......Page 252
Superior Rectus Muscle......Page 253
Lateral Rectus Muscle......Page 256
Superior Oblique Muscle......Page 258
Further Consideration of the Actions of the Extraocular Muscles......Page 259
Depression......Page 262
Binocular Movements......Page 264
Clinical Testing for the Actions of the Superior and Inferior Rectus and the Superior and Inferior Oblique Muscles......Page 265
Nystagmus......Page 266
Dysfunction of Ocular Movement Following a Blow-out Fracture of the Orbit......Page 267
Bacterial Toxins......Page 268
Myasthenia Gravis......Page 269
Clinical Problems......Page 279
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 281
CHAPTER 9: The Orbital Blood Vessels
......Page 284
Branches......Page 285
Nervous Control of the Arterial Supply to the Eyeball......Page 291
Central Artery Occlusion......Page 292
Superior Ophthalmic Vein......Page 293
Inferior Ophthalmic Vein......Page 294
Papilledema, the Central Vein of the Retina, and Increased Intracranial Pressure......Page 295
Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistulas......Page 296
Clinical Problems......Page 297
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 299
CHAPTER 10: Cranial Nerves-Part 1:The Nerves Directly Associatedwith the Eye and Orbit......Page 301
Organization of the Cranial Nerves......Page 302
Motor Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves......Page 304
Motor Nerves......Page 305
Oculomotor Nerve Cranial Nerve Ill......Page 306
Trochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve IV......Page 309
Abducent Nerve Cranial Nerve VI......Page 314
Oculomotor Nerve......Page 315
Trochlear Nerve......Page 317
Supramotornuclear Lesions......Page 318
Variations in the Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles......Page 319
Branches......Page 320
Maxillary Division of the Trigeminal Nerve......Page 323
Sensory Components of the Trigeminal Nerve......Page 326
Hutchinson's Rule in Herpes Zoster of the Ophthalmic Nerve......Page 328
Regional Anesthesia of Branches of the Ophthalmic Nerv......Page 329
Infraorbital Nerve Block......Page 331
Clinical Problems......Page 332
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 334
CHAPTER 11: Cranial Nerves-Part II: The Nerves Not Directly Associated with the Eye and Orbit......Page 336
Olfactory Tract......Page 337
Central Connections......Page 339
Origin and Course......Page 340
Central Connections......Page 341
Disturbances of Cochlear Nerve Function......Page 343
Spinal Root Part......Page 344
Course and Distribution......Page 346
Facial Nerve Nuclei......Page 348
Course and Distribution......Page 349
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Nuclei......Page 350
Course and Distribution......Page 352
Course......Page 353
Clinical Problems......Page 356
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 357
CHAPTER 12: The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 358
Sympathetic Part of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 359
Efferent Nerve Fibers Sympathetic Outflow......Page 360
Afferent Nerve Fibers......Page 362
Cervical Part of the Sympathetic Trunk......Page 363
Efferent Nerve Fibers Craniosacral Outflow......Page 365
Parasympathetic Ganglia......Page 367
Structure of Autonomic Ganglia......Page 369
Postganglionic Transmitters......Page 370
Higher Control of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 371
Lacrimal Gland......Page 372
Heart......Page 375
lungs......Page 376
Cardiovascular Reflexes......Page 377
Horner's Syndrome......Page 379
Frey's Syndrome......Page 380
Anticholinesterase Agents......Page 381
Clinical Problems......Page 382
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 384
CHAPTER 13: The Visual Pathway......Page 386
Intraocular Portion......Page 387
Orbital Portion......Page 388
Intracanalicular Portion......Page 390
Blood Supply......Page 391
Optic chiasma......Page 393
Blood Supply......Page 394
Optic Tracts......Page 395
Optic Radiations......Page 396
Primary Visual Area Area 17......Page 398
Secondary Visual Area Areas 18 and 19......Page 399
Blood Supply......Page 400
Proximal Optic Nerve......Page 402
lateral Geniculate Body......Page 404
Sensory Speech Area of Wernicke......Page 405
Accommodation Reflex......Page 406
General Observations......Page 407
Cilioretinal Arteries......Page 410
Optic Nerve Tumors......Page 411
Lesions of the Visual Pathway......Page 412
Optic Radiation......Page 413
Visual Cortex......Page 415
Clinical Problems......Page 416
Answers to Clinical Problems......Page 418
Index......Page 420