Climate Variability And Water Resources Degradation in Kenya: Improving Water Resources Development And Management

Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 13
Executive Summary......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 21
2 Kenya’s Economy and Water Resources......Page 27
3 The Physical Impacts of Rainfall Variability: Floods and Droughts......Page 47
4 The Physical Impacts of Water Resources Degradation......Page 63
5 Economic Impacts of Rainfall Variability and Water Resources Degradation......Page 85
6 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 97
A List of People Consulted......Page 107
B Hydrologic Effects of Forest Clearance......Page 111
C Methods and Data for Valuing Economic Losses......Page 115
References......Page 121
Map......Page 128
2.1 Safe Yield from Water Resources by Major Drainage Basins in Kenya......Page 29
2.1 Major Programs for Groundwater Development......Page 33
2.3 Condition of Gauges for Measuring Flow into Lake Nakuru......Page 35
2.5 Principal Economic Sectors......Page 36
2.5 Estimates of Livestock Populations in Kenya......Page 39
2.6 Major Crop Production in 1990 and Projected Production in 2010......Page 40
2.7 Estimated Economic Loss from Livestock Deaths Due to 1999–2000 Drought Stress......Page 41
2.8 Quantity and Value of Fish Landed, 1995–2001......Page 43
3.1 Distribution of Rainfall in Kenya......Page 48
3.2 Drought Incidence in Kenya, 1883–2001......Page 49
3.3 Existing Water Dams/Pans and Boreholes and Deficit in Most-Affected Districts......Page 51
3.4 Major Rehabilitation Projects in Response to El Niño Floods in Most-affected Areas......Page 54
3.5 Flood Damage Costs to the Water Sector......Page 55
3.6 The Physical Impacts of Floods and Droughts......Page 61
4.2 Observed and Modeled Levels of Lake Naivasha Showing a Steady Decline in the Potential Water Level after 1984......Page 66
4.3 Trends in Borehole Drilling in Ewaso Nyiro North Basin, 1930–2003......Page 67
4.1 Social Implications of Water Scarcity......Page 68
4.4 Economic Opportunities Lost Due to Water Overabstraction, 1999–2000......Page 69
4.9 Reduction in Water Hyacinth Density after Release of Bio-agent at Three Sites in Tanzanian Part of Lake Victoria......Page 82
4.6 Summary of Physical Impacts of Water Resources Degradation......Page 83
5.1 Costs Arising from El Niño-induced Floods......Page 88
5.2 Costs Arising from 1998–2000 La Niña Drought......Page 90
5.3 Costs from Water Resource Degradation......Page 93
1 Trend of GDP and Population Growth Rates (1999–2000)......Page 16
2 Decreasing Storage for Domestic Water Supply in Kenya (1969–1999)......Page 17
2.1 Actual Withdrawal and Safe Yield of Water......Page 30
2.2 Estimated Water Demand......Page 31
2.3 Decreasing Storage for Domestic Water Supply in Kenya (1969–1999)......Page 32
2.4 Development Expenditure on Water Supplies and Related Services, 1994/5–2001/2......Page 34
2.7 Sources of Electricity Generation, 1996–2000......Page 38
3.1 Water Abstraction Rate in Upper Ewaso Nyiro North River......Page 52
3.2 Changes in the Price of Maize in Kenyan Regions......Page 57
3.3 Freshwater Natural Fish Production, 1994–2000......Page 59
4.1 Trends in Analytical Services at Central Water Testing Laboratory,Nairobi......Page 65
4.4 Expenditure in Forest Sector, Kenya......Page 70
4.5 Extent of Forest Removal in Lake Nakuru Catchment......Page 127
4.7 Bed Occupancy for Eight Hotels along Malindi Beach......Page 75
4.8 Drawdown of Water Table in a Private Well in Nairobi Area......Page 76
6.1 Percentage Change from Long-term Mean Rainfall Illustrating a Sequence of Floods and Droughts......Page 98
1.1 Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management:Key Issues......Page 24
2.2 Declining Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption......Page 37
2.3 Consequences of Underpricing Water Supply......Page 44
3.1 The Impact of Floods......Page 56
4.2 Effects of Increased Sedimentation of the Sabaki River......Page 74
6.1 International Costs of Water Resource Degradation and Climate Variability......Page 99