Climate Smart Agriculture: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction
	1.1 What is Climate Change?
	1.2 Greenhouse Gases, Greenhouse Effect, and Global Warming
		1.2.1 Greenhouse Effects
		1.2.2 Global Warming
	1.3 Causes of Climate Change
		1.3.1 Changes in Solar Energy and Tilting of Earth Orbit
		1.3.2 Changes in Reflectivity Earth-Atmospheric System
		1.3.3 Changes in the Greenhouse Effect
		1.3.4 Feedback Mechanism as a Cause of Climate Change
	1.4 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
	1.5 Why Climate-Smart Agriculture
	1.6 Definition, Pillars, and Dimensions of CSA
		1.6.1 Definition of CSA
		1.6.2 Dimensions of Climate-Smart Agriculture
	1.7 Brief Nodal Approaches of CSA
		1.7.1 Soil and Water Management
		1.7.2 Crop Management
		1.7.3 Livestock Management
	References
2 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: Evidence and Predictions
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Evidence and Predictions of Climate Change
		2.2.1 Pieces of Evidence
		2.2.2 Predictions
	2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Crop
		2.3.1 Pieces of Evidence
		2.3.2 Predictions
	2.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Livestock, Aquaculture, and Fisheries
		2.4.1 Pieces of Evidence
		2.4.2 Predictions
	2.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Soil and Water Resources
	2.6 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security
	2.7 Messages
	References
3 Dimensions of Climate-Smart Agriculture
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Weather-Smart CSA
	3.3 Water-Smart CSA
	3.4 Crop-Smart CSA
	3.5 Nutrient-Smart CSA
	3.6 Carbon and Energy-Smart CSA
	3.7 Institute and Knowledge-Smart CSA
	References
4 Soil Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
	4.1 Soil Quality, Soil Resilience, and Soil Health
	4.2 Climate Change and Issues of Soil Sustainability
	4.3 Soil Resources and Principles of Soil Management for CSA
		4.3.1 Soil Resources
		4.3.2 Principles of Soil Management for CSA
		4.3.3 Sustainable Soil and Land Management for CSA
		4.3.4 Managing Soil Organic Carbon Stock for CSA
	4.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Options in Soil
	4.5 Limitation, Potential, and Possibilities
	References
5 Water Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
	5.1 Water Scenario and Climate Change
	5.2 Climate Change Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle
	5.3 Water Footprint and Agriculture
		5.3.1 Water Footprint
		5.3.2 Water Conservation and Integrated Watershed Management
	5.4 Integration of the Climate Change Agenda in Watershed Development Programs
	5.5 Water Management Strategies under CSA
	5.6 Limitation, Potential, and Possibilities of Water Management
	References
6 Energy Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
	6.1 Energy Scarcity and Climate Change
	6.2 Alternate Sources of Energy and CSA
	6.3 Biofuel and Bio-Ethanol as Alternative Sources of Sustainable Energy
	6.4 Alternate Energy Sources in CSA
	6.5 Adaptation and Mitigation Options and Energy Conservation
	6.6 Climate Change Mitigation Options for the Energy Sector
	6.7 Potential and Possibilities of Use of the Renewable Source of Energy in CSA
		6.7.1 Renewable Energy Utilization Potential in Agri-Food Cycle: Global Scenario
		6.7.2 Future Need
	References
7 Crop Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Conservation of Crop-Genetic Diversities
		7.2.1 Importance of Maintaining Crop Genetic Diversity on Climate Change Perspective
		7.2.2 Interrelationship between Crop Genetic Diversity and Climate Change
		7.2.3 Method of Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources
	7.3 Management of Crop Production in CSA
	7.4 Approaches to Productive Crop Management Practices Under CSA
		7.4.1 Conservation Agriculture
		7.4.2 Site-Specific Agro-Ecosystem based Approaches with Stress-Tolerant Cultivars
		7.4.3 Integrated Farming System
		7.4.4 Participatory Watershed Management and Soil-Water Conservation
		7.4.5 Integrated Nutrient Management
		7.4.6 Agroforestry
		7.4.7 Climate-Smart Rice Cultivation
	7.5 Messages
	References
8 Livestock and Aquaculture Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
	8.1 Climate Change and Livestock Sector
	8.2 Climate Change Effect on Livestock
	8.3 Climate Change Effect on Milk, Fish, and Animal Production
	8.4 Climate-Smart Technologies for Livestock, Aquaculture, and Fisheries
		8.4.1 Livestock Management Systems and Adaptation Measures
		8.4.2 Livestock Management Systems and Mitigation Measures
	8.5 Climate-Smart Aquaculture Management Systems
	8.6 Possibilities and Limitation of Climate-Smart Livestock Management
	8.7 Possibilities and Limitation of Climate-Smart Aquaculture and Fishery Management Systems
	References
9 Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases Emission and Low Carbon Technologies
	9.1 Principles of Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases Emissions
		9.1.1 Mechanism and Drivers of Methane Production and its Mitigation Principles
		9.1.2 Mechanisms and Drivers of N2O Production and Principles of Mitigation
		9.1.3 Mechanism and Drivers of CO2 Production in Agriculture and Principle of Mitigation
	9.2 Mitigation-Cum-Adaptation Options for Reducing GHGs Emissions from Agriculture
		9.2.1 Supply-Side Mitigation Options
		9.2.2 Demand-Side Mitigation Options
	9.3 Strategies and Management Practices to Mitigate GHGs Emission
		9.3.1 Strategies and Management Practices to Mitigate Methane Emission
		9.3.2 Strategies and Management Practices for the Reduction of N2O Emission
		9.3.3 Strategies and Management Practices for Reducing CO2 Emissions in Agriculture
	9.4 Mitigation Potential of Important Low Carbon Technologies in the Rice-wheat System
	References
10 Barriers to Adaptation of Climate-Smart Agriculture
	10.1 Barriers to the Adaptation of CSA
		10.1.1 Barriers to “Land-Based Adaptation”
		10.1.2 Barriers from “Policy-Institutional Frame-Work”
		10.1.3 Barriers from “Supply-Side” and “Demand-Side” Chains
		10.1.4 Barriers from “Holistic-System-Functioning”
	10.2 Causes of Barriers to the Adaptation of CSA
	10.3 Possible Options to Overcome the Barriers to the Adaptation of CSA
	10.4 Trade-Off Between Food Security and Adaptation of CSA
	10.5 Summary and Messages
	References
11 Mainstreaming of Climate-Smart Agriculture
	11.1 Policies
		11.1.1 Concept of CSA Policies
		11.1.2 Previous Policies of CSA
		11.1.3 Principles and Elements of CSA Policies
		11.1.4 Trade-Off Between “Subsidies” and “Incentives to CSA Practices”
		11.1.5 How to Make CSA Policies Effective and Acceptable
	11.2 Monitoring and Assessment of CSA
	11.3 Financing in CSA
		11.3.1 Challenges and Opportunities for CSA Financing
		11.3.2 Finance Options for CSA
		11.3.3 Carbon-Credit
	11.4 Summary and Messages
	References
12 Messages and Way Forward
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Eight-Point Agenda to Look Forward
		12.2.1 Needs Large Shifts in Land-Use Patterns and Crop Choice
		12.2.2 Mapping of Vulnerable Zones and Climate-Hazard-Risk
		12.2.3 Change in CSA Research Aptitude
		12.2.4 Safe Operating Spaces in the Context of Climate Change
		12.2.5 Needs Transformational Changes
		12.2.6 Needs Integrated Private and Public Sector Financing
		12.2.7 Changing the Policy-Portfolios
		12.2.8 Changes in Socio-Cultural and Political Outlooks
	References