Climate Change and Livestock Production: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Impact of Climate Change on Livestock
	1: Impact of Climate Change on Animal Production and Welfare
		1.1 Climate Variables Affecting Animal Production and Welfare
		1.2 Effects of Climate on Production Parameters
			1.2.1 Yield
			1.2.2 Quality
		1.3 Effects of Climate on Welfare Parameters
			1.3.1 Behavior
			1.3.2 Physiology
				1.3.2.1 Endocrine
				1.3.2.2 Metabolic
				1.3.2.3 Immunity
			1.3.3 Health and Life Expectancy
				Learning Outcomes
		1.4 Conclusions
		1.5 Future Perspectives
		References
	2: Effects of Heat Stress and Climate Change Induced Bushfires on Beef Meat Quality
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Physiologic and Metabolic Consequences of Heat Stress
		2.3 Effect of Heat Stress on Beef Meat Quality
		2.4 Impact of Bushfires on Beef Meat Quality-A Case Study from Australia
			Learning Outcomes
		2.5 Summary and Future Research
		References
Part II: Heat Stress Impact on Adaptive Responses in Livestock
	3: Adaptation of Beef Cattle to Heat Stress Challenges
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Adaptation in Cattle: For a Stressful Environment
		3.3 Mechanisms of Beef Cattle Adaptation to Heat
		3.4 Constraints to Adaptation
		3.5 Beef Breeding Programs to Improve Tolerance to Harsh Environments
		3.6 Molecular Genetics the Way Forward?
		3.7 Advantages of Molecular Approach Over Traditional Approach
			Learning Outcomes
		3.8 Conclusions
		References
	4: Behavioural Responses of Domestic Animals for Adapting to Thermal Stress
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Body Size, Heat Exchanges and Importance of Thermoregulatory Behavior
		4.3 The Role of Behavioural Thermoregulation: Precocial Domestic Neonates
		4.4 Role of Behavioural Thermoregulation: Shade-Seeking Behaviour and Body Orientation Adjustments for Livestock Grazing in Eq...
			4.4.1 Body Orientation
				Learning Outcomes
		4.5 Future Studies: Behavioural Plasticity of Free-Ranging Livestock
		References
	5: Heat Stress Associated Changes in the Immune System Related Responses in Sheep
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Sheep Endocrine Responses to Heat Stress
		5.3 Sheep Immune Responses Functioning
		5.4 Sheep Immune Responses to Heat Stress
			Learning Outcomes
		5.5 Future Perspective
		References
	6: Climate Change and Livestock Production: Significance of Studying Multiple Stressors Impact in Cattle in the Changing Clima...
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Concept of Multiple Stresses
		6.3 Effect of Multiple Stressors on Cattle
		6.4 Physiological Changes
		6.5 Metabolic Changes
		6.6 Molecular Changes During Heat and Nutrition Stress
		6.7 Conclusion
			Learning Outcomes
		6.8 Future Perspective
		References
	7: Comparative Assessment of Thermo-Tolerance of Crossbred and Indigenous Cattle Breeds
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Assessment of Thermo-Tolerance Between Crossbred and Indigenous Cattle
			7.2.1 Physiological Responses
			7.2.2 Hormonal Responses
			7.2.3 Biochemical Responses
			7.2.4 Heat Shock Responses
			7.2.5 Immune Responses
				Learning Outcomes
		7.3 Conclusions
		7.4 Future Perspectives
		References
Part III: Methods to Quantify Heat Stress Response in Livestock
	8: Non-Invasive Methods to Quantify the Heat Stress Response in Dairy Cattle
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Significance of Non-Invasive Methodologies to Quantify the Heat Stress Response
		8.3 Measuring Activity and Lying Behavior to Quantify Heat Stress
		8.4 Respiration Rate as a Significant Physiological Variable
		8.5 Significance of Hair, Urine and Faecal Cortisol Estimation
		8.6 Opportunities to Measure Body Temperatures for Determining Heat Stress in Farm Animals
		8.7 Infrared Thermal Image Applications in Assessing Thermo-Tolerance in Farm Animals
		8.8 Models to Quantify Heat Stress in Farm Animals
			Learning Outcomes
		8.9 Conclusions
		8.10 Future Perspectives
		References
	9: Applications of Infrared Thermal Imaging and Rumen Boluses for Quantifying Heat Stress in Cattle
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Infrared Thermography
		9.3 Rumen Boluses
			Learning Outcomes
		9.4 Conclusions
		9.5 Future Perspectives
		References
	10: Skin Based Novel Approaches for Establishing Climate Resilience in Goats
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Advantage of Goat Over Other Species
		10.3 Significance of Assessing Thermo-Tolerance in Indigenous Goats
		10.4 Inter-Relationship Between Skin and Microenvironment in Goats
		10.5 Skin Based Novel Approaches for Establishing Climate Resilience in Goats
			10.5.1 Coat Color
			10.5.2 Hair Based Methodologies
			10.5.3 Significance of Active Sweat Gland and Sweating Mechanism in Goats
			10.5.4 Applications of Infrared Thermal Imaging for Assessing Skin Based Thermo-Tolerance
			10.5.5 Application of Skin Based Metagenomics
			10.5.6 Skin Transcriptomics Based Adaptive Assessment in Goats
			10.5.7 Application of Skin Epigenetic Changes as a Novel Tool for Assessing Climate Resilience in Goats
				Learning Outcomes
		10.6 Conclusions
		10.7 Future Perspectives
		References
Part IV: Strategies to Ameliorate Heat Stress Impacts
	11: Livestock Shelter Management: Climate Change Perspective
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Shelter Design Considerations
		11.3 Provision of Shade
		11.4 Housing System
		11.5 Roofing
		11.6 Insulation and Flooring
		11.7 Space Requirements
		11.8 Ventilation
		11.9 Thermal Stress Alleviators
		11.10 Thermal Stress Ameliorative Measures Used by the Farmers
		11.11 Tunnel Ventilation (Fan and Pad System)
		11.12 Integrated Farming System Shelter Models
		11.13 Cooling Ponds
		11.14 Manure Management
		11.15 Interventions for Pastoralism Production System
		11.16 Nutritional Amelioration Strategies in Dairy Cattles
			Learning Outcomes
		11.17 Future Perspective
		References
	12: Nutritional Amelioration of Thermal Stress Impacts in Dairy Cows
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Physiological Impact of Heat Stress
		12.3 Nutritional Strategies to Ameliorate Heat Stress
			12.3.1 Macronutrient Manipulation
			12.3.2 Dietary Betaine
			12.3.3 Dietary Chromium
			12.3.4 Antioxidants
			12.3.5 Other Dietary Strategies
				Learning Outcomes
		12.4 Future Perspectives
		References
	13: The Role of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) for Improving Ruminant Production Efficiency and Human Nutrition ...
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Napier Grass Management, Animal Production and Human Nutrition
		13.3 The Opportunity to Address Global Malnutrition
		13.4 Future Perspectives
			Learning Outcomes
		References
	14: Strategies to Ameliorate Heat Stress Impacts in Sheep
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Management and Housing
		14.3 Nutrition
			14.3.1 Water
			14.3.2 Nutritional Supplements
				14.3.2.1 Betaine
				14.3.2.2 Amino Acids
				14.3.2.3 Fibre and Concentrates
				14.3.2.4 Grain Feeding
				14.3.2.5 Electrolytes
				14.3.2.6 Essential Oils
				14.3.2.7 Antioxidants
				14.3.2.8 Minerals
				14.3.2.9 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products (SCFP)
		14.4 Breeding/Selection
		14.5 Precision Feeding
			Learning Outcomes
		14.6 Future Perspectives
		References
	15: Strategies to Ameliorate Heat Stress Effects on Sheep Reproduction
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Impacts of Heat Stress on Reproduction
		15.3 Strategies to Optimise Reproduction
			15.3.1 Heat-Tolerant Genetics
			15.3.2 Time of Mating and Risks
			15.3.3 Shearing and Shade to Protect from Solar Radiation
			15.3.4 Nutritional Interventions
		15.4 Targeted Nutrition to Increase Fertility and Fecundity
		15.5 Targeted Management and Nutrition to Improve Lamb Survival
			Learning Outcomes
		15.6 Future Perspectives
		References
	16: Applications of Genetic Selection in Breeding for Thermo-Tolerance in Livestock
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Identification of Thermo-Tolerant Phenotypes
		16.3 Breeding for Thermo-Tolerance in Livestock
		16.4 Genomic Selection for Thermo-Tolerance
			Learning Outcomes
		16.5 Conclusion
		16.6 Future Perspectives
		References
Part V: Enteric Methane Emission and Amelioration
	17: Enteric Methane Mitigation in Livestock: An Indian Perspective
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 GHG Emissions from Livestock
		17.3 Enteric Methane: A Necessity for Ruminants
		17.4 Enteric Methane Emission: Indian Scenario
		17.5 Enteric Methane Amelioration: Challenges and Opportunities
		17.6 GHG Emissions from Manure Management
		17.7 Measures for Reducing GHG Emissions from Manure Management
		17.8 Conclusions
			Learning Outcomes
		17.9 Future Perspectives
		References
	18: Heat Stress on the Rumen Fermentation and Its Consequence
		18.1 Rumen Microbial Community Overview
		18.2 Heat Stress and Rumen Acidosis
		18.3 Enteric Methane Emission and Mitigation
		18.4 Future Perspectives
			Learning Outcomes
		References
	19: Comparative Assessment of Rumen Microbial Diversity in Cattle and Buffaloes
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Rumen Microbial System
			19.2.1 Bacteria
			19.2.2 Archaea
			19.2.3 Protozoa
			19.2.4 Fungi
			19.2.5 Virome
		19.3 Comparative Microbial Diversity
			Learning Outcomes
		19.4 Conclusions
		19.5 Future Directions
		References
	20: Metagenomics Application in Understanding Rumen Functions
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Rumen
		20.3 Rumen Microbiome
		20.4 Why Metagenome?
		20.5 Understanding Complex Rumen System
		20.6 Rumen Metagenomics
		20.7 Methods for Understanding Rumen Microbiome
		20.8 Culture Based Methods to Study Rumen Microbes
		20.9 Culture Independent Approaches for Studying the Rumen Microbes
		20.10 Phylogenetic Marker Genes in Microbes
		20.11 The 16S rRNA Gene
		20.12 Molecular Characterization Assays Based on 16s rRNA Gene for Community Analysis
		20.13 Sequencing Technologies
			20.13.1 First Generation Sequencing Approach
			20.13.2 Second Generation Sequencing Platforms
			20.13.3 Third Generation Sequencing Platforms
		20.14 The Hungate1000 Collection
		20.15 Metagenomics in Ruminant Research
		20.16 Whole Metagenome Analysis of Rumen
			Learning Outcomes
		20.17 Conclusions
		20.18 New Frontiers
		References
Part VI: Adaptation Strategies and Future Perspectives
	21: Genetic Adaptation of Livestock to Heat Stress Challenges
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Methods for Identifying Specific Genes or Alleles for Adaptation
		21.3 Genes Linked to Heat Stress
			Learning Outcomes
		21.4 Future Perspectives
		Appendix
		References
	22: Goat as the Ideal Future Climate Resilient Animal Model
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Goat as the Future Animal from Food Security Perspectives
		22.3 Advantages of Goat Farming in Tropical Countries
		22.4 Climate Resilient Goat Production
		22.5 Concepts Associated with Climate Resilient Goat Production
		22.6 Biomarkers for Heat Stress in Goat
			22.6.1 Phenotypic Markers
			22.6.2 Genotypic Markers
		22.7 Adaptation Strategies to Sustain Goat Production Under Changing Climate
		22.8 Conclusions
			Learning Outcomes
		22.9 Future Perspectives
		References
	23: Future Vision for Climate Change Associated Livestock Production
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Thermal Indices with More Applicability
		23.3 Predictive Livestock Early Warning Systems (PLEWS)
		23.4 Applications of Advanced Molecular Tools for Inducing Thermo-Tolerance
		23.5 More Focus on Goat as Future Food Animals
		23.6 Interrelationship Between Soil, Climate and Livestock
		23.7 Climate Smart Livestock with A Farmer Centric Approach
		23.8 Improved Balanced Animal Nutrition
		23.9 Genetic Selection and Breeding Management
		23.10 Low Carbon Livestock
		23.11 Artificial Meat
		23.12 Vaccine Technology
		23.13 Innovations in Methane Reduction: Methane-Oxidizing Nose Ring
		23.14 Technologies to Assess Animal Welfare: Precision Livestock Farming
		23.15 Nanotechnology in Animal Production
		23.16 Climate-Smart Animal Agriculture
		23.17 Exploiting the Genetic Potential of Local/Indigenous Breeds
		23.18 Exploiting the Unconventional Feed Resources
		23.19 Identification of Agro-ecological Zone Specific Breeds
		23.20 Water Resources Management
		23.21 Bridging the Knowledge Gap Between Climate Change and Livestock Diseases
			Learning Outcomes
		23.22 Concluding Remarks
		References
Index