Climate Change and Ecosystems: Challenges to Sustainable Development

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
1. Microbial Flora of Marble Waste-Polluted Environment in the Phylogenetic Perspectives
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Isolation and Characterization of Microbes
		1.1.2 Marble Waste-Polluted System
		1.1.3 Introduction to Study Area
		1.1.4 Justification
	1.2 Materials and Methods
		1.2.1 Collection of Samples
		1.2.2 Isolation, Morphological and Microscopic Identification of Fungal Flora
			1.2.2.1 Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses
		1.2.3 Isolation, Morphological and Microscopic Identification of Bacterial Flora
	1.3 Results
		1.3.1 Characterization and Phylogenetic Studies of Fungal Flora
			1.3.1.1 Phylogenetic Analysis of the Selected Microfungi
		1.3.2 Characterization of Bacterial Strains
			1.3.2.1 Gram Staining Microscopic Characterization
			1.3.2.2 Biochemical Characteristics
	1.4 Discussion
	1.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
2. Interaction of Environment and Entomology
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Interactions between Environment and Species
	2.2 Insects as Important Component of Environment
		2.2.1 Ecological Importance
	2.3 Aquatic Insects, Distribution and Salinity Tolerance
		2.3.1 Arctic Insects and Their Environment
		2.3.2 Responses of Insects to Low Temperature
	2.4 Insects’ Role in Ecosystem
		2.4.1 Shelter-Building Insects
		2.4.2 Gall Farmers
		2.4.3 Leaf Miners
		2.4.4 Leaf Tents
		2.4.5 Leaf Rollers and Leaf Tiers
	2.5 Effects of Insects on Ecosystem Functioning
		2.5.1 Insects’ Role in Carbon Cycle
		2.5.2 Insects’ Role in Nitrogen Cycle
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3. Climate Change, Insects and Global Food Production
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Climate Change in Current Scenario
	3.3 Role of Insects in Agriculture
	3.4 Climate Change and Global Food Production
	3.5 Effects of Climate Change on Insects Biodiversity
	3.6 Effects of Climate Change on Distribution of Insects
	3.7 Effects of Climate Change on Population and the Number of Generations of Insects
	3.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
4. Extreme High Temperature and Plant Life
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Effects of High Temperature on Plants
			4.1.1.1 Germination
			4.1.1.2 Growth
			4.1.1.3 Photosynthesis and Gaseous Exchange
			4.1.1.4 Reproductive Development
			4.1.1.5 Yield
			4.1.1.6 Oxidative Stress
	4.2 Plants Adaptation to High-Temperature Stress
		4.2.1 Avoidance Mechanisms
		4.2.2 Tolerance Mechanisms
	4.3 Summary and Conclusion
	References
5. Molecular and Physiological Mechanism of Native Plants to Combat Drought Stress under Changing Climatic Conditions
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Drought
	5.3 Drought Resistance Mechanisms
	5.4 Water Shortage and Possible Solutions for Green Sector
	5.5 Native Plants and Landscaping
	5.6 Public Interest for Native Plants in Landscaping
	5.7 Promotion of Native Plants Market
	5.8 Recommendation for Future Research
	References
6. Climate Change-Oriented Elevation of Carbon Dioxide: Implications on Plant Physiology and Global Food Security
	6.1 An Introduction to Climate Change and Elevated Carbon Dioxide: Past, Present and Future
	6.2 Why Carbon Dioxide Got More Consideration?
	6.3 Impacts of Climate Change
		6.3.1 Climate Change Is Responsible in Driving Global Hunger
		6.3.2 Climate, Weather and Crops
		6.3.3 Climate Change’s Pervasive Influence
	6.4 Adapting New Changes to Combat Climate Change
	6.5 Ecosystem Controls on Carbon Sequestering
		6.5.1 Plant Community Interactions under Elevated CO[sub(2)]
		6.5.2 Differences among Plant Functional Types in Response to Elevated CO[sub(2)]
	6.6 Overall Effects of Elevated CO[sub(2)] on Agricultural Crops and Plants
		6.6.1 Short- and Long-Term Exposure
		6.6.2 Impact of Elevated CO[sub(2)] on Gaseous Exchange Mechanism
		6.6.3 Impact of Elevated CO[sub(2)] on Different Agricultural Crops to Cope Different Stresses by Altering Metabolic Pathway
		6.6.4 Impact of Elevated CO[sub(2)] on Other Trees and Fruits
	6.7 Conclusion
	6.8 Future Prospective
	References
7. Effect of Environmental Pollution on Plant Growth
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Deleterious Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
		7.2.1 Leaf Morphology of Plants and Air Pollution
		7.2.2 Pigments Content and Air Pollution
		7.2.3 Leaf Structure and Air Pollution
		7.2.4 Flowering and Air Pollution
		7.2.5 Root Damage and Air Pollution
		7.2.6 Stomata Damage and Air Pollution
		7.2.7 Plant Sugar and Air Pollution
		7.2.8 Proline and Air Pollution
	7.3 Conclusion
	References
8. Phyto-Ecological Studies of Genus Phoenix (Linn.) (Date Palms) from Various Zones
of Pakistan
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Historical Background
		8.1.2 Taxonomic Detail of Genus Phoenix
			8.1.2.1 Genus Phoenix
			8.1.2.2 Leaves
			8.1.2.3 Inflorescence
			8.1.2.4 Fruit
		8.1.3 Study Area Pakistan
			8.1.3.1 Geography and Climate
			8.1.3.2 Geology of Pakistan
		8.1.4 Date Palm and Monsoon
		8.1.5 Temperature Requirements of Date Palm
		8.1.6 Dates City, Khairpur
		8.1.7 Pollination in Date Palm
	8.2 Conclusion
	References
9. Soil Biodiversity in Changing Climate
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Climate Change Effects on Soil Properties
		9.2.1 Physical Properties
			9.2.1.1 Soil Temperature
			9.2.1.2 Soil Water
			9.2.1.3 Soil Structure
			9.2.1.4 Bulk Density
		9.2.2 Chemical Properties
			9.2.2.1 Soil pH
			9.2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity
			9.2.2.3 Cation-Exchange Capacity
		9.2.3 Biological Properties
			9.3.3.1 Soil Organic Matter
			9.2.3.2 Soil Carbon
			9.2.3.3 Soil Microbial Biomass
			9.2.3.4 Enzyme Activities
	9.3 Climate Change Effects on Soil Biodiversity
		9.3.1 Effect of Changes in Soil Temperature on Soil Biodiversity
		9.3.2 Effect of Changes in CO[sub(2)] on Soil Biodiversity
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10. Biochar Magic against Abiotic Stresses
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 What Is “Biochar”?
		10.1.2 Biochar Systems Technology: New Contribution to Safe Environment
	10.2 Biochar for Sustainable Crop Growth, Soil Management and Yield Development in Agriculture
		10.2.1 Introduction
		10.2.2 Biochar Soil Amendment Significance to Farmers and Ranchers
		10.2.3 Biochar as an Economic Potential Tool in Agriculture
	10.3 Various Abiotic Stresses Threaten Crop Production
		10.3.1 Salinity Stress “Impacts on Plant Growth and Development”
		10.3.2 Water Stress
			10.3.2.1 Drought Stress
			10.3.2.2 Flooding Stress
		10.3.3 Temperature Stress
			10.3.3.1 Heat Stress
			10.3.3.2 Cold Stress
		10.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress
		10.3.5 Mineral Nutrition Imbalance and Constraints to Plant Growth
	References
11. Biomolecular Intervention in Understanding Plant’s Adaptation to Climate Change
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 GMOs and Climate Change
	11.3 Heat Tolerance and Transgenics
		11.3.1 Molecular Chaperone
		11.3.2 Osmolytes Regulation
		11.3.3 Antioxidation and Detoxification Pathways
		11.3.4 Membrane and Other Metabolic Processes
		11.3.5 Transcriptional Factors (TFs)
		11.3.6 Signaling Components
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12. Halophytes Diversity as an Indicator to Saline Environment in Pakistan
	12.1 Halophytes
	12.2 Diversity of Halophytes at Global Perspectives
	12.3 Diversity of Halophytes in Pakistan
	12.4 Diversity of Halophytes in Punjab
	12.5 Systematic Exploration of Halophytes
	12.6 Halophytes as an Indicator of Saline Environment
	12.7 Saline Soil
	References
13. Bacterial Contamination in Food Chain: Sources, Impact and Control
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Food Contamination: A Major Future Challenge
	13.2 Biofilm Formation in Food Processes
		13.2.1 Bacterial Cell Surface
		13.2.2 Flagella
		13.2.3 Surface Appendages
		13.2.4 Outer Layer Polysaccharides
	13.3 Bacteria Involved in Food Contamination
		13.3.1 Salmonella
		13.3.2 Staphylococcus aureus
		13.3.3 Bacillus cereus
		13.3.4 Clostridium botulinum
		13.3.5 Clostridium perfringens
		13.3.6 Escherichia coli
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14. Molecular and Ecological Mechanisms of Grasshopper Food Selection and Habitat Adaptation
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Grasshopper Food Preference and Selection
	14.3 Effects of Plant Community on the Performance of Grasshopper
	14.4 Effects of Plant Communities on Grasshopper Community Structure
	14.5 Habitat Selection and Habitat Adaptation of Grassland Grasshoppers
	14.6 Molecular and Ecological Basis of Habitat Adaptation
	14.7 Conclusions
	References
15. Climate Change: A Global Perspective
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Climate Change and Health Problems
	15.3 Climate Change and Water Security
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16. Pollinators Ecology and Management
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Plant Dependence on Animal Pollinators for Seed Production
		16.2.1 Biology of Reproduction, Breeding Systems and Evolutionary Trends in Plants
		16.2.2 Theory in Angiosperms, Reproductive Structure of Their Populations and Pollinators’ Behavior
	16.3 Ecological Reliance of Pollinators on Plant Food Resources
	16.4 Impact of Landscape Fragmentation on Pollinators
	16.5 Changes in Abundance and Diversity of Pollinators
	16.6 Changes in Pollinator Behavior
	16.7 Pollinator Sensitivity to Fragmentation
	References
Index