Climate Change and Cooling Cities (Urban Sustainability)

Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Climate Change, Cities, and the Importance of Cooling Strategies, Practices, and Policies
	1 Prologue: Climate Change and Cooling Cities
	2 The Aim and Objectives of the Book
	3 Structure of the Book
	4 A Summary
	References
Part I Concepts, Theories, and Trends
2 Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies Applied in the Private Realm
		2.1 Building-Integrated Green Infrastructure or Courtyard Greenery
		2.2 Cool Materials for Buildings or Hard Surfaces
		2.3 Building-Integrated Evaporative Cooling Towers
		2.4 Building-Integrated Shading
	3 Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies Applied in the Public Realm
		3.1 Green Infrastructure Applied in the Public Realm
		3.2 Cool Pavements
		3.3 Water Bodies and Misting Systems
		3.4 Outdoor Shading
	4 Combination of Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies
	5 Conclusions
	References
3 Biophilic Design: Pinpointing Nature-Based Techniques in Urban Areas to Combat Global Warming
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Warming: Concepts and Elements
	3 Biophilic Design Performance to Mitigate UHI
		3.1 Concepts and Strategies
	4 Case Study Examples
	5 Numerical Simulations to Measure UHI
		5.1 Study Area: Shahrdari (Municipality) Square
		5.2 Outline of the Simulation Analysis
	6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
4 Warming Cities in Pakistan: Evaluating Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Urban Thermal Field Variance Index Under Rapid Urbanization
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Acquisition and Preparation
	3 LST Retrieval Through Earth Observations
	4 UTFVI Estimation and Its Spatial–temporal Heterogeneities
	5 Changes in LST, UTFVI, and Built-Up Areas
	6 Discussions and Implications
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
5 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Implications and a Holistic Management Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Urbanization Induced Factors of UHI
		3.1 Urban Drivers
		3.2 Environmental Factors
	4 Climate Change Induced Factors
		4.1 Geographical Features Based Factors of UHI
		4.2 Urban Climate
		4.3 Meteorological Parameters
	5 UHI Conceptualization
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Part II Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
6 Contribution of Bodies of Water to the Mitigation of UHI Effect in Urban Canyon: A Parametric Study Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Assessment Method
		2.1 Field Measurement at COSMO
		2.2 Parametric Study with Coupled Numerical Modelling
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Spatial Cooling Benefits of Bodies of Water
		3.2 Influence of Pond Size and Orientation on the Thermal Environment
		3.3 Enhancing the Mitigating Capacity of Water Bodies
		3.4 A Numerical Modelling for Parametric Studies
	4 Conclusions
	References
7 The Challenge of Cooling Rapidly Growing Cities: The Case of Densification and Peri-Urbanisation in Ho Chi Minh City and Adaptation Responses
	1 Introduction
	2 The Growth Challenges of Ho Chi Minh City
	3 UHI Risk Accumulation in HCMC
	4 Planning Implications
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
8 Traditional Dwellings in Four Middle Eastern Cities: Adaptation Strategies to Harsh Climate in Privacy
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Knowledge
	3 Climate-Resilient Strategies and Implications at the City Scale
		3.1 Kashan
		3.2 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Kashan, Iran
		3.3 Mukalla
		3.4 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Mukalla, Yemen
		3.5 Riyadh
		3.6 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
		3.7 Baghdad
		3.8 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Baghdad, Iraq
	4 Discussion and Implications
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
9 Urban Thermal Environment Under Urban Expansion and Climate Change: A Regional Perspective from Southeast Asian Big Cities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Rapid Urbanisation
		1.2 Climate Change in SEA and Its Impacts on Urban Areas
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Manifestations of Climate Change Through Extreme Temperatures
		3.2 Urban Expansion and Alternations of Surface Characteristics
		3.3 Escalation in Urban Surface Temperatures
		3.4 Integrated Impacts on Urban Surface Temperatures
		3.5 Implications for a Long-Run Vision Toward Cooler Cities
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
10 Climate-Responsive Designs to Enhance Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Urban Residential Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Experimental Design
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Analyses
		3.2 Research for Design
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Outdoor Thermal Environment and Space Use
		4.2 Bioclimatic Design
	5 Conclusions
	References
11 Dynamic Annual Solstice Patterns and Urban Morphology: Bioclimatic Lessons for In-situ Adaptation Measures within the Warming City of Ankara, Türkiye
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison of Overall Human Thermophysiological Thresholds
		3.2 Frequency of HS in Ankara’s Urban Morphological Characteristics
		3.3 Seasonal Division of Human Thermophysiological Stress Frequency
		3.4 District Vulnerability Mapping with Morphological Characteristics
		3.5 Opportunities for In-Situ Bioclimatic Interventions Based upon MRF Typologies
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
12 Comparison of Thermal Indices in Urban Environments with SkyHelios Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Knowledge
		2.1 Thermal Indices
		2.2 Modelling of Urban Environments
		2.3 Microscale Modelling in SkyHelios
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Rieselfeld in Freiburg
		3.2 Calculation of Thermal Indices
		3.3 Normalisation of Thermal Indices
	4 Results: Pattern and Differences of Normalised Thermal Indices
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Part III Policies
13 Urbanisation and Urban Heat Island in a Mekong Delta City: From Monitoring to Dominant Factors
	1 Introduction
	2 Rapid Urbanisation in a Just-Established City of a National Municipality
		2.1 Evidence of Urban Expansion Through Earth Observation Data
		2.2 A Conventional Framework for Urbanisation Assessment
	3 Deterioration of Urban Thermal Environment
		3.1 Spatial Distribution of Land Surface Temperatures
		3.2 Formation of Surface Urban Heat Island Over the Past Decade
		3.3 Significant Hotspots in Surface Urban Heat Island Formation Along with Urban Development
	4 Key Controlling Factors of UHI
	5 Heat Mitigation Strategies
	6 Conclusions
	References
14 A Study on Thermal Comfort Assessment Frameworks and Models in Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Knowledge-Based Thermal Comfort Models
		2.1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
		2.2 The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET)
		2.3 Black Box Theory
		2.4 Adaptive Thermal Comfort Standards
	3 Data-Driven Thermal Comfort Models
		3.1 Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) Algorithm
		3.2 K-Nearest Neighbor
		3.3 Decision Tree
		3.4 Support Vector Machine
		3.5 Random Forest
	4 Comparison of the Knowledge-Based and Data-Driven Models
	5 Conclusions
	References
15 Who Benefits More from Urban Cooling Strategies? Exploring Climate Justice in Vulnerable Groups’ Access to Blue-Green Infrastructure in Mashhad City, Iran
	1 Introduction
	2 Cooling Cities with Blue-Green Infrastructure
	3 Climate Justice
	4 Material and Method
		4.1 Data Collection
		4.2 Model Implementation
		4.3 Interpretation of Findings
		4.4 Case Study: Mashhad Metropolis, Iran
	5 Findings and Discussion
		5.1 Low-Income Groups’ Access to Blue-Green Infrastructure
		5.2 Sensitive Age Groups’ Access to Blue-Green Infrastructure
		5.3 Immigrants’ Access to Blue-Green Infrastructure
		5.4 Disabled People Access to Blue-Green Infrastructure
	6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
16 Urban Biometeorology of Tropical Climate: Af, Am, Aw, a Propensity of 34 Provincial Cities in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Knowledge
		2.1 Climate in Indonesia
		2.2 Urban Biometeorology
		2.3 RayMan Pro
	3 Climate-Resilient Strategies and Implications at the City Scale
		3.1 Tropical Rainforest Climate (Af)
		3.2 Tropical Moonson Climate (Am)
		3.3 Tropical Savana Climate (Aw)
	4 Discussion and Implications
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
17 Conclusions and the Way Forward
	1 The Urgency of Urban Heat Adaptation and Mitigation and the Contribution of This Volume
	2 The Way Forward
	References