CliffsAP chemistry

CliffsAP™ Chemistry, 3rd Edition......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Study Guide Checklist......Page 11
Section II: Free-Response (Essay) Questions......Page 13
Topics Covered by the AP Chemistry Exam*......Page 14
PART I: INTRODUCTION......Page 19
Questions Commonly Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam......Page 21
The "Plus-Minus" System......Page 24
Section II: The Free-Response (Essay) Section......Page 25
Four Techniques for Answering Free-Response Questions......Page 26
The Chart Format......Page 27
The Bullet Format......Page 28
The Outline Format......Page 30
The Free Style......Page 32
Logs and Antilogs......Page 34
Accuracy......Page 35
Rounding Off Numbers......Page 36
Mathematics Self-Test......Page 37
Answers to Mathematics Self-Test......Page 38
PART II: SPECIFIC TOPICS......Page 39
Key Concepts......Page 41
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 44
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 54
Key Concepts......Page 59
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 63
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 71
Key Concepts......Page 75
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 78
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 83
Key Terms......Page 87
Key Concepts......Page 88
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 90
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 95
Key Concepts......Page 99
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 102
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 107
Key Concepts......Page 111
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 116
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 120
Key Terms......Page 123
Key Concepts......Page 124
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 125
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 130
Key Terms......Page 133
Key Concepts......Page 134
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 137
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 142
Key Concepts......Page 145
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 147
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 153
Key Terms......Page 157
Key Concepts......Page 158
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 159
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 169
Key Concepts......Page 175
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 177
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 183
Key Concepts......Page 187
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 189
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 196
Key Concepts......Page 199
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 201
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 209
Organic Chemistry......Page 213
Key Concepts......Page 214
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 217
Key Concepts......Page 223
Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 225
Samples: Free-Response Questions......Page 229
Writing and Predicting Chemical Reactions......Page 233
PART III: AP CHEMISTRY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS......Page 247
Laboratory Experiments......Page 249
The Laboratory Notebook......Page 251
Experiment 1: Determination of the Empirical Formula of a Compound......Page 253
Experiment 2: Determination of the Percentage of Water in a Hydrate......Page 256
Experiment 3: Determination of Molar Mass by Vapor Density......Page 259
Experiment 4: Determination of Molecular Mass by Freezing- Point Depression......Page 261
Experiment 5: Determination of the Molar Volume of a Gas......Page 264
Experiment 7: Determination of Concentration by Acid-Base Titration......Page 266
Experiment 8: Determination of Concentration by Oxidation-Reduction Titration and an Actual Student Lab Write- Up*......Page 271
A Sample Lab Report*......Page 274
Post-Lab:......Page 277
Experiment 9: Determination of Mass and Mole Relationship in a Chemical Reaction......Page 279
Experiment 10 A: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Ka, for a Chemical Reaction......Page 282
Experiment 10 B: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Ksp, for a Chemical Reaction......Page 285
Experiment 10 C: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Kc, for a Chemical Reaction......Page 288
Experiment 19: Preparation and Properties of Buffer Solutions......Page 290
Experiment 12: Determination of the Rate of a Reaction and Its Order and an Actual Student Lab Write- Up*......Page 296
A Sample Lab Report*......Page 300
Experiment 13: Determination of Enthalpy Changes Associated with a Reaction and HessÌs Law......Page 306
Experiment 14: Separation and Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions......Page 310
Experiment 17: Colorimetric or Spectrophotometric Analysis......Page 314
Experiment 16: Analytical Gravimetric Determination......Page 320
Experiment 18: Separation by Chromatography......Page 322
Experiment 21: Measurements Using Electrochemical Cells and Electroplating......Page 325
Experiment 22: Synthesis, Purification and Analysis of an Organic Compound......Page 332
PART IV: AP CHEMISTRY PRACTICE TEST......Page 337
Answer Sheet for the Practice Test......Page 339
Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions)......Page 341
Section II (Free-Response Questions)......Page 366
Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions)......Page 371
Predicting Your AP Score......Page 372
Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions)......Page 373
Scoring Guidelines......Page 387
The Final Touches......Page 399
PART V: APPENDIXES......Page 401
Appendix A: Commonly Used Abbreviations, Signs, and Symbols......Page 403
Appendix B: Acid-Base Indicators......Page 409
Appendix C: Flame Tests for Elements......Page 411
Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions......Page 413