Clean Water And Sanitation

Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Adaptive Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Management: Resilient Governance Systems
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Interaction of Water with Sanitation and Health: Management Implications
		Adaptive Management and WASH Sector: Underlying Issues and Concerns
			Developing a Robust Learning Sector for Enhanced Management of the WASH Sector
		International Decade for Action on Water for Sustainable Development: Underlying Issues and Implications for the WASH Sector
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Adequate and Equitable Sanitation in Sri Lanka: Achievements, Issues, and Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Sri Lanka´s Performance in Achieving Adequate and Equitable Sanitation
		The Issues and Challenges
			Challenges in Safely Disposing in situ or Sagely Managing Sanitation
			Challenges in Expanding International Cooperation and Capacity-Building
			Challenges in Supporting and Strengthening CBOs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Advanced Oxidation Processes
	Advanced Technologies in Water Treatment
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction: Water Treatment
			Conventional Water Treatment and Sustainability
			Current Challenges
		Advanced Oxidation Processes
			O3-Based AOPs
				Ozonation at the Elevated pH
				Peroxone Process
				Catalytic Ozonation
				Ozonation with UV Irradiation
			Fenton-Based AOPs
				Fenton and Fenton-like Processes
				Photo-Fenton and Photo-Fenton-like Processes
		Photocatalytic AOPs
		Adsorbents to Remove Pollutants
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	African Cities
	Agricultural Output
	Agricultural Produce
	Agricultural Production
	Approaches to Water Monitoring
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Approaches to Monitoring
			Physical and Chemical Approaches
			Biological Approaches
			Citizen Science
			Earth Observations
		Monitoring in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goal for Water, SDG 6
		Challenges for Monitoring at the Global Scale
		Cross-References
		References
	Aquatic
	Aquatic Ecosystems
	Aquifer
	Awareness Creation
B
	Blue Water Pond
	Build Capacities
C
	Capacity Building in Water Resource Management in Developing Countries
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Current Status of Water Management Practices in Developing Countries
		Water Resource Management in India
		Challenges in Water Resource Management
		Organizational Challenges
		Operational Challenges
		Necessity of Training and Monitoring
		Need of Capacity Building in Water Resource Management
		Initiatives for Capacity Building in Developing Countries
		Guiding Principles for Achieving Sustainable Capacity Building in Developing Countries
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Capacity-Development
	Catchment
	Ceramic Water Filter as a Household Water Treatment System
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Ceramic Water Filters Fabrication Process
			Raw Materials
				Clay
				Burn-Out Material
				Water
			Mixture Preparation
			Molding
			Drying and Firing
		Ceramic Water Filters Treatment Mechanisms and Performances
			Treatment Mechanisms
			Performances
				Raw Material Selection
				Firing Process
				Silver Impregnation
				Source Water Quality
		Challenges and Opportunities
			Technical Aspects
				Removal of Various Contaminants Classes
				Solving the Equation Flow Rate Versus Microbial Efficiency
			Environmental Aspects
			Social Aspects
		Practical Examples
		Case Study 1: CWF Implementation in Cambodia
		Case Study 2: CWF Implementation in Myanmar
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Citizen Participation
	Citizen Science and Water Quality Monitoring: Evidence from Dublin and Beyond
		Definitions
		Introduction: What Is Sustainable Development Goal 6?
		Delivering on the Targets
		Citizen Science: The Role of the Citizen
		Evidence and Practice
		The Proven Benefit of Engaging the Citizen and Challenges
		Case Studies
			Earthwatch: FreshWater Watch
			Dublin
			Canada
			China
			Brazil
		Conclusions and Recommendations
		Cross-References
		References
	Climate Change
	Collaborative Governance
	Co-management
	Community Development
	Community Led Sanitation
	Community-Based Natural Resource Management
	Community-Based Water Resources
	Compensation Flows
	Conditioning Flow Conservation Flows
	Constitutionality
	Constitutionality and the Co-management of Water Resources in Cameroon
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Environmental Politics and the Evolution of Constitutionality in Co-management of Natural Resources
		Constructing Paradigms of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
			International Organizations, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the Standard for CBNRM
			The Growth of Community-Based Water Resource Management Models in Cameroon
			The Issue of Constitutionality of Community-Based Water Systems
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Contribution of Citizens to Preserving Local Freshwater Ecosystems
		Definition
		Introduction
		How and Which Citizens Contribute to the Preservation of Freshwater Ecosystems?
		Case Studies from Europe and Africa
			Portugal
			Finland
			Southern Africa
		Challenges and Future Directions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Crop Yield
	CWF
D
	Dam-Related Displacement and Sustainable Development Goal 6
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Development and Dams: Relevance to SDG 6 and SDGs
		Land Scarcity and Dam-Related Displacement
		Dam-Related Displacement as an International Human Rights Issue
		Dams and Displacement: ``A Pathology of Development´´
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Deficiency
	Democracy
	Dendrochemistry as Chronological Data Monitoring to Address Mercury Water Contamination
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Application of Dendrochemistry to Mercury Contamination Chronologic Trends in an Estuarine Tropical Ecosystem
			Understanding Past Patterns, Evaluating Present Levels, and Predicting Future Evolution
			Mercury in Tree and Sediment Cores
		Future perspectives
		Cross-References
		References
	Dependable Source of Water Supply
	Desalination
	Developing Countries
	Difference Principle
	Disaster Risk Reduction
	Displacement
	Drinking Water
	Drinking Water Sources
	Drought
E
	Earth´s Water Distribution
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Water Distribution
			Water Sources
			Oceans, Seas, and Bays
			Ice Caps, Glaciers, and Permanent Snow
			Groundwater
				Fresh Groundwater
				Saline Ground Water
			Soil Moister
			Ground Ice and Permafrost
			Lakes
				Freshwater Lakes
				Saline Lakes
			Atmosphere
			Swamps
			Rivers
			Biological Water
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecological Flows
	Economics
	Ecosystem Services Approach and Natures Contributions to People (NCP) Help Achieve SDG6
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainable Development Goals 6 ``Clean Water and Sanitation´´
		Ecosystem Services Approach and NCP
		Ecosystem Services Underpinning the SDG 6 Targets
		Ecosystem Degradation Challenges Achievement of SDG 6 Goals
		What Can Evidence on the Status and Trends in ES/NCP Tell Us About Progress Towards Achieving the SDG 6 Targets?
			What Can Evidence on NCP 6 ``Regulation of Freshwater Quantity, Location, and Timing´´ Tell Us About Progress Towards Achievin...
			What Can Evidence on NCP 7 ``Regulation of Freshwater and Coastal Water Quality´´ Tell Us About Progress Towards Achieving the...
		How Can Insights from Ecosystem Services and the Ecosystem Services Approach Be Capitalized on to Help Achieve SDG 6 Goals - O...
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecosystems
	Education
	Effect of Water and Soil Quality on Crop Productivity
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Irrigation Water Quality
		Salinity Hazard
		Permeability and Infiltration Hazard
		Specific Ion Toxicity
		Trace Element Toxicity
		Miscellaneous Effects
		Crop Yield
		Soil Water Plant Relationship
			The Case Study of Water Contamination in the Byramangala Tank Command Area
		Closure
		Cross-References
		References
	Eminent Domain
	Empowerment
	Enhanced Capacity
	Environmental and Ecological Flows for Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Ecological Flows for the Sustainability of the Water Resource
		Methodologies for the Determination of Environmental and Ecological Flows
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Environmental Degradation´s Effect on the Gains Made in SDG6
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Impacts of Environmental Degradation Arising on SDG 6 Targets
			Industrial Waste Water Discharge
			Inadequate Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
			Mining Activities
			Deforestation
			Climate Change
			Improper Waste Water Treatment
			Emerging Pollutants
		Status of Discussed Forms of Environmental Degradation
			Status of Industrial Wastewater Discharge
		Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management
			Status of Control of Water Pollution from Mining Activities
			Status of Deforestation
			Climate Change Status
			Status of Wastewater Treatment
			Status of Management of Pollution by Emerging Pollutants
		Conclusion and Recommendations on Way Forward
		References
	Environmental Deterioration Consequences on Progress of SDG6
	Environmental Flows
	Equality
	Equity
	Ethics in Water Resource Management: Roles, Frameworks, and Principles
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Role of Water Ethics
		Frameworks for Water Ethics
		Ethical Principles
		Problems in Current Water Management: The Need for Water Ethics
			Physical Problems
			Water Pricing Problems
			Pollution
			Water Governance
		Future Directions on Policy and Construction of Practical Water Ethics
		Conclusions and Future Aims on Water Ethics and Resource Management
		Cross-References
		References
F
	Farm Production
	Fear Caused by Having to Handle Human Feces
	Fecal Sludge Management for Sustainable Cities: Glimpses from Kenya
		Synonym
		Definition
		Introduction
		Benefits of Improved Fecal Sludge Management
		Fecal Sludge Service Chain
		Sanitation Systems in Kenya´s Urban Areas
		FSM Scenario in Peri-Urban Areas of Kenya
			Containment
			Emptying and Transportation
			Treatment
			End Use/Disposal
			Policy Framework
			Institutional Framework
			Legislative Framework
		Challenges and Opportunities for Peri-urban FSM Service Delivery
		Conclusion
		References
	Fecal Waste Management (FWM)
	Fenton Reaction
	Flood
	Fragmented Water Management
	Freshwater Ecosystems
G
	Gendered Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Equality: Challenges and Opportunities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Gender, WASH, and the SDGs
			Gender, Women´s Work, and Sustainable Sanitation
				WASH as a Platform for Promoting Equity
				Privatization of WASH-Related Services and Social Implications
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Water Resources: Distribution and Demand
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Distribution of Natural Water Resources on the Earth
		Natural Sources of Freshwater
			Surface Water
			Groundwater
			Frozen Water
		Unconventional Water Resources
			The Essence of Unconventional Water Resources
			Reclaimed Water
			Desalination of Water
			Main Trends in the Development of Unconventional Water Resources
		Water Uses
			General Characteristics
			Agricultural Water Use
			Industrial Water Use
			Domestic (Household) Water Use
		Water Pollution
		Water Scarcity: A Balance Between Resources and Demands
		The Essence of the Water Scarcity
		Depletion of Freshwater Resources as a Result of Increased Demands
		Resulting Also in Water Conflicts
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Good Ambient Water Quality
		Definition
		Introduction
		Ambient Water Quality Influences
		Natural Influences on Ambient Water Quality
			Geology
			Climate
			Biology
			Location
			Topography
		Anthropogenic Influences on Ambient Water Quality
			Anthropogenic Activities
			Impacts Resulting from Anthropogenic Activities
		Monitoring and Assessment of Ambient Water Quality
		Ambient Water Quality in the SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Good Governance
	Groundwater Quality in Arid Environments
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Characteristics of Groundwater Bodies
		SeaWater Intrusion (SWI) and Saline Groundwater in Arid Environments
			Concept of Seawater Intrusion and Saline Groundwater
			Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Africa
			Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Americas
			Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Asia
			Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Australia
			Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Europe
		Numerical Models for Groundwater Quality in Arid Environments
		Conclusions
		References
	Groves Pond
H
	Human Right to Sanitation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Normative Content
		Furthering Rights Claims
		Development Goals
		Gender Equality
		Progress and Challenges
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Right to Water
	Human Right to Water and Water Rights
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Anthropocentric Neoliberal Market-Based Water Governance
		The Human Right to Water
		Water Rights
			Beyond Riparian and Prior Appropriation
		Structural Challenges
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Hydraulic Engineering and Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Hydraulics as Applied Engineering Science
		Sustainability of Hydraulic Structures
		Hydraulic Engineering for Sustainable Development
		What Is the Current Situation and Trends, Now in 2020?
			Water Metering and Monitoring
			Industry 4.0
			Water Sector Industry 4.0 Adoption
		Challenges and Risks in Water Sector Industry 4.0 Adoption
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Hydropower
	Hydrosocial Cycle: Understanding Water as a Socionatural Production
		Definition
		Introduction
		Background: From the Hydrological Cycle to the Integrated Water Resources Management
		Conceptual Basis: Water as a Socionatural Hybrid
		The Hydrosocial Cycle: Identifying Practical Applications Through a Brief Review of Its Research Areas
		Future Directions: Integrating the Hydrosocial Cycle in Water Policies and SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Hygiene
I
	Inequality or Inequity
	Influence of Human Terrain on Sustainable Water Management
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Multilayered Forces of Human Terrain and Water Management
		Cultural Terrain: Traditional Practices in Water Management
		Social Terrain
		Economic Terrain
		Political Terrain
		Case Study of Bengaluru City, India
		Cultural and Social Terrain
		Economic Terrain
		Political Terrain
		Initiatives for Sustainable Water Management
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Inland Freshwater Ecosystems
	Integrated Decision-Making Processes
	Integrated Resource Management
	Integrated Surface Water Assessment
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sources Monitoring and Assessment
		Surface Water Monitoring and Assessment
			Hydromorphological Monitoring and Assessment
			Physical-Chemical Monitoring and Assessment
			Biological Monitoring and Assessment
				Biological Monitoring
				Biological Assessment Methods
			Integrated Surface Water Assessment
		Monitoring and Assessment of Services and Consumers
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Integrated Urban Water Management
	Integrated Water Cycle Governance
	Integrated Water Cycle Management
	Integrated Water Management
	Integrated Water Resource Management
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Past Water Resource Management Approaches
		Development of Integrated Water Resource Management
		Unpacking Integration
		Human System Integration
		Implementing IWRM in Practice
		IWRM and the SDG 6
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Integrated Water Resources Management
	Integrated Water Resources Management Program
	Integrated Water Resources Management: From Spring to Reuse
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Water: A Rare and Scattered Resource
		Integrated Water Resources Management: A Global Approach
		Culture and Water
			Technologies in Integrated Water Management
			Water Pollution
			Waste Water Treatment
			Reuse of Treated Wastewater as New Water Resource
		Conclusion
		References
	Integration
L
	Landscape Regeneration and the Role of Water
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Landscape Regeneration and the SDGs
		Forests
		Grasslands
		Wetlands and Rivers
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Legal Approaches to the Achievement of SDG 6
		Definition
		Introduction
		Governance of Water Resources Under International Law
			International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
			Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
			Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions
			Ramsar Convention
			Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki Convention)
			UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (New York Convention)
			Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
		Intersections
			Preservation of Aquatic Ecosystems as Carbon Sinks
			Obligations Under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement
			Intersections Under International Law
		Governance Approaches and Intersections
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Legality
	Local Communities in Water and Sanitation: Practices and Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Context of the SDGs within the UN System
		Clarifying the ``Local Community´´ in SDG6 According to Local Communities
		Highlights from Two Major Initiatives
			The Clean India Campaign
			Gates Foundation and Reinvent the Toilet Challenge
		Challenges
			Technologies
			Financial
			Involvement
			Climate Change
			Governance
		Conclusion - a Gendered Approach Is Essential
		References
	Local Community Participation in Water Management and Sanitation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Local Community Approach on Clean Water and Sanitation Management
		Integrated Water Resources Management (IRWM): A Standardized Approach to the Participation of Local Communities in Water Manag...
		Community Consultation: A Tool for Community Participation to Projects
		Water and Culture
		Water and Sanitation
		Water as an Economic Resource for Community
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Lodging Sector
M
	Maintenance Flows
	Menstrual Health and Hygiene in Sustainable Development Goal 6
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Main Body Text
			Introduction: SDG6.2: `` the Needs of Women and Girls´´
			Despite the Mention of Women´s ``Needs, ´´ SDG Monitoring Indicators Are Absent
			The Importance of MHH in the SDGs
			MHH Status and Initiatives Across the World
			MHH Challenges for Indigenous Australian Girls and Women in Remote Communities: A Case Study
			Implementation and Monitoring of MHH
			Wider-Ranging Relevance of MHH Beyond SDG6.2
		Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Menstrual Hygiene Management
	Metropolitan Water Management
	Microflora of Surface Layers in Aquatic Environments and Its Usage
		Definitions
		Introduction
			What Is Periphytic Biofilm?
			How Is Periphytic Biofilm Formed?
		The Functions of Periphytic Biofilm in Water Discharge Systems
			Removal of Nutrients
			Removal of Heavy Metals
			Tolerance to Nanoparticles
			Degradation of Organics
			Control of Harmful Algal Blooms
			Periphytic Biofilm Applied in Real Wastewater Treatments
		Advantages and Limitations
			Advantages
			Limitations
		References
	Minimize Water Wastage
	Multi-barrier Approach
N
	Narratives for Water, Gender, and Human Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Context and Key Dimensions
			Gendered Vulnerabilities
			The Water-Gender Nexus
			Gender-Water-Migration Nexus
		The Case Studies
			Power Relations and Gender Norms in the Waterscapes
			Water-Related Disasters and Disaggregated Impact on Gender
			Gender, Water, and Urbanization
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	National Plan for Water Resources Protection and Conservation
	National Water Strategy
	Natural Wet Ponds´ Role as Fresh Water Storage in Tropical Environment
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Natural Pond Hydrological Processes
			Pond in Tropical Areas
			Pond Water Storages
		Linking Natural Pond and SDGs
			Pond Supports Wetland Ecosystem
			Local People Participation in Conservation
		Future Perspectives
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Nexus of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Essence of Mainstreaming WASH in Country Development Planning
		Addressing Different Notions and Approaches to Sanitation
		Technological Dimensions
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
O
	Observe
	Ozonation
P
	Periurban Water: Recognizing the Margins for Sustainable Urban Water Futures
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Periurban Water Ecologies: Transformations and Processes
			Land Use Changes and New In Situ Water Demands
			Complex Jurisdiction and Governance Vacuum
			Encroachment
			Pollution
			Spatial Water Transfers
		Periurban Water Access Outcomes and Vulnerabilities
			Institutional Outcomes for Water Access
			Inequality in Access
			Physical Burdens and Health Impacts
			Shifting Livelihoods
		Recognizing and Centering the Margins for Sustainable Urban Water Futures
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Photocatalysis
	Photocatalytic Processes for Water Treatment
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Solid-State Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection
			Mechanism of Photocatalysis
			Promising Photocatalysts
		Photosensitizers for Water Disinfection
			Mechanisms of Action
			Promising Photosensitizers
			Enhanced Containers for SODIS
		Edible Dyes
		Discussion
		Suggestions for Further Research
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Potable Water
	Produced Water as New Water in the Hydrocarbon Industry
		Definitions
		Introduction
		PW Management, Constituents, and Treatment Options
		Beneficial Use Practices
			Agricultural Use
			Industrial Use
			Hydrological and Drinking Water Use
			Other Uses and PW Products
		Barriers and Regulatory Issues
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Public Sanitation and Hygiene
Q
	Quality of Water
R
	Rainwater - Stormwater
	Rainwater Pond
	Reclamation of Wastewater
	Recycling and Reuse for Water Conservation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Products and the Environment
			Product Design
			Product Life Cycle
			Negative Effects of Products on the Environment
			Design for Environment (DFE)
		Recycling and Reuse
		Recycling and Reuse for Water Conservation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Reduce Water
	Reduce Water Wastage
	Renewable Source of Water
	Reserve Flows
	Resettlement and Rehabilitation
	Reusing Treated Wastewater
	Riparian Zone
	River Basin
	River Basin Plan
	Role of Potable Water in Food Processing
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Role of Water in Food Processing
			Potable Water
			Water in Cleaning and Sanitation
			Monitoring of Water Quality
		Sustainability of Water in Food Processing
			Wastewater as Output
			Water Reuse
			Water Indicators Associated with Food Processing
			Food Processing and UN Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
S
	Safe and Available Water
	Sanitation
	Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP)
	Sanitation Sector
	Sanitation Services
	Sanitation Systems and Technology Options
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sanitation Systems
			Onsite Sanitation Systems
			Onsite Systems with Fecal Sludge Management and Offsite Treatment
			Onsite Systems with Fecal Sludge Management, Sewerage, and Offsite Treatment
			Offsite Systems with Sewerage and Offsite Treatment
			Urine-Diverting Flush Toilet with Sewerage and Offsite Wastewater Treatment
			Sanitation Safety Planning
		Future Sustainable Sanitation Practices
			Hygiene and Health
			Environment and Natural Resources Recovery
			Technology and Operation Adaptability
			Financial and Economic Issues
			Socio-cultural and Institutional Aspects
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	SDG6
	Semi-urban (Water)
	Sewage - Wastewater
	Slum
	Social Justice and WASH Education for Improved Health and Well-Being
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Health as the Basis of Human Development and Sustainable Development
		Addressing the Challenge of Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
		Improving Access to WASH Services for Health and Well-Being
		Social Justice as Vehicle for Leaving No One Behind: The Case of WASH
		Social Justice as a Platform for Inclusive Socioeconomic Development
		Highlighting Inequities in WASH Service Delivery for Improved Outcomes
		Addressing Background Issues and Cross-Cutting Matters in the WASH Sector
		Coupling Social Justice with Education/Awareness Creation in the WASH Sector to Leave No One Behind
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	SODIS
	Soil and Water Conservation and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		History of Soil and Water Conservation
			Ancient Soil and Water Conservation Activities
			Modern SWC Practices and Current Situations
		Evolution of Soil and Water Conservation Since the 1930s
			Building Synergies Between Indigenous and Introduced SWC Activities
			Toward Adaptive and Participatory Research to Enhance the Knowledge System
			Continuum of Shifts of Technologies and Approaches: Soil and Water Conservation - Soil and Water Management - Land Husbandry -...
			A Shift in Approaches and Evolution of Policies: From Top-Down to Bottom-Up and to Mix of the Two Approaches
		Contribution of Soil and Water Conservation Toward Meeting Sustainable Development Goals
		Opportunities and Prospects
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Solar Disinfection as a Water Treatment Technology
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Obstacles for SODIS Uptake
		SODIS Inactivation Mechanisms
		Modelling of SODIS Processes
		Practical Examples
		Conclusions
		References
	Source Water Protection (SWP)
	South Asia
	Space Pond
	Sri Lanka
	Stakeholders´ Engagement
	Structural Stormwater Best Management Practices and Watershed Management
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Structural BMPs Methods
			Rainwater Use
				Rainwater Harvesting
			Treatment
				Stormwater Ponds or Detention Ponds
				Bioretention Areas
				Biotopes
				Gravel and/or Sand Filters
			Detention and Infiltration
				Rooftop Retention
				Permeable Pavements
				Infiltration Trenches and Basins
				Swales
				Vegetative Filter Strips (VFS)
			Conveyance
				Open stormwater drains or canals
			Evapotranspiration
				Passive and Active Evapotranspiration
		Conclusions
		References
	Subaltern
	Suburban (Water)
	Suggestion
	Survey
	Sustainability
	Sustainable Urban Water Management
	Sustainable Water Use
T
	Technology Options
	TiO2 Photocatalysts for Degradation of Micropollutants in Water
		Definition
		Introduction
		Micropollutants
		Water Treatment Technologies
		TiO2 Photocatalyst
			Choice of a Photocatalyst Material
			Mechanism of Photocatalysis
			Structure and Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst
			Modifications of TiO2
		Photocatalytic Reactors and Process Parameters for Pollutant Degradation
		Challenges and Future Scope
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Toilet Facilities
	Township
	Track Changes
	Transboundary Waters Cooperation: The Southern African Development Community Revised Protocol
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Distribution of World Shared Water Resources
			Threats and Challenges to Transboundary Waters
		Transboundary Waters Cooperation in Southern African Development Community
			Introduction to the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
			State of Water Resources in SADC Region
			Implementation of the SADC Revised Protocol for Peace and Prosperity in the Region
			SADC Regional Water Policy and Strategy
			Regional Strategic Action Plans (RSAPs) on Integrated Water Resources and Development Management
			River Basin Organisations and Basin-Level Agreements
		Successes
			Existence of the SADC Revised Protocol
			Nesting the SADC Revised Protocol Within a Regional Economic Community
			Establishment of the SADC Groundwater Management Institute
		Challenges
			Need for the Strengthening of RBOs
			Inconsistent Interpretation of International Legal Instruments
			Incomplete Implementation of National Policy by Member States
			Capacity Constraints
			Need for the Incorporation of Emerging Issues
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
U
	Universal Access to Sanitation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Human Right to Water and Sanitation
		Human Right to Water and Sanitation in Public Spaces
		The State´s Role
		Guarantee the Active Participation of Society
		Sustainable Development Goals and Its Relationship to Universal Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban (Water)
	Urban Drainage and Sewage Systems: Diffuse Pollution and System´s Interconnection
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Rainwater and First Flush Pollutants
		Causes of Interconnections and Diffuse Pollution: The Role of Environmental Education
		Rainwater Problems
		Rainwater Green Solutions and Low Impact Development
		Combined Sewer System and Combined Sewer Overflow Control
		Separate Sewer System and Its Problems
		Dry Weather Flow Treatment: Possibility and Limitation
		Interconnections Identification
		The Challenge of a Public Policy of Interconnections Interruption
		The Challenge of a Public Policy of Diffuse Pollution Control and Future Development of Sewage and Stormwater Systems
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Fringe (Water)
	Urban Sprawl
	Urban Sprawl (and Water)
	Urban Stormwater Management for Future Cities: Sustainable and Innovative Approaches
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Low Impact Development
		Flood Risk Trading
		Citizen Science in Flood Simulation
		Future Danube Model
		Flood Poverty Trap
		Future Perspectives
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Water Deficit
	Urban Water Deficit in Sub-Saharan African Cities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Freshwater: A Natural Renewable Resource and Its Importance for Human Life
		Population and Water Deficit in the Sub-Saharan African Region (SSA Region)
		Water Deficit: A Challenge for the Cities in the SSA Region
			The Problem of Unplanned Urban Development
			Infrastructure Gap
			Climate Change and Its Impacts
		Sustainable Water Management in SSA Cities
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Water Governance and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Urban Water Governance
		Urban Water Management Examples from Australia
			Water Supply and Wastewater Services
			Stormwater Services and Flood Management
			Governance Structure and Roles
				New South Wales
				Victoria
				Queensland
				Western Australia
				South Australia
				Tasmania
				Australian Capital Territory
				Northern Territory
		Sustainable Urban Water Management
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Water Governance in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Challenges Toward SDG6
		Definitions
		Introduction
		What Is Water Governance, and Why Is it Important?
		What Is Good Water Governance or Effective Governance?
		Analytical Framework
		Zimbabwe Water Availability and Use Overview
		Water Policy and Legislative Framework
		Zimbabwe Institutional Framework
		Water Access and Allocation System
		Challenges in Urban Water Governance
		Opportunities for Urban Water Governance
			Inclusion of Private Sector in Water and Sanitation Sector in Financing and Services Provision
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Water Scarcity in Semi-arid Regions: Water Management in Southern Spain
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Urban Water Scarcity in a Semi-arid Region: The Segura River Basin
		Climate Change Scenarios in a Semi-arid Region: The Segura River Basin
		Urban Water Management and Recent Water Consumption Trend
		Urban Sprawl and Their Repercussion in Water Demand
		Limitations and New Opportunities for Reduce Water Scarcity
			Water Transfers: A Water Dependence from Other Basins
			Desalination: A New Resource for the Adaptation to Climate Change Scenarios but with Lights and Shadows
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
W
	WASH
	WASH or Watsan, or WaSH
	Wastewater Management
	Wastewater Use in West African Urban Agriculture: Benefits and Risks
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Benefits
		Urban Farming in West Africa
		Sources of Wastewater for Agriculture
			The Multiple-Barrier Approach for Improved Safety of Wastewater Use
			Wastewater Hazards
			Physical Hazards of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
			Chemical Hazards of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
			Biological Hazards of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
		Wastewater as Source of Microorganisms and Genes Resistant to Antibiotics
		Heavy Metal Contamination of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
		Wastewater Use for Animal Production in Urban Agriculture
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Water
	Water Access
	Water Alternatives
	Water and Gender Issues
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Gender in Water Use and Management for Domestic Purposes
			Water Collection
			Water and Poverty
		Gender in Water Use and Management for Productive Purposes
			Agriculture and Irrigation
			Environmental Change and Restoration of Water-Related Ecosystems
		Gendered Vulnerabilities to Climate Change
		Conclusion: Gender Mainstreaming in Water-Related Development Projects
		Cross-References
		References
	Water and Sanitation Poverty in Informal Settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Access to Safe Water
			Access to Adequate Sanitation
			Future Directions
			Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Availability and Access
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water Availability
			Water Flows: The Hydrologic Cycle
				Water Stocks: Global Water
				Water Stocks: Sources of Drinking Water
			Floods and Droughts
			Demand: Water Usage
				Water Usage: Virtual Water
				Water Scarcity and Water Stress
			The Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability
		Water Access
			Water Quality
			Transboundary Politics
			Economics and Funding
			Rural and Urban Challenges
			Gender Issues
			Hygiene and Sanitation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Availability and Access in the Pacific
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Pacific Region
			Water Resources for the Pacific People
			Challenges Faced by the Pacific
				Rainfall Patterns
				Temperature
				Sea Level Rise
				Tropical Cyclones
				Non-climatic Factors
		The Way Forward
			The Framework for Pacific Regionalism
			The Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific
			The Pacific Roadmap for Sustainable Development (PRSD)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Commons
	Water Conflicts
	Water Conflicts: An Obstacle to SDG6
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water Conflicts
			Conflicts Between Uses
			Conflicts Between Users
			Conflicts with Nonuser Actors
			Intergenerational Conflicts
			Interjurisdictional Conflicts
		Factors That Influence Water Conflicts
			Socio-Environmental and Institutional Factors
			Water Governance Weaknesses
			Institutional Fragmentation and Lack of Participation
		Water Conflicts and SDG6
			Goal 6.1: Universal and Equitable Access to Water
			Goal 6.2: Adequate and Equitable Access to Sanitation
			Goal 6.3: Water Quality Improvement
			Goal 6.6 Water-Related Ecosystems Protection and Restoration
		Strategies for the Prevention of Conflicts over Water
		Conclusions
		References
	Water Consumption
	Water Deficit
	Water Demand
	Water Ethics: Methodology of Engagement to Help Achieve SDG6
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Ethical Engagement in State and Global Governance
			Methodology Matters
			The Biosphere Ethics Initiative: A Rooted Cosmopolitan Approach
		The Ethics of SDG6
			The Water Ethic as Guidance for SDG6
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Footprint and Virtual Water
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Discussing Water Footprint and Virtual Water Concepts
		Water Footprint Accounting, Auditing, and Assessment
		Better Informed Decisions and Policy-Making
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Governance
	Water Governance and Social Learning: Approaches, Tools, and Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		From Government to Governance
		Participation: Who Is Involved and Why?
		Water Governance: Paradigm Shift and Principles
		Learning Governance: Approaches and Tools
		Social Learning: Learning from Stakeholder Engagement
		Challenges
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Limitation
	Water Management
	Water Perception
	Water Plan
	Water Planning
	Water Planning to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water Planning and Sustainable Development Goals
			From the Agenda 21 to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
			The Role of Water Planning to Achieve SDG Targets
			Using SDG Indicators for Water Planning
		Typology of Water Planning and Plans
			Plan-Oriented Versus Process-Oriented Planning
			From Strategies, to Programs and Projects
			Types of Water Plans
		The Cycle of Water Planning
			Team Building and Problem Framing
			Plan Development
			Diagnostic Analysis
			Goal Setting
			Implementation Measures
			Evidence Base and Other Materials
			Approval Iterations
			Plan Implementation
			Monitoring and Evaluation
		The Relationship between Water Plans and Other Documents
			Hierarchical Principles
			The Key Role of Permits for Plan Effectiveness
		Public Participation in Water Planning
			Participation in Water Decision-Making
			Co-Production of Water Planning
		Challenges to Water Planning
			Process: What Observation, Scale and Effectiveness?
			Integration: How Far to Go?
			Knowledge: What Role for Science, Technology, and Society?
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Preservation
	Water Provision, Rights, and Poverty in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water and the Multidimensional Experience of Poverty
			Water and Poverty in the Sustainable Development Goals
			Hidden Dimensions of Poverty and Water
		Water Provision and Poverty: Human Rights Priorities
			Nondiscrimination and Inequality
				Gender
				Cultural Identity: Indigenous Peoples and Peasant Communities
				Structural Racism and Discrimination
			Affordability
			Access in All Spheres of Life: Water Provision Beyond Household Drinking Water
			Participation and Accountability
		Privatization of Water Provision
		Mega Development Projects, Scarcity, and Priority Allocation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Quality
	Water Quality and Economy for Sustainable Growth
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Significance of Water for Sustainable Economical Growth
		Economic Importance of Quality Water
			Drinking Water Consumption
			Human Health Linkages with Water Quality
		Investments in Water Sector
		Water Pricing
		Bottled Water Costs
		Water Environment Management
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Quality and Protection at Source
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Common Sources of Drinking Water Pollution
			Agriculture and Livestock
			Waste and Wastewaters
			Industry
			Contaminants of Emerging Concern
		Measures toward Source Water Protection
		Source Water Protection Governance
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Quality Benchmarks
	Water Quality Criteria
	Water Quality Goals
	Water Quality Objectives
	Water Quality Targets
	Water Quality: Standards and Indicators
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Classification and Indicators of Water Quality
		Water Quality and Impacts on Users
		Water Quality Monitoring
		Water Quality Databases and Reports
		Water Quality Indicators and Methods
		Water Quality Standards or Targets
		Water Quality and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
			Indicator 6.1.1 on Safe Drinking Water (UN Water 2018a)
			Indicator 6.3.1 on Proportion of Wastewater Safely Treated (UN Water 2018b)
			Indicator 6.3.2 on Ambient Water Quality (UN Water 2018c)
			Indicator 6.6.1 on Water-Related Ecosystems (UN Water 2018d)
			Indicators 14.1 and 14.3 on Marine Water Quality (UNDESA 2018)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Research and Innovation Partnership Addressing Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Joint Programming Initiative Concept
		The Water Challenges Tackled by the Water JPI
		The Water JPI Activities Relevant to the Water-Related UN SDGs
			Strategic Research Agenda and Foresight Activities
			Funding Transnational RDI Projects
			Supporting Knowledge Transfer
		Conclusions
			Pathways to Impact
				Increase in Investments in Water-Related Multilateral Co-Operation
				Leverage Effect for Water Research Communities
				Leverage Effect for Individual Countries
				Building Linkages/Research Capacity with Developing Countries
				Informing Water Policies
				Raising Awareness
			Future Directions
		References
	Water Resources
	Water Resources Assessment
		Definitions
		Concept of Water Resources
		Types of Water Resources
		Water Resources Assessment
		Scales of Water Resources Assessment
		Steps in Water Resources Assessment
		Information Needs and Data Sources
		Biophysical Data
		Hydrometeorological Data
		Processing and Interpretation of Data
			Topographic Data
			Scenarios and Modeling
		Presentation of Data and Water Resources Assessment Results
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Resources Governance
	Water Resources Management
	Water Scarcity
	Water Scarcity: Classification, Measurement, and Management
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water Scarcity as Target in the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) - Clean Water and Sanitation
		Classification and Characterization of Water Scarcity
		Causes of Water Scarcity
		Measuring Water Scarcity
			Water Stress Index (WSI)
			Withdrawal-to-Availability Ratio (WTA)
			Physical and Economic Water Scarcity
			Social Water Stress Index (SWSI)
			Water Poverty Index
		Managing Water Scarcity
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Sector
	Water Sector Reform Program
	Water Security
	Water Supply
	Water Supply and Quality in the Sub-Saharan Africa
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Water Supply Conditions
		Factors Influencing Water Supply in the Region
			Climate Variability and Change
			Water Infrastructure
			Urbanization and Population Increase
			Inadequate/Unsustainable Technological and Institutional Arrangements
		Water Quality Conditions
		Factors Associated with Water Contamination in the Sub-Saharan Africa
			Non-industrial (Including Domestic and Commercial/Trading) Activities
			Agricultural Activities
			Industrial Activities
			Natural Pollution
		The Vision for Meeting the Challenges of SDG 6 in the Sub-Saharan Africa
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Transfers
	Water Use
	Water Use in the Tourism Accommodation Sector
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction: Water, Tourism, and Sustainability
			The Uneven Geographies of Water and Tourism
			Quantity, Quality, and Sustainability
		Determinants of Water Consumption in Tourist Accommodations
			Structural and Contextual Factors
			Organizational Factors
		Advancing Toward SDG 6
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Use, Fecophobia, and Implications for Public Health
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The ``Soil-Food-Feces-Water´´ Nexus
		Overcoming Fecophobia and Water Conservation Approaches
		Wastewater as a Resource
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Uses and Global Change
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Less than 3% of the Earth´s Freshwater to Satisfy Multiple Uses
		Some Regions Are More Vulnerable than Others
		Universal Access to an Essential Service: A Guarantee? Not for Everyone
		Safe and Healthy Water
		Water Is Essential to the Food Security of Ten Billion People
		Filling the Water Gap with New Resources
		Conclusion: Water, a Common Good to Be Preserved and Shared
		Cross-References
		References
	Water Values: Discourses and Perspective
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Setting the Scene: Continuum of Ecosystem Organization, Functions, Services, Benefits, and Values
		Discourses on Water Value and Valuation
			Divergent but Interconnected Water Values
			Principles and Frameworks for Practical Application of Valuing Water
				Water Valuing Principles
				Practical Application and Approaches to Valuing Water
		Future Perspective
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Water Vulnerability
	Water-Energy-Food Interconnections: Methods, Tools, and Cross-Sectoral Decision Making
		Definitions
		Introduction to the SDGs and Their Interconnections
		The Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus
		Modeling Trade-Offs to Strategize Pathways Forward
			Cross-Impact Analysis
			System Dynamics Modeling
		Governance, Policy Coherence, and Management Implications
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Water-Energy-Food Sustainable Development Goals in Morocco
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Why Morocco?
		Indicators, Targets, Goals, National Strategies
			Analytical Framework
			Tool Structure and Scenario Development and Evaluation
		Scenarios and Results
			Base Scenario and Results
			Scenarios with Varying Levels of Achieving National Targets for Food, Water, and Energy
			-25%-50%-75%-100% of Water, Energy, and Food National Targets (with 0% Change for Cereals)
			No RE Versus Full Solar Versus Full Hydro Versus Full Wind
			No Nonconventional Versus Full Desalination Versus Full Treated Wastewater Targets
		Discussions of Trade-Offs
			Overall Comments on Scenarios and Trade-Offs Analysis
			Importance of Capturing Spatial and Temporal Attributes and Identifying Hotspots
			Assumptions and Limitations
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Water-Related Ecosystems
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water-Related Ecosystems and SDGs
		SDG Targets and Indicators Supporting Water-Related Ecosystems
		Recent Trends and Key Literature
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Watershed Water Balance
		Definition
		Introduction
		Watershed
		Transboundary Water Resources Management
		Competition for Water Supply
		Water Quality Deterioration
		Time of Water Flow
		Sources of Water in the Watershed
			Rain
			Surface Water
			Groundwater
		Hydrologic Cycle and the Water Balance
		Hydrologic Processes
		Water Budget
		Snowmelt Estimation
		Energy Balance Method
		Temperature Index (Degree-Day) Method
		Watershed Management and Protection
		Use of GIS in Watershed Management
		Effect of Deforestation on Watershed Water Balance
		Climate Change Impact on Watershed
		Integrated Watershed Resources Management (IWRM)
		Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Watershed-Based Management for Sustainable Freshwater Resources
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Integrated, Watershed-Based Approaches for Sustainable Water Resource Management
			Recommended Guidelines
		Integrated Watershed Management at Multiple Scales
		Outlook - A Vision for Moving Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Wet Pond