Clean Coal and Sustainable Energy: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Coal Combustion

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Invited Talks
1 Advances in Two-Fluid LES of Two-Phase Combustion
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Previous Studies on Two-Fluid LES of Two-Phase Combustion
	1.3 Suggested Models for Two-Fluid LES of Two-Phase Combustion
	1.4 The Two-Phase SGS Energy Equation Model
	1.5 The SGS Mass Flux and Heat Flux Models
	1.6 The SOM-SGS Gas Combustion Model
	1.7 Assessment of the Two-Phase SGS Energy Equation Model
	1.8 Assessment of the SOM Combustion Model
	1.9 Assessment of the Two-Fluid RANS Modeling of Coal Combustion
	1.10 Conclusions
	References
2 Flexible Operation of High Efficiency Coal Power Plants to Ensure Grid Stability When Intermittent Renewables Are Included
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Instrumentation and Control
	2.3 Flexibility Options
	2.4 Pollution Control Systems
	2.5 Flexibility Impact Management
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3 Advances in Modeling Coal Pyrolysis, Char Combustion, and Soot Formation from Coal and Biomass Tar
	3.1 Elemental Composition of Tar and Char
	3.2 Soot Formation from Coal
	3.3 Char Oxidation
	References
4 The Change in Bed Materials Size Distribution and Its Effect on CFB Boiler Operation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Initial Operation of the Once-Thought CFB Boiler of 330 MWe Unit #9 of Novocherkassk TPP
	4.3 Model for Estimation of Changes in the PSD of the Bed Material
	4.4 Results and Discussion
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Insights of MILD Combustion from High-Fidelity Simulations
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Theoretical Formulation
		5.2.1 Governing Equations for Coal Combustion Simulation
		5.2.2 Mixture Fraction Based Models
		5.2.3 Well-Stirred Reactor Models
	5.3 Computational Configuration
	5.4 Results and Discussion
		5.4.1 Comparison of Mixture Fraction-Based Models
		5.4.2 Analysis of MILD Combustion Using Well-Stirred Reactor and Steady Flamelet Models
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
Part II Basic Coal Quality and Combustion
6 Study on Alkali Metal Migration Characteristics in the Pyrolysis of Naomaohu Coal in CO Atmosphere
	6.1 Experimental Part
		6.1.1 Experimental Sample
		6.1.2 Experimental Setup and Steps
		6.1.3 Determination of the Form and Content of Alkali Metals
	6.2 Results and Discussion
		6.2.1 Analysis of the Occurrence of Alkali Metals in Raw Coal
		6.2.2 Migration Characteristics of Alkali Metals at Different Temperatures
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7 Precipitation Characteristics of Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metal in High Alkali Coal
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Experimental Approaches
		7.2.1 Preparation of Coal Samples and Sample Properties
		7.2.2 Experimental Equipment and Facilities
		7.2.3 Experimental Approaches
	7.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Influence of AT on Ash Content
		7.3.2 Alkali and Chlorine Contents in Coal Ash at Different AT
		7.3.3 Alkaline Earth Metal Content in Coal Ash at Different AT
		7.3.4 Comparation of XRF and ICP-OES Results
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
8 Experimental Study on Removal of Low Concentration Coal Tar in Syngas by Mg-Ca Composite Catalyst
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Experimental
		8.2.1 Experimental Apparatus
		8.2.2 Experimental Materials
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Effect of Temperature on Tar Conversion Rate and Gas Products
		8.3.2 Effect of Catalyst Particle Size on Tar Conversion Rate and Gas Products
		8.3.3 Effect of Reaction Time on Tar Conversion Rate and Gas Products
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Experimental Investigation on Sodium Migration and Mineral Transformation in Ash Deposit During Gasification of Zhundong Coal Using a Drop Tube Furnace
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Experimental
	9.3 Results and Discussion
		9.3.1 Effects of Sodium Salts, Kaolin and Diatomite on Sodium Migration
		9.3.2 Effect of Ash Deposition Time on Sodium Migration and Mineral Transformation
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
10 Study on Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coal-Water Slurry Pyrolysis
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Experiment
	10.3 Experimental Results and Analysis
		10.3.1 Effect of Temperature on Weight Loss Rate and Pyrolysis Gas Yield
		10.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Combined Gas Volume Concentration
		10.3.3 Effect of Temperature on Gas Yield and Volume Concentration
		10.3.4 Effect of Heating Rate and Residence Time on Weight Loss Rate
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Soot Formation in High-Temperature Pyrolysis of Various Coals
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Experimental Section
		11.2.1 Experimental Setups
		11.2.2 Fuel Property
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 Soot Yield and Number Size Distribution
		11.3.2 Gas Compositions
		11.3.3 Soot Oxidization
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
12 Effect of Microstructures on Char Combustion Reactivity
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Experimental
		12.2.1 Coal Samples and Preparation of Char
		12.2.2 Char Characterization
		12.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
		12.2.4 Char Combustion Reactivity Measurement
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Carbon Crystallite Analyses
		12.3.2 Char Combustion Reactivity
		12.3.3 Correlations Between Char Combustion Reactivity and X-Ray Diffraction
	12.4 Conclusions
	References
13 Effect of K2CO3 Addition on CO2 Gasification Characteristics and Ash Sintering Behaviour of a Chinese Lignite at Different Temperatures and Pressures as Examined Using a High-Pressure Thermogravimetric Analyser
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Experimental
		13.2.1 Materials
		13.2.2 Experimental Setup
		13.2.3 Data Processing and Analysis
		13.2.4 SEM–EDS analysis
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Gasification Characteristics
		13.3.2 Ash Morphology
	13.4 Conclusions
	References
14 Ash Deposition and Slagging Behavior of Xinjiang High-Alkali Coal in a 20MWth Cyclone Combustion Test Facility
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Experimental
		14.2.1 Coal Properties
		14.2.2 20MWth Pilot Plant Test Facility
	14.3 Results and Discussion
		14.3.1 Slagging Behavior of Ash During Cyclone Combustion Process
		14.3.2 Ash Deposition Behavior in the Convective Zone of Furnace
		14.3.3 Ash Slagging/Deposition Mechanism of Zhundong Coal Ash at Cyclone-Fired Condition
	14.4 Conclusions
	References
15 Release Characteristics of Alkali Metals in Oxygen-Enriched Combustion of a Single Char Particle with Random Pore Model
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Physical Model
		15.2.1 Random Pore Sub-model
		15.2.2 Chemical Reaction Sub-model
		15.2.3 Diffusion Sub-model
		15.2.4 Energy Sub-model
	15.3 Model Validation
	15.4 Alkali Metal Release in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 Atmospheres
	15.5 Effects of Particle Size and Ambient Temperature
	15.6 Effects of O2 Mole Fraction in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 Atmospheres
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
16 Experimental Study on the Influence of Slagging and Fouling for Wall Temperature Distribution
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Experimental Setups and Methods
		16.2.1 Experimental System and Setups
		16.2.2 Clean Tube Wall Temperature
		16.2.3 Stained Tube Wall Temperature
		16.2.4 Influence Factors of Stained Tube Temperature Distribution
	16.3 Results and Discussions
		16.3.1 Circumferential Temperature Distribution of Clean Tube
		16.3.2 Circumferential Temperature Distribution of Stained Tube
		16.3.3 Influence Factors of Temperature Distribution of Stained Tube
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
17 Numerical Investigation of Fly Ash Deposition onto Tube Bundles Inside Coal-Fired Boilers
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Methodology
	17.3 Results and Discussion
	17.4 Conclusions
	References
18 Effect of Refractory Lining Thickness on Slag Layer Behavior in Cyclone Barrel
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Modeled Cyclone Barrel
	18.3 Numerical Models
	18.4 Simulation Conditons
	18.5 Results and Discussion
		18.5.1 Temperature and Heat Flux
		18.5.2 Thickness and Velocity
		18.5.3 Outlet Temperature
	18.6 Conclusions
	References
19 Characteristics of Alkali Metal Migration and Transformation During Pyrolysis of Naomaohu Coal
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Experimental System
	19.3 Measurement of Alkali Metals (Na, K)
	19.4 Results and Discussion
		19.4.1 Effect Of Temperature And Atmosphere On Semi-Coke And Tar Yield
		19.4.2 Effect of Temperature on the Occurrence Form and Residual Amount of Alkali Metal in Coal Char
		19.4.3 Effect of Temperature on Distribution Characteristics of Alkali Metals
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
Part III Pulverized Coal Combustion
20 Numerical Investigation on Combustion Characteristics and NOx Emission of Double-Reheat Tower Boiler at Different Loads
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Boiler Decription
	20.3 Modeling Methodology
		20.3.1 Grid Independence
		20.3.2 Numerical Models
	20.4 Results and Disscusion
		20.4.1 Validation of the CFD simulation
		20.4.2 Effects of Different Unit Loads on the Combustion Characteristics and NOx Emission
		20.4.3 Effects of Different Excess Air Ratios on the Combustion Characteristics and NOx Emission
	20.5 Conclusions
	References
21 Numerical Study on Influence of Platen Super-Heaters on Heat Deviation in a 600 MW Tangentially Fired Pulverized-Coal Boiler
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Description of Boiler
	21.3 Numerical Simulation
		21.3.1 Geometric Models
		21.3.2 Meshes
		21.3.3 Mathematical Models
	21.4 Results and Discussion
		21.4.1 Calculation Validation
		21.4.2 Temperature and Velocity Contours
		21.4.3 Non-uniformity Analysis
	21.5 Conclusions
	References
22 Industrial Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study on the Combustion and NOx Formation Characteristics in a 600MWe Utility Boiler with a Novel Swirl Burner Burning Bituminous Coal
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Research Object
	22.3 Research Methods
		22.3.1 Experimental Research Methods
		22.3.2 Numerical Simulation
	22.4 Analysis of Results
		22.4.1 Numerical Calculation and Experimental Comparison of Cold Aerodynamic Field
		22.4.2 Full-scale Experimental and Numerical Simulation Results
	22.5 Conclusion
	References
23 Distribution of Temperature and Characteristics of Soot Volume Fraction in MILD-OCC Flame
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Experimental
		23.2.1 Experimental System
		23.2.2 Measurement Method and Devices
		23.2.3 Thermocouple Particle Densitometry
		23.2.4 The Filter Membrane Weighing Method
	23.3 Results and Discussion
		23.3.1 Measurement of Temperature Distribution in MILD-OCC Flame
		23.3.2 Volume Fraction Distribution Characteristics of Soot in Combustion Flame
		23.3.3 Soot Mass Concentration Distribution in Combustion Flame
	23.4 Conclusion
	References
24 Experimental Investigation of Methane Assisted Pulverized Coal Flames Using an Optical Accessible Combustion Chamber
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Experimental Setup
		24.2.1 Burner Design
		24.2.2 Combustion Chamber
		24.2.3 Gas and Particle Supply
		24.2.4 Laser Doppler Velocimetry System
	24.3 Operation Parameters and Conditions
		24.3.1 Coal Case Measurements
		24.3.2 Alu-Cold Case Measurements
	24.4 Results and Discussion
		24.4.1 Axial Mean Velocity
		24.4.2 Tangential Mean Velocity
		24.4.3 Root Mean Square (RMS) Intensities
	24.5 Conclusion
	References
25 Ignition Characteristics of Coal/Air Jets from Rectangular Nozzles
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Experimental Approach
		25.2.1 Experimental System
		25.2.2 Coal Properties
		25.2.3 Measurement Conditions
	25.3 Numerical Approach
	25.4 Results and Discussion
		25.4.1 Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal-AIR Free Jets
		25.4.2 Effect of Vpri on the Flame Length of Coal-Air Free Jets from a Slot Nozzle
		25.4.3 Flame Lengths of the Coal-Air Free Jets from the Slot and Round Nozzles
		25.4.4 Effect of Coal Concentration on the Flame Length and Ignition Delay Time
		25.4.5 Mie Scattering Images of Pulverized Coal Particles
		25.4.6 Simulation Results on Nozzle Effect
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
26 Numerical Simulation on Pulverized Coal Combustion Chamber with Air Cooling
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Model and Parameters
		26.2.1 The Structure of Air-Cooled Combustor
		26.2.2 Research Object and Operating Condition
		26.2.3 Mathematical Model
	26.3 Results and Disscussion
		26.3.1 The Combustion Effect and the Chamber Wall Temperature
		26.3.2 Flame Shape in the Furnace
	26.4 Conclusion
	References
27 Effect of Inner/Outer Secondary Air Mass Flow Rate on the Airflow Characteristics of the 14-MW Double Cone Burner
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Experiment Section
		27.2.1 14-MW Double Cone Burner
		27.2.2 Cold Air Experiments of the DC Burner Model
	27.3 Results and Discussion
		27.3.1 The Reynolds Numbers Experiments
		27.3.2 Dimensionless Axial Velocity Distribution
	27.4 Conclusions
	References
28 Theoretical Analyses on Isolated Particle Ignition of Coal and Biomass
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Methods
	28.3 Results and Discussions
		28.3.1 Ignition Time of Coal and Biomass Particles
		28.3.2 Ignition Temperatures of Coal and Biomass Particles
		28.3.3 Spatial Temperature and Species Distribution
	28.4 Conclusion
	References
29 Numerical Simulation on Combustion Characteristics of Co-Firing Biomass Syngas and Coal in a 660 MW Utility Tower Boiler
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Methodology
		29.2.1 Furnace and Burner Configuration
		29.2.2 Fuel Properties and Cases Conditions
		29.2.3 Computational Modeling
	29.3 Results and Disscusion
		29.3.1 Validation of the CFD Model
		29.3.2 Effect of the Biomass Syngas Quality
		29.3.3 Effect of Oxy-Fuel Working Condition
	29.4 Conclusions
	References
30 Deactivation of V2O5–WO3–TiO2 SCR Catalyst by HF During Co-Firing Electrolytic Aluminum Waste with Coal
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Experiment
		30.2.1 Catalyst Preparation and Deactivation of Catalyst Sample
		30.2.2 Catalytic Activity Tests
		30.2.3 Characterizations
	30.3 Resuits and Discussion
		30.3.1 SCR Catalytic Activity
		30.3.2 NH3-TPD Analysis
		30.3.3 BET and XRD Analysis
		30.3.4 XPS Analysis
	30.4 Conclusions
	References
31 Numerical Study on Combustion and NOx Emission Characteristics of Co-Firing Semi-Coke and Coal in a Tangentially-Fired Utility Boiler
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Boiler Description and Mesh Generation
	31.3 Numerical Models and Operating Conditions
	31.4 Results and Discussion
		31.4.1 Influence of Semi-Coke Blending Ratio
		31.4.2 Influence of Blending Mode
		31.4.3 Influence of Semi-Coke Injection Position
	31.5 Conclusion
	References
32 Investigation on NOx Formation Characteristics During Semi-coke Air-Staged Combustion
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Experimental Methods and Equipment
	32.3 Results and Disscusion
		32.3.1 Characteristics of NOx Formation at Non-staged Combustion Condition
		32.3.2 Characteristics of NOx Formation at Air-Staged Combustion Condition
		32.3.3 Microscopic Pore Structure and Morphology of Air-Graded Combustion Ash
	32.4 Conclusions
	References
33 Numerical Investigation on Combustion Stability of Coal Slurry in the Double Cone Burner
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Experimental Set up
	33.3 Numerical Modelling
		33.3.1 Multiphase Flows
		33.3.2 Discrete Phase Model
		33.3.3 Combustion Model
	33.4 Results
		33.4.1 Experimental Results
		33.4.2 Comparison Between Simulation and Experiment
		33.4.3 Simulation Results
		33.4.4 Design of Burner
	33.5 Conclusion
	References
34 Experimental Study of NOx Emission and Char Characteristics
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Experimental Equipment
	34.3 Experimental Results and Analysis
		34.3.1 NOx Distribution
		34.3.2 The Surface Oxygenic Functional Groups Distribution
		34.3.3 The Surface Characteristics of Coal Char
	34.4 Conclusions
	References
Part IV Fluidized Bed Combustion
35 Study on Penetrability of Central Secondary Air Jet in CFB and Its Influences on Fluidization Characteristics
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Experiment
	35.3 Results and Analysis
		35.3.1 Influences of Total Air Volume
		35.3.2 Influences of SAR
		35.3.3 Influential Factors of SA Penetration Dept
	35.4 Conclusions
	References
36 The Fundamental Studies on Combustion of Sintering Flue Gas in Circulating Fluidized Bed
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Methodology
		36.2.1 Materials
		36.2.2 Experimental
	36.3 Results and Discussion
		36.3.1 Comparison of Combustion Behavior of Coal Under Different Oxygen Contents
		36.3.2 Comparison of Combustion Behavior of Coal Under Different Temperatures
		36.3.3 Effect of CO on Coal Combustion
	36.4 Conclusion
	References
37 Emission Characteristic of NOx in CFB Boiler at Low Load
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Experimental Work
		37.2.1 NOx Emission Characteristic in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed
	37.3 Results and Discussion
		37.3.1 Experimental Stability Test
		37.3.2 Comparison of NOx Emission in Different Bed Temperature
		37.3.3 Comparison of NOx Emission in Different Excess Air Ratio
		37.3.4 Effects of Coal Particle Size on the NOx Emission
	37.4 Conclusions
	References
38 A Method to Measure the Solid Circulation Rate in CFB Boilers
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Methods
		38.2.1 Experimental Setup
		38.2.2 Numerical Simulation
	38.3 Result and Discussion
		38.3.1 Experimental Results
	38.4 Conclusion
	References
39 Reliability Analysis of 100 MW and Above Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Units in China in 2017
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Statistics of Basic Reliability Indexes
	39.3 Analysis of Unplanned Outages
	39.4 Conclusion
	References
40 Development of Advanced Ultra Super Critical Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology by DongFang Boiler
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 660 MW Advanced Ultra Supercritical CFB Boiler Scheme and Key Technical Problem Analysis
		40.2.1 Boiler Scheme
		40.2.2 Key Technical Problem Analysis During Boiler Development
	40.3 Deviation Characteristics and Its Solution
		40.3.1 Gas Solid Flow and Deviation Characteristics in EHE
		40.3.2 Solution on Thermal Deviation
	40.4 Environmental Protection Schemes for CFB Boilers
	40.5 Summary
	References
41 Cold-Experimental Study About Pressure Resistance of CFB Wind Caps
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Experimental Methods
	41.3 Results and Analysis
	41.4 Conclusion
	References
42 Progress and Main Technical Characteristics of Ultra-supercritical Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler
	42.1 Research and Development of Ultra-supercritical CFB Technology
		42.1.1 Tsinghua University
		42.1.2 Clean Energy Technology Research Institute of Huaneng Group
		42.1.3 American Foster Wheeler Company
		42.1.4 ALSTOM Company of French
		42.1.5 Three Major Boiler Manufacturers in China
	42.2 Research and Development of Key Technologies for Ultra-supercritical CFB Boilers
		42.2.1 Safety of High Temperature Heating Surface
		42.2.2 Hydrodynamic Safety of Water Wall
		42.2.3 Low Load Reheating Steam Temperature
		42.2.4 Low Cost Ultra-low Emission Technology
	42.3 Conclusion
	References
43 Experimental Study on Peaking Performance of 145 MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Unit with Retrofitting for Low-Vacuum Heat Supply
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure
		43.2.1 Experimental Apparatus
		43.2.2 Experimental Procedure
	43.3 Results and Discussion
		43.3.1 Depth of Peak Regulation
		43.3.2 Rate of Peak Regulation
		43.3.3 Tube Wall Temperature of Superheater and Reheater
		43.3.4 Bed Temperature and Furnace Negative Pressure
	43.4 Conclusions
	References
44 The Technology and Application of a New Type of Coal Water Slurry-Fired CFB with High Efficiency and Clean Combustion
	44.1 Introduction
	44.2 Core Technology of Boiler Design
		44.2.1 FSS Design Principle
		44.2.2 Flow Pattern Reconstruction
	44.3 Furnace Structure and Design Key Points
		44.3.1 Determine Reasonable Furnace Structure According to CWS
		44.3.2 Application of High Efficiency Adiabatic Separator
		44.3.3 Application of High Flow Rate and Low Energy Consumption Self-balance Loop Seal
		44.3.4 Application of Changeable Jacketed Bell-Type Air Nozzle
		44.3.5 Application of Front Air Chamber with Special Structure
		44.3.6 Application of Reasonable Air Distribution Device
		44.3.7 Application of Low Resistance, Large Momentum with Powerful Penetrating Power Bellows Structure
	44.4 Application of Reasonable Combustion Cycle and Gas/Air System
	44.5 Environmental Performance
		44.5.1 Basic Reaction Principle and Correlation of Desulfurization in Furnace and NOx
		44.5.2 High Desulfurization Efficiency in the Furnace
		44.5.3 Low NOx Initial Emission
		44.5.4 Inhibition of PM2.5 Emission
	44.6 Advantages of the Boiler
	44.7 Applications
		44.7.1 Awards
		44.7.2 References
	44.8 Development Prospects
	References
45 Study on Pollutants Control of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Burning Low Calorific Value Coal
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Effect of Burning Low Calorific Value Coal on Pollutant Emission of CFB Boilers
	45.3 Bed Pressure and Emission Fluctuation of Boilers Burning Low-Calorific-Value Coal
		45.3.1 Adjusting the Function Relationship Between Air and Coal Volume
		45.3.2 Modification of Primary Air Volume by Bed Pressure Function
		45.3.3 Circulating Ash Flow Blockage in a Loop Seal
	45.4 Optimization of Pollutant Control Parameters for Burning Low-Calorific-Value Coal
		45.4.1 Experiments on the Coupling Relationship of Pollutant Emission
		45.4.2 Control Strategy Optimization of Limestone Feeding System
	45.5 Conclusion
	References
Part V Low Carbon Energy
46 CO2 Adsorption Performance of Na/K-Impregnated MgO
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Experimental Section
	46.3 Results and Discussion
	46.4 Conclusion
	References
47 Comprehensive Analyses on Activation Agents of Amines and Nanoparticles for TETA-Based CO2 Capture Absorbents
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Materials and Methods
		47.2.1 Materials
		47.2.2 Experimental Process
		47.2.3 Data Processing
	47.3 AHP Analysis
		47.3.1 Dividing Levels
		47.3.2 Establishment of Judgment Matrix
		47.3.3 Consistency Test
		47.3.4 Signal Index Weight
	47.4 Results and Discussion
		47.4.1 Weight Calculation
		47.4.2 Comprehensive Performance
	47.5 Conclusion
	References
48 Experimental Study on Carbon Capture Performance of Polyimide Hollow Fiber Membrane in Post-combustion Process
	48.1 Introduction
	48.2 Experiment
		48.2.1 Material
		48.2.2 Basic Principle of Membrane Separation
		48.2.3 Operating Conditions
	48.3 Results and Discussion
		48.3.1 Experimental Results of Single-Stage Membrane
		48.3.2 Experimental Results of Two-Stage Membrane
	48.4 Conclusions
	References
49 Simulation Study on Separation of CO2 from Flue Gas in Coal-Fired Power Plant by Membrane Method
	49.1 Introduction
	49.2 Simulation and Experiment
		49.2.1 Model
		49.2.2 Procedure
		49.2.3 Experiment
	49.3 Results and Discussion
	49.4 Conclusion
	References
50 Experimental Study on Slagging and Fouling Behaviors During Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Zhundong Coal Using a Drop Tube Furnace
	50.1 Introduction
	50.2 Experimental
	50.3 Results and Discussion
		50.3.1 Slagging Characteristics in Air and Oxy-Fuel Atmospheres
		50.3.2 Slagging Behaviors at Different Gas Temperatures
		50.3.3 Slagging Characteristics at Different Oxygen Concentrations
	50.4 Conclusions
	References
51 Thermodynamic Study on the Utility Oxy-Fuel Boiler with Different Oxygen Volume Fractions
	51.1 Introduction
	51.2 Calculation Models
		51.2.1 Models of Start-up Schemes
		51.2.2 Models of Furnace Heat Transfer
		51.2.3 Models of Oxidant Gas
		51.2.4 Models of Flue Gas Recycle (FGR)
	51.3 Results and Discussions
		51.3.1 Stability Analyses of the Start-up Period
		51.3.2 Characteristics of Flue Gases in the Start-up Period
		51.3.3 Effects of Oxygen Volume Fraction
	51.4 Conclusions
	References
Part VI Emissions Control
52 Formation of SO3 in Flue Gas Under SNCR Conditions
	52.1 Experimental and Numerical Approaches
		52.1.1 Experiment Approach
		52.1.2 Numerical Approach
	52.2 Results and Discussion
		52.2.1 The SO3 Formation Under Typical SNCR Condition
		52.2.2 The Influence of Inlet SO2 Mole Fraction on SO3 Formation
		52.2.3 The Influence of Inlet O2 Mole Fraction on SO3 Formation
		52.2.4 The Influence of Reaction Temperature on SO3 Formation
		52.2.5 The Influence of Inlet CO Mole Fraction on SO3 Formation
		52.2.6 The Influence of Inlet H2O Mole Fraction on SO3 Formation
	52.3 Conclusions
	References
53 The Effect of Oxygen-Coal Equivalent Ratio on the Rapid Preparation of Powdered Activated Coke in Low Oxygen Atmosphere
	53.1 Introduction
	53.2 Experiment and Characterization
		53.2.1 Preparation of Experimental Materials
		53.2.2 Preparation of PAC
		53.2.3 SO2 Adsorption Capacity
		53.2.4 Characterization
	53.3 Results and Discussion
		53.3.1 SO2 Adsorption Capacity
		53.3.2 Burn-Off Rate
		53.3.3 Gas Products Analysis
		53.3.4 Pore Structure and Surface Morphology
	53.4 Conclusions
	References
54 Experimental Study on Synergistic Dust Removal of Desulfurization Tower of Coal-Fired Thermal Power Unit
	54.1 Introduction
	54.2 Particular Matter Concentration Measurement Method
	54.3 Measurement Object
	54.4 Result and Discussion
		54.4.1 Comparison of the Two Measurement Methods
		54.4.2 Effect of Demister on Synergistic Dust Removal of Desulfurization Tower
		54.4.3 Effect of Tower Internals of Desulfurization Tower on Cooperative Dust Removal
		54.4.4 Effect of Load on Synergistic Dust Removal of Desulfurization Tower
	54.5 Conclusion
	References
55 Analysis of Desulphurization Process in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler by Calcium and Sulfur Conservation
	55.1 Introduction
	55.2 Simplified Calcium/Sulfur Conservation Methed
		55.2.1 Sulfur Conservation
		55.2.2 Calcium Conservation
	55.3 Application Example
	55.4 Conclusion
	References
56 Simulation Investigation on NOx Emission Characteristics and Mechanisms During Co-combustion of Fossil Fuels with Different Fuel-Nitrogen Distributions via CHEMKIN
	56.1 Introduction
	56.2 Models
	56.3 Results and Discussion
		56.3.1 The Influence of Combustion Temperature
		56.3.2 The Influence of Main Combustion Zone Α
		56.3.3 Influence of Blending Ratio
	56.4 Conclusions
	References
57 Experimental Study on Combustion of Pulverized Char Preheated by a Circulating Fluidized Bed
	57.1 Introduction
	57.2 Experimental Section
		57.2.1 Apparatus and Method
		57.2.2 Fuel Characteristic
		57.2.3 Experimental Conditions
	57.3 Results and Discussion
		57.3.1 Preheating Characteristics in CFB
		57.3.2 Combustion Characteristics in DFC
	57.4 Conclusion
	References
58 Experimental Study on Optimal Adjustment of SCR Ammonia Injection for 1000 MW Coal-Fired Unit Based on Multi-field Cooperative Diagnosis
	58.1 Object of Study
		58.1.1 Overview of Units
		58.1.2 Test Methods
	58.2 Test Results and Analysis
		58.2.1 Basic Test
		58.2.2 Test Results After Optimization
		58.2.3 Verification Test
	58.3 Conclusion
	References
59 Effects of High Temperature on NH3/NO Reactions in the Absence of Oxygen
	59.1 Introduction
	59.2 Methods
		59.2.1 Experimental Set-up
		59.2.2 Kinetic Modeling
	59.3 Results and Discussion
		59.3.1 The Influence of Residence Time
		59.3.2 The Influence of NSR
		59.3.3 The Influence of Temperature
		59.3.4 Validation of Kinetic Model
		59.3.5 Analysis of Reaction Mechanism
	59.4 Conclusion
	References
60 Study on Kinetic Model of NOx Reduction Overall Reaction of Fluidized-Bed Flue Gas
	60.1 Introduction
	60.2 Model Description
	60.3 Results and Discussion
		60.3.1 Denitrification
		60.3.2 Ammonia Slip
	60.4 Conclusion
	References
61 The Mechanisms and Applications of NOx Reduction by Low-NOx Burner Coupling Deep Air-Staging Technology in Pulverized Coal
	61.1 Introduction
	61.2 Low-NOx Burner Simulation and Experiments
		61.2.1 Structure of Double Cone Burner
		61.2.2 Numerical Simulation of Double Cone Burner
		61.2.3 Pilot Scale Experiments for Burner and the Combustion System
	61.3 Industrial Experiments
	61.4 Conclusions
	References
62 Experimental Research on NOx Emission Characteristics Based on Combined Removal Technology of Multi-pollutant with Ash Calcium Recycling
	62.1 Introduction
	62.2 Combined Removal Technology of Multi-pollutant with Circulating Calcium-Based Ash
	62.3 Experiment
	62.4 Results and Discussion
		62.4.1 The Fixed Bed
		62.4.2 The Bubble Bed
		62.4.3 Industrial Test
	62.5 Conclusion
	References
63 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 Using Coal Ash Catalyst
	63.1 Introduction
	63.2 Experimental Section
		63.2.1 Catalyst Preparation
		63.2.2 Catalyst Characterization
		63.2.3 Catalysts Activity Measurement
	63.3 Results and Discussions
		63.3.1 Catalyst Activity Test
		63.3.2 Effect of Calcination Temperature
		63.3.3 Effect of [NH3]/[NO] Molar Ratio on SCR Activity
		63.3.4 Effect of Oxygen Concentration on SCR Activity
		63.3.5 Catalyst Characterization
	63.4 Conclusions
	References
64 Effects of Different Precipitants on the De–NO Efficiency of the Fe2O3 Catalyst Synthesized by Co-precipitation Method
	64.1 Introduction
	64.2 Catalyst Preparation
	64.3 Characterization
	64.4 Experimental Setup
	64.5 Results and Discussion
		64.5.1 NH3-SCR Activity
		64.5.2 Crystalline Phase Analysis (XRD)
		64.5.3 Microstructure Analysis (BET)
		64.5.4 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
		64.5.5 SO2 Tolerance
		64.5.6 FT-IT Analysis of Fresh and Deactivated Catalyst
	64.6 Conclusion
	References
65 In Situ Visual Monitoring of Rotary Air Preheater Blockage: Setup and Image Analysis
	65.1 Introduction
	65.2 Methodology
		65.2.1 Setup of the Visual Monitoring System
		65.2.2 3D-Printed Model Simulating the Blockage Morphology
		65.2.3 Image Segmentation Algorithms
		65.2.4 Influence of Noise
		65.2.5 Convolutional Neural Network
	65.3 Results and Discussion
		65.3.1 Image Segmentation Results
		65.3.2 Noise Influence
		65.3.3 CNN Performance
	65.4 Conclusions
	References
66 Effect of Chemical Composition on Adsorption and Agglomeration Characteristics of Ash Particles After Sulfuric Acid Adsorption
	66.1 Introduction
	66.2 Experimental Section
	66.3 Results and Discussion
		66.3.1 Effect of Chemical Constitution on Adsorption
		66.3.2 Effect of Chemical Constitution on Particles Agglomeration
	66.4 Conclusions
	References
67 Characteristics of Hg0 Re-emission Caused by Sulfite in a Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System
	67.1 Introduction
	67.2 Experimental
		67.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Method
		67.2.2 Experimental Materials
		67.2.3 Calculation
	67.3 Results and Discussion
		67.3.1 Effect of Sulfite
		67.3.2 Effect of Temperature
		67.3.3 Effect of pH
		67.3.4 Effect of O2 Concentration
		67.3.5 Effect of Metal Ions
	67.4 Conclusion
	References
68 Study of the Concentration of Mercury in Coal Used in Combustion, in an Area of Boyacá, Colombia, South America
	68.1 Methodology
	68.2 Results
	References
69 An Experimental Study on Ash Deposition Problem of Low-Low Temperature Flue Gas System
	69.1 Introduction
	69.2 Experimental Section
		69.2.1 Ash Samples and Experimental Condition
		69.2.2 Fixed Bed Adsorption Experimental System
		69.2.3 The Entrained Flow Adsorption Experimental System
		69.2.4 Calibration Tests of the Entrained Flow Adsorption Experimental System
	69.3 Result and Discussion
		69.3.1 The Agglomeration Effect of Ash Particles
		69.3.2 The Influence of Adsorption Temperature on Agglomeration Effect
		69.3.3 The Influence of Particle Size on Agglomeration Effect
		69.3.4 The Flowability of Ash Particles
		69.3.5 The Influence of Flue Gas Temperature on Ash Particle Flowability
	69.4 Conclusions
	References
70 Condensation Characteristic of Sulfuric Acid Vapor on Low-Temperature Surface of Tube Heat Exchanger
	70.1 Introduction
	70.2 Physical and Numerical Models
		70.2.1 Physical Models
		70.2.2 Governing Equation
		70.2.3 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Interface Boundary Conditions
	70.3 Physical and Numerical Models
		70.3.1 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Interface Boundary Conditions
		70.3.2 Effect of Flue Gas Temperature and Velocity
		70.3.3 Effect of Sulfuric Vapor Content in Flue Gas
		70.3.4 Effect of Water Vapor Content in Flue Gas
		70.3.5 Effect of Wall Temperature
		70.3.6 Effect of Heat Exchanger Size
		70.3.7 Effect of Heat Exchanger Arrangement
	70.4 Conclusions
	References
71 Partitioning Behavior of Arsenic in an Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant Equipped with APCDs for Ultra-Low Emission
	71.1 Introduction
	71.2 Materials and methods
		71.2.1 Boiler Description
		71.2.2 Sampling Procedure
		71.2.3 Analysis Methods
	71.3 Results and Discussion
		71.3.1 Samples Analysis Results
		71.3.2 Mass Balance Rate and Distribution of As Across the Power Plant
		71.3.3 Concentration, Forms, and Removal Efficiency of As in Flue Gas Across APCDs
		71.3.4 Relative Enrichment Index and Emission Factor of As
	71.4 Conclusions
	References
72 A New Scheme for Synergetic Removal of NH3 and SO3 and Particulate Matter in the Flue Gas of Coal-Fired Boiler
	72.1 Introduction
	72.2 The New System
	72.3 Experimental System and Procedure
	72.4 Result and Discussion
		72.4.1 Particle Dispersity and Size
		72.4.2 Agglomeration Characteristics
	72.5 Conclusion
	References
73 A Population Balance Model for Fine Particle Removal Inside the Electrostatic Precipitator
	73.1 Introduction
	73.2 Theoretical
	73.3 Experimental
	73.4 Results and Discussion
	73.5 Conclusion
	References
74 Effect of Calcination Atmosphere on High Temperature H2S Removal of MnxOy/Al2O3 Sorbent in Synthesis Gas
	74.1 Introduction
	74.2 Experiment
		74.2.1 Sorbents
		74.2.2 Characterization of Sorbents
		74.2.3 Desulfurization and Regeneration Tests for the Sorbents
	74.3 Result and Discussion
		74.3.1 H2S Absorption Capacity Over MnxOy/Al2O3 Sorbent
		74.3.2 Characterization of the Sorbent Samples
		74.3.3 Mechanism Analysis
		74.3.4 Conclusions
	References
Part VII Design and Operating Experiences
75 A Dataset Analysis of Particular Matter Removal Techniques in China’s Coal-Fired Power Plant
	75.1 Introduction
	75.2 ESP Database
	75.3 Results and Discussion
	75.4 Conclusions
	References
76 Dynamic Characteristics of a Boiler with Low-NOX Combustion
	76.1 Introduction
	76.2 The Tangentially Fired Boiler
	76.3 Method
	76.4 Results
	76.5 Conclusions
	References
77 Study on Modeling and Control Strategy for Combustion Optimization of Pulverized Coal Boiler
	77.1 Introduction
	77.2 Formation Mechanism of NOX in Pulverized Coal Combustion Process
	77.3 NOX Generation in Transient Process of Coal-fired Units
		77.3.1 Long Short-Term Memory
		77.3.2 NOX Production Prediction Model for Unit Transient Process
	77.4 Optimal Control of Burner
		77.4.1 Load Function Fitting
		77.4.2 Optimal Scheme of Burner Switching in Variable Load Process
	77.5 Summary
	References
78 Characteristics of RB Control Loop of Large Lignite Power Plant Boiler and Analysis and Comparison
	78.1 Systematic Introduction
	78.2 RB Main Circuit
	78.3 RB Test Process and Problems Encountered
		78.3.1 Condition 1
		78.3.2 Condition 2
		78.3.3 Condition 3
		78.3.4 Result Analysis
	References
79 Power Plant Boiler Operation Optimization System Based on CO Control
	79.1 Power Plant Boiler CO Monitoring Technology
		79.1.1 Technical Principle
		79.1.2 Flue Gas Treatment Mode
		79.1.3 System Stability and Economy
		79.1.4 System Installation Location
	79.2 Power Plant Boiler Operation Optimization Method and System Based on CO Control
	79.3 Optimized Operation of Power Plant Boiler Based on CO Control
	79.4 Conclusion
	References
80 Technical Measures in Design and Operation of the 1000 MW Supercritical Boiler Burning High-Slagging-Propensity Coal
	80.1 Introduction
	80.2 Coal Properties
	80.3 Technical Measures
	80.4 Conclusions
	References
81 The Synergistic Performance of Heat and Electricity Studied from the Heating Demand Side and the Supply Side
	81.1 Background
	81.2 Peak Shaving Potential Analysis of Cogeneration Units
	81.3 Analysis of Social Energy Conservation Caused by Deep Peak-Shaving of Heating Units
	81.4 Improve the Peak-Shaving and Frequency-Regulating Ability of Cogeneration Units by Cooperative Operation
	81.5 Conclusion
	References
82 Effect of Recirculated Flue Gas on 660 MW Double Reheated Boiler
	82.1 Introduction
	82.2 Geometry Model and Meshing
	82.3 Numerical Model
	82.4 Boundary Conditions
	82.5 Effect of Load Reduction on Double Reheated Boiler
	82.6 Effect of RFG
	82.7 Conclusion
	References
83 Furnace Outlet Temperature Prediction Model of a 350 MW Ultra-Supercritical Boiler
	83.1 Introduction
	83.2 Model and Governing Equations
	83.3 Calculation Condition, Validation and Result Analysis
	83.4 Conclusion
	References
84 Study on the Stability of High Pressure Pneumatic Transport of the Mixture of Pulverized Coal and Extraction Residue of Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue
	84.1 Introduction
	84.2 Experimental Section
		84.2.1 Experimental Facility and Procedure
		84.2.2 Material
	84.3 Results and Discussion
		84.3.1 Pressure Fluctuation
		84.3.2 Pressure Drop Fluctuation
		84.3.3 Pulverized Coal Flow Rate, Velocity and Concentration Fluctuation
		84.3.4 Conveying Stability
	84.4 Conclusion
	References
85 Experimental Study of the Flat-Flame Pulverized Coal Gasification Technology
	85.1 Introduction
	85.2 Pilot Scale Test Facilities
	85.3 Experimental Sample and Conditions
	85.4 Results and Discussion
		85.4.1 Running Conditions
		85.4.2 Gasification Results
		85.4.3 Gasification Temperature
		85.4.4 Flow Field Analysis
	85.5 Conclusion
	References
86 Research on Evaluation of Pulverized Coal Flow Stability in Dilute Phase Pneumatic Conveying Based on Pressure Fluctuation of Resistance Components
	86.1 Introduction
	86.2 Results and Discussion
		86.2.1 Pressure Drop Characteristic
		86.2.2 Flow Pattern Characteristic
		86.2.3 Statistical Analysis of Pressure Drop Signal
	86.3 Application of the Utilization of Pressure Drop Signal to Evaluate the Flow Stability
	86.4 Conclusion
	References
87 Research on Dense Phase Pneumatic Conveying of the Mixture of Pulverized Coal and Extract Residue of Coal Liquefaction Residue at High Pressure
	87.1 Introduction
	87.2 Experimental Part
	87.3 Results and Discussion
		87.3.1 Effect of Superficial Gas Velocity on Particle Velocity
		87.3.2 Effect of Fluidizing Gas on Conveying Characteristics
		87.3.3 Effect of Supplemental Gas on Conveying Characteristics
		87.3.4 Effect of Pressure Drop on Conveying Characteristics
	87.4 Summary
	References
88 The Process of Self-heating Sludge Incineration Based on Granular Heat Carrier
	88.1 Introduction
	88.2 The Process of Sludge Incineration
		88.2.1 Mixed Burning with Other Fuel
		88.2.2 Incineration After Drying
		88.2.3 Sludge Drying and Incineration Integration
	88.3 The Process of Self-heating Sludge Incineration Based on Granular Heat Carrier
		88.3.1 Process Introduction
		88.3.2 Power Plant Based on the Process and Measurement Data
		88.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
	88.4 Conclusion
	References