Civilization and the Making of the State in Lebanon and Syria

Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
	Contemporary State-Building and Development: The (Re)production of a Civilizational Standard
	Civilization and the State: Tying Development and State-Building to Imperialism and Colonialism
	The Argument: The Modern State as a Standard of Civilization
	Chapter Breakdown
	Works Cited
2 The Standards of Civilization and the Production of Statehood
	Theories and Histories of State Formation in the Middle East
	European State Formation: Historicizing the Conceptual Foundations Modern Statehood
	Post-colonial Statehood: The Result of a Standard of Civilization
		The Civilizing Project and European Colonialism in the Middle East
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
3 Equality as a Standard of Civilization: The Opposition Towards Ottoman Tolerance
	Equality and Tolerance: Foundations of Governance in Europe and the Ottoman Empire
	Equality as a Standard of Civilization
	The Tanzimat Reforms: The Failure of Equality
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
4 Race, Religion, and Civilization in Programs of Governance and Modernization
	Historic Intersections of Civilization, Race, and Religion
		The Hatt-ı Şerif: Eradicating Inferior Government
		Mount Lebanon: Racializing Religion
		Continuing Civilizational Reform: The Hatt-I Humayun 1856
		Racialized Religion and National Consciousness
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
5 Territory, Identity, and Governance: Creating Order from Disorder
	Creating Civilized Boundaries: Territory, Identity, and Governance
		Split Authority in Mount Lebanon: Territorialization and the Division of Greater Syria
		The Land Code of 1858
		Settling the Desert
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
6 Violent Resistance: Interactions with Modernity and European Interference
	Violence as Resistance: European Interference and Revolt
	European Modernization, Modernity, and the Emergence of Violent Resistance
		The Aleppo Uprising, 1850
		The Damascus Massacre, 1860
		The Mandate System and Faisal’s Revolt
		French Colonial Pacification: The Druze Revolt 1925
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
7 Nationalism as Resistance: Acquiescing to European Identifiers
	Nationalism, Resistance, and Response
		The Young Ottomans
		The Young Turks, Arab, and Syrian Nationalists
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
8 Preventing Autonomy: European Interests and the Application of a Standard of Civilization
	European Interests in the Ottoman Empire at the Beginning of the Reform Period
	Applying the Standard of Civilization: Methods to Attain Political Interests
		The Tanzimat: Hatt-ı Şerif (1839) and the Hatt-ı Hümayun (1856)
		The French Mandate and Lebanon and Syria
		French Governance and Political Representation in Lebanon and Syria
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
9 Conclusion: Taking Histories of Post-colonial Statehood Seriously
	The Standard of Civilization and the Production of the State in Lebanon and Syria
		(Re)Thinking Statehood
	The Standard Lives On
Bibliography
Index