Civil Society Responses to Changing Civic Spaces

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Conceptualizing Civil Society and Civic Space
1 Introduction: Civil Society Responses to Changing Civic Spaces
	1 Introduction
	2 Civic Spaces and Civil Society Responses: Global Trends and Debates
	3 Conceptualizing Civil Society and Civic Space
		3.1 Civil Society: From NGOs to Civil Society Actors and Practices
		3.2 Civic Space: Towards Relational Conceptualization
	4 Towards Contextual Analysis of Civic Space: The Chapter Contributions
	References
2 Interrogating Civic Space: Applying a Civic-Driven Change Perspective
	1 The Emergence of Civic Space as a Concept
	2 Theoretical Foundations: From Civil Society to Civic Space
	3 From Civic Space to Citizen Agency
	4 Analysing Changing Civic Spaces: New Dictators and the Re-emergence of Old Empires
	5 How Civic-Driven Change Contributes to the Analysis of Civic Space
	References
3 Repertoires of the Possible: Citizen Action in Challenging Settings
	1 Introduction
	2 Constraints on Citizen Action
		2.1 Overt Repression of Citizen Action and Dissent
		2.2 Ineffective Institutions for Participation
		2.3 Legacies of Fear
		2.4 Gendered Norms
		2.5 Norms of Quiescence
	3 Repertoires of Citizen Action
		3.1 More Visible Forms of Action
		3.2 Action Under the Radar
	4 Outcomes
		4.1 Responses from Authorities on Concrete Issues
		4.2 Increased Visibility of Issues that Matter to Citizens
		4.3 Increases in Political Agency and Capabilities
		4.4 Progressive Changes in Norms
	5 Conclusions
	References
Part II Contextual Dynamics of Civic Space
4 Philanthropy During COVID-19 Emergency: Towards a Postcolonial Perspective?
	1 Introduction
	2 Philanthropy in Brazil
	3 Donations During the Pandemic in Brazil
	4 The Tide Setubal Foundation
	5 Mobilizations of Urban Peripheries
	6 Final Considerations
	Appendix
	References
5 Sandwiched? Sri Lankan Civic Space Amidst a Repressive Regime and a Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 Understanding the Civic Space: Related Concepts and Their Usage in Sri Lanka
	3 Civic Space in Sri Lanka—Forms, Nature and Features
	4 Changes in the Context: The Political Sphere
		4.1 Assessment of the 2015–2019 Experience
	5 The Experience of COVID-19
		5.1 The Increased Role of the Military in Governance
	6 Impact on the Civic Space
		6.1 The Policy, Legal and Regulatory Environment of CSOs/NGOs in Sri Lanka
		6.2 Increased Control by the District-Level Bureaucracy
		6.3 NGO Secretariat and Close Surveillance
		6.4 Civic Space Under Pressure—External Observations
	7 Coping Strategies by CSOs
	8 Conclusions
	References
6 Negotiating CSO Legitimacy in Tanzanian Civic Space
	1 Introduction
	2 Civic Space, Legitimacy of CSOs, and Democracy
	3 Experiencing Restrictions, Negotiating Legitimacy
		3.1 NGOs Experiences of and Responses to Restrictive Trends
		3.2 Legitimacy Negotiations Civic Spaces
	4 Historical Continuities in Shaping Civic Space
	5 Conclusions
	References
7 Spaces for Peace: Women’s Agency in Mitrovica, Kosovo
	1 Introduction
	2 The Constrained Context of Mitrovica
	3 Women and Peace: Towards a Notion of ‘Spaces for Peace’
	4 Spaces for Peace: Women’s Agency in Mitrovica
		4.1 Learning/Training Together: Encountering the ‘Other’
		4.2 Working Together: Building Relationships
		4.3 Travelling Together: Consolidating Relationships
	5 Conclusion
	References
8 The Algerian Hirak: Civil Society and the Role of Artists in a Civic Space Under Pressure
	1 Introduction
	2 The Socio-Political Context
	3 The Hirak and Its Demands
	4 The Power Elite’s Reactions
	5 Civil Society and the Hirak
	6 Culture, Artists and the Hirak
	7 Legal and Other Measures as Well as Arrests
		7.1 Censorship and Self-Censorship
	8 Concluding Observations
	References
9 Constrained Humanitarian Space in Rohingya Response: Views from Bangladeshi NGOs
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptualizing Humanitarian Space
	3 A Recurrence of the Rohingya Exodus in Bangladesh: Past and the Present Treatment
	4 Capturing the Voices of Bangladeshi NGOs
	5 Findings and Discussion
		5.1 Discrepancies in Localization Discourses in the Rohingya Response
		5.2 Institutional Multiplicity in the Rohingya Response
		5.3 Disparities in Accountability Mechanisms in the Rohingya Response
	6 Conclusion
	References
Part III Global Connections and Local Civic Space
10 Advocacy in Constrained Settings. Rethinking Contextuality
	1 Introduction
	2 Assumptions
	3 How Constraining Contexts Matter
		3.1 Authoritarian and Hybrid Contexts
		3.2 Fragile Contexts
	4 Rethinking Contextuality
		4.1 CSO Roles
		4.2 Advocacy Capacities
		4.3 Advocacy Strategies
		4.4 Risk Management
	5 Conclusion
	References
11 The Changing Amazonian Civic Space: Where Soy Meets Resistance
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of the Amazonian Civic Space—where Agency and Structures Meet
	3 Convention 169 from the International Labour Organization: Where Resistance Meets Rights
	4 Lower Tocantins: Barcarena and Abaetetuba
	5 Lower Tapajós: Santarém, Itaituba and Miritituba
	6 Conclusion
	References
12 Local Civil Society Initiatives for Peacebuilding in North-East Congo
	1 Introduction
	2 The Local Turn in Peacebuilding
	3 Ituri: A Globalised Political Economy of Conflict and Predation
	4 Local Civil Society Responses—Successes and Limitations
		4.1 Civil Society Responses
		4.2 Successes
		4.3 Limitations
	5 Conclusion
	References
13 Conclusions: Spaces of Hope and Despair?
	1 Introduction
	2 Context of Civic Action
	3 Approaches to (Changing) Civic Space
	4 Civil Society Responses to Changing Civic Spaces
	5 Spaces of Hope and Despair?
	References
Index