Civil Society and the Party-state in Zimbabwe: Democracy, Hegemonies and Polarities

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Tables
1 Civil Society, State, Hegemony and Gramsci in the Modern World
	Introduction
	Uneven Modernities and Promiscuity of a Concept
	State, Statecraft and Its Meaning in the Developing World
		The Idea of (Party)State and Its Meaning in Zimbabwe
	Civil Society and Its Different Meanings
	A Gramscian Understanding of Civil Society
		A Modern Understanding of Civil Society in the Developing World
		Civil Society as Social Space in Zimbabwe: Towards a Working Definition
	Hegemony and Its Relationship to Civil Society
		Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony
	Organic Intellectuals and Their Role in Society
	Conclusion
	References
2 The Liberation Movement, Polarisation Culture and Civil Society in Zimbabwe
	Introduction
	Setting the Parameters for the Conception of Polarisation
	Historicisation of Political Polarisation in Zimbabwe
		The Liberation/Nationalist Movement in Zimbabwe
	Understanding the 1963 ZAPU—ZANU Split
	Polarisation and the Liberation Struggle
		ZAPU, ZANU and the Formation of FROLIZI (1971)
		Formation of ANC—Polarisation Prevails
	Post-Independence Relations—Liberation Movement and the State
		Pre-Unity Accord Period, 1980–1987
		Post-Unity Agreement Relations Within the Movement
	War Veterans as Part of the Liberation Movement, and Polarisation
		ZNLWVA and ZLP
		War Veterans, the Party-State and Land Reform in Zimbabwe
	Conclusion
	References
3 The Party-State, Labour and Student Movements and Democratisation in Zimbabwe
	Introduction
	Discerning Possibilities in State-Civil Society Relations
	Four C’s Model in State-Civil Society Relations
	The Development of Labour Movement, and Polarisation in Zimbabwe
		Labour Movement Before Independence
	Post-Independence Development of the Labour Movement
		The Labour Movement, Polarisation and the Party-State
		Labour Movement’s Period of Militancy—1990 to 1997
		ZCTU and Its Slide into Hard Opposition Politics
		The Emergence of the ZFTU as a Sign of Further Polarisation
	The Student Movement, Polarisation and the Party-State
		Pre-Independence Students’ Movement
		Post-Independence Students’ Movement
		Split Within the Student Movement: Formation of ZICOSU
	Conclusion
	References
4 Human Rights and the Constitutional Movement in Zimbabwe
	Introduction
	Alliance Formation and Consolidation
	Constitutional Movement, Constitutionalism and Democracy
		History of Constitutionalism in Zimbabwe
		The NCA and the Constitutional Commission
		Constitutional Parliamentary Select Committee (COPAC) Process
	Human Rights Movement, Democracy and State Relations
		Inter-linkages and Alliance Formation—1997 to 2002
		The Zimbabwe Question and Regional Solidarity
		Violence Against Civil Society Activists
		Human Rights Movement During the GNU, and Beyond
		Human Rights Abuses and Elections
	Conclusion
	References
5 NGOs, Local State and Communities at Subnational Level: The Case of Mangwe District
	Introduction
	NGOs and Gatekeeping in Zimbabwe
	Rural Intellectuals, NGOs and Subalternity
		Subaltern Groups and Rural Intellectuals
		NGO Registration and Gatekeeping in Zimbabwe
	NGO Operations in Rural Mangwe District
		Some NGOs and Their Interventions in Mangwe
			World Vision International
			Organisation of Rural Associations for Progress (ORAP)
			Caritas Zimbabwe
			Practical Action Zimbabwe
	NGOs and Their Usefulness to Subalterns
	Power Dynamics, Subalternity and Domination in NGO Work
	Conclusion
	References
6 Matabeleland Question: Marginalisation, Uneven ‘Democracy’ and Exclusion
	Introduction
	What Is the Matabeleland Question?
		The Relationship Between a National Question and a Regional Question
	Organic Intellectuals and their Perspective on the Question
		Major Aspects of the Question: Underdevelopment and Marginalisation
	Case Study: Educational Outcomes in Matabeleland as a Reflection of Marginalisation
	Debating Answers to the Matabeleland Question
	Conclusion
	References
7 A Faltering Counter-Hegemony: Towards a Conclusion
	Introduction: A Democracy Without Benefits
	The Old Is Dying But the New Cannot Be Born
	Some Accomplishments by Civil Society
	Some Challenges that Have Impacted NGO Growth and Development
		Civil Society’s Dalliance with Donors and Its Impact
		The Question of Ideology
		Coalitional Politics and Its Downside
		Effects of an Unfair Legislative Environment
		Economic Collapse and Informalisation
		Democracy and Differentiated Understandings
	Conclusion
	References
Index