Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Materials: Fabrication, Characterization and Biomedical Applications

Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Editor
Abbreviations
1 Introduction to Chitosan and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan: Structure and Preparation
		2.1 Chitin and Chitosan: Chemical Structures
		2.2 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan
	3 Modifications of Chitosan
		3.1 Physical Modifications of Chitosan
		3.2 Chemical Modifications of Chitosan
	4 Properties of Chitosan
	5 Characterization of Chitosan
	6 Need for Nanotechnology
	7 Chitosan Nanocomposites: Structural Analysis
		7.1 Structure of Chitosan Nanocomposites: Nanofillers and Nanocoatings
		7.2 Functionalization of Nanofillers in the Synthesis of Chitosan Nanocomposites
	8 Synthesis Scheme for Chitosan Nanocomposites
		8.1 Synthesis Strategies to Produce Chitosan Nanocomposites
		8.2 Cross-Linking of Chitosan Nanocomposites
	9 Chitosan Metal Nanocomposites
		9.1 Chitosan-Gold Nanocomposites
		9.2 Chitosan-Nickel Nanocomposites
		9.3 Chitosan-Iron Nanocomposites
		9.4 Chitosan-Copper Nanocomposites
		9.5 Chitosan-Silver Nanocomposites
	10 Properties of Chitosan Nanocomposites
		10.1 Loading and Release of Drugs
		10.2 Particle Size and Zeta Potential
		10.3 Study of Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake
		10.4 Stability
		10.5 Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Nanocomposites
	11 Characterization of Chitosan Nanocomposites
		11.1 Measurement of Size
		11.2 Measurement of Morphology
		11.3 Measurement of Specific Surface Area
		11.4 Measurement of Chemical Composition
		11.5 Measurement of Zeta Potential
		11.6 Measurement of Antimicrobial Properties
		11.7 Drug Content, Loading Efficiency, and Drug Release Measurements
	12 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites
		12.1 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Cancer
		12.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering
		12.3 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Wound Dressing
		12.4 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Encapsulation of biologically Active Compounds
		12.5 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
		12.6 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Bone Engineering
		12.7 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Antioxidant Activity
		12.8 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Biosensor Applications
		12.9 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization Support
		12.10 Chitosan Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents
		12.11 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy
	13 Limitations and Challenges of the Use of Chitosan Nanocomposites in Biomedical Research
	14 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
2 Strategies for Synthesis and Chemical Modifications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites: A Versatile Material with Extraordinary Potential for Diverse Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Structures and Properties of Chitosan
		2.1 Structure
		2.2 Physiochemical Properties
		2.3 Biological Properties
	3 Some Common Chitosan Derivatives
	4 Methods of Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles
		4.1 Emulsification and Cross-linking
		4.2 Reversed Micelles Method
		4.3 Precipitation-Based Methods
		4.4 Ionic Gelation
		4.5 Self-assembly
		4.6 Top-Down Approach
	5 Green Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles
	6 Modification Strategies of Chitosan
		6.1 Chitosan Modification to Produce Functional Derivatives
		6.2 Enhanced Anti-microbial Performance
		6.3 Improved Water Solubility
		6.4 Better Biocompatibility
	7 Conclusions
	References
3 Characterization Techniques for Chitosan and Its Based Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanomaterial Properties
		2.1 Morphological and Topological Properties of Chitosan Nanomaterials
		2.2 Solid-State Properties of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials/NPs
		2.3 Elemental Analysis/Properties of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials/NPs
		2.4 Interaction Analysis/Properties of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials/NPs
		2.5 Determination of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials/NPs
	3 Conclusion
	References
4 Implementation of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery System
	1 Introduction
	2 Important Biochemical and Physiological Properties of Chitosan
	3 Carbon-Based Bionanocomposites
	4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
	5 Graphene/Graphene Oxide
	6 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
	7 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
5 Potential of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Application in Gene Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan as a Gene Carrier
	3 Application of Polymers in Gene Delivery
		3.1 Artificial Polymers
		3.2 Natural Polymers
	4 General Characteristics of Chitosan
	5 Factors Affecting Gene Transfer in Chitosan Delivery System
		5.1 Surface Charge and Zeta Potential
		5.2 Particle Size
		5.3 Chitosan Modification Reactions
	6 Application of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Gene Therapy
	7 Conclusion
	References
6 Recent Advancements in the Application of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan Nanocomposites Definition and Obtention Applied to Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	3 Chitosan Nanocomposites Physicochemical Properties
	4 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
		4.1 Tissue Engineering
		4.2 Regenerative Medicine
	5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
7 Emerging Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Multifarious Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics
	1 Introduction
	2 Emerging Role of Nanotechnology in Oncotherapy
		2.1 Nanoparticles: What Are They?
	3 Advantages of Nanoformulations in Cancer Therapy
	4 What Are Nanocomposites?
	5 Chitosan: A Versatile Super Polymer in Treating Cancer
	6 Synthesis and Attributes of Chitosan-Based Bionanocomposites
	7 Biomedical Relevance of Chitosan-Based Nanoformulations
		7.1 Antimicrobial Outcomes
		7.2 Anti-Cancer Drugs
		7.3 Drug Delivery Frameworks
		7.4 Tissue Engineering Applications
		7.5 Wound Healing Applications
		7.6 Gene Therapy and Bioimaging Applications
		7.7 Biosensing
	8 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites: An Upcoming Domain in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
	9 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective
	References
8 An Overview of the Application of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Bioimaging
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan Nanoparticles in Bioimaging
		2.1 Optical Imaging
		2.2 Ultrasound Imaging
		2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		2.4 Computed Tomographic Imaging
		2.5 Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI)
	3 Conclusion
	References
9 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Remarkably Effectual Wound Healing Agents
	1 Introduction
	2 Chemical Transformation of Chitin to Chitosan
	3 Processing Techniques for Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
		3.1 Mechanical Stirring
		3.2 Solvent Casting
		3.3 Freeze-Drying
		3.4 Layer-By-Layer Assembly
		3.5 Electrospinning
	4 Effects and Action of Chitosan on Skin Wound
	5 Properties of Chitosan
		5.1 Antibacterial Property
		5.2 Antioxidant Property
	6 Chitosan Nanocomposite Scaffolds Toward Wound Dressings
		6.1 Chitosan Sponge for Wound Healing
		6.2 Immobilized Chitosan Extract Scaffolds for Wound Healing
		6.3 Natural/synthetic Polymer Blend Scaffolds for Wound Healing
	7 Application of Chitosan-Based Metallic Nanocomposites in Wound Healing
		7.1 Chitosan/nAu
		7.2 Chitosan/nCu
		7.3 Chitosan/nAg
		7.4 Chitosan/nTiO2
		7.5 Chitosan/nZnO
	8 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
10 Role of Antibacterial Agents Derived from Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	2 Mode of Action
	3 Factors Affecting chitosan’s Antibacterial Activity
		3.1 Concentration of Chitosan
		3.2 Molecular Weight
		3.3 Positive Charge Density
		3.4 Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Characteristic
		3.5 Chelating Capacity
		3.6 pH
		3.7 Ionic Strength
		3.8 Physical State
		3.9 Temperature and Time
	4 Complexes of Chitosan with Certain Materials
		4.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan/Metal Nanocomposites
		4.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles’ Antimicrobial Activity in Bacterial Biofilms
		4.3 Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Antibiotics or Other Microbicidal Substances Possessing Antimicrobial Activity
	5 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems’ Antimicrobial Activity
		5.1 Antimicrobial Agent
		5.2 Wound Dressing
		5.3 Antibacterial Activity Against Plant Pathogens
		5.4 Antimicrobial Films and the Food Packaging
		5.5 Application in Medical Industry
		5.6 Antibacterial Coating
		5.7 Application Against Various Detrimental Bacteria (Animal Pathogens)
	6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
11 Biomedical Application of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Antifungal Agents
	1 Introduction
	2 Antifungal Properties of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	3 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites Displaying Antifungal Activity in Agriculture
	4 Antifungal Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Food Packaging Industries
	5 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Antifungal Agents
	6 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites Displaying Antifungal Activity in the Maritime Sector
	7 Miscellaneous Applications of Antifungal Properties of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	8 Conclusions
	References
12 Antiviral Potency of Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Use of Chitosan and Its Nanocomposites as Antiviral Agents
		2.1 Action of Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Nanocomposites Against Animal Viruses
		2.2 Action of Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Nanocomposites Against Coronaviruses
		2.3 Action of Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Nanocomposites Against Plant Viruses
	3 Conclusion
	References
13 Modifications and Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Orthopaedics and Dentistry
	1 Introduction
	2 Modifications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	3 Modification of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in the Field of Orthopaedics
		3.1 Hydroxyapatite (HAp)
		3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
		3.3 Acrylic Bone Cements (ABC) with Graphene Oxide (GO)
	4 Modification of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in the Field of Dentistry
		4.1 MMT-CLAY (Montmorillonite)
		4.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
	5 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	6 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Orthopaedics
	7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Dentistry
		7.1 Oral Drug Delivery
		7.2 Guided Tissue Regeneration
		7.3 Enamel Repair
		7.4 For Coating Dental Implants
		7.5 Adhesion and Dentine Bonding
	8 Conclusion
	References
14 Conclusion and Future Prospects of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Chitosan
		2.1 Physiochemical Properties
		2.2 Biological Properties
	3 Fabrication and Chemical Alterations of Chitosan
		3.1 Extraction/ Synthesis of Chitosan and Its Based Nanocomposites
		3.2 Modification of Chitosan
	4 Characterization Techniques for Chitosan and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
		4.1 Dynamic Light Scattering
		4.2 Interaction Analysis of Nanomaterials by FTIR Spectroscopy
		4.3 Elemental Analysis of Nanomaterials
		4.4 Solid-State Characteristics of Nanomaterials by X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
		4.5 Internal and Surface Characteristics of Nanomaterials
	5 Applications of Chitosan
		5.1 Drug Delivery
		5.2 Gene Therapy
		5.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
		5.4 Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
		5.5 Bioimaging
		5.6 Wound Healing
		5.7 Antibacterial and Anti-fungal Action
		5.8 Anti-viral Action
		5.9 Orthopedics and Dentistry
	6 Drawbacks and Challenges
	7 Future Prospects
	8 Conclusion
	References