Chiropractic radiography and quality assurance handbook

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
The Author......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments and Dedication......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
 1.1 Chiropractic Radiographic Equipment and Accessories......Page 14
 1.2 Items that Impact Image Quality: A Review of Physics Concepts......Page 21
 1.3 Technique Charts and Technique Selection......Page 25
 1.4 Working in a Darkroom with an Automatic Processor......Page 28
 1.5 Film Processing and the Environment......Page 34
 1.6 Sample MSDS for Working-Strength Developer......Page 40
 1.7 Sample MSDS for Working-Strength Fixer......Page 43
Chapter 2: Radiation Safety in Chiropractic Radiography......Page 48
 2.1 Sample Radiation Safety Plan......Page 52
 2.2 The Use of Compensating Filters and Gonadal Protection......Page 55
 2.3 Indications for Radiography and Imaging Studies......Page 61
 3.1 What Views Come First?......Page 68
 3.2 A Step-by-Step Approach to Taking Radiographs......Page 70
 3.3 Helpful Tips for Maintaining Image Quality......Page 74
 3.4 Communications with the Patient During Radiography......Page 76
Chapter 4: Spinal Positioning Quick Reference Charts......Page 80
 4.1 Cervical Spine......Page 81
 4.2 Thoracic Spine......Page 84
 4.3 Chest, Ribs, and Sternum......Page 85
 4.4 Extremities......Page 86
 4.5 Lumbar Spine and A-P Full Spine......Page 87
 4.6 Sacrum and Coccyx......Page 89
 4.7 Special Chest and Abdomen......Page 90
 4.8 Skull......Page 91
 4.9 Facial Bones, Sinuses, and TMJ......Page 92
 4.10 Sacrum, Sacral Base and Coccyx Female of Child-Bearing Age......Page 93
 5.1 Cervical Spine Radiography: Introduction......Page 94
 5.2 Cervical Spine Positioning: A-P Open Mouth View......Page 96
 5.3 Troubleshooting the A-P Open Mouth View......Page 97
 5.4 Cervical Spine Positioning: Fuchs Projection......Page 101
 5.5 Cervical Spine Positioning: A-P Lower Cervical Spine View......Page 103
 5.6 Cervical Spine Positioning: Posterior Oblique View......Page 105
 5.7 Cervical Spine Positioning: Anterior Oblique View......Page 107
 5.8 Cervical Spine Positioning: Neutral Lateral View......Page 109
 5.9 Cervical Spine Positioning: Extension Lateral View......Page 111
 5.10 Cervical Spine Positioning: Flexion Lateral View......Page 113
 5.11 Cervical Spine Positioning: A-P Pillars View......Page 115
 5.12 Cervical Spine Positioning: Posterior Oblique Pillars View......Page 117
 5.13 Cervical Spine Positioning: Anterior Oblique Pillars View......Page 119
 5.14 Review of Cervical Spine Positioning......Page 121
 6.1 Thoracic Spine, Chest, and Bony Thorax Radiography: Introduction......Page 122
 6.2 Thoracic Spine Positioning: A-P Thoracic Spine View......Page 123
 6.3 Thoracic Spine Positioning: Lateral Thoracic Spine View......Page 126
 6.4 Thoracic Spine Positioning: Swimmer’s Lateral View......Page 128
 6.5 Chest Positioning: P-A View......Page 130
 6.6 Chest Positioning: Lateral View......Page 132
 6.7 Chest Positioning: Apical Lordotic View......Page 134
 6.8 Chest Positioning: Right Anterior Oblique View......Page 136
 6.9 Chest Positioning: Left Anterior Oblique View......Page 138
 6.10 Chest Positioning: A-P Posterior Ribs Above Diaphragm......Page 139
 6.11 Chest Positioning: A-P Oblique Posterior Ribs Above Diaphragm......Page 141
 6.12 Chest Positioning: P-A Anterior Ribs Above Diaphragm......Page 143
 6.13 Chest Positioning: P-A Oblique for Anterior Ribs Above Diaphragm......Page 145
 6.14 Chest Positioning: A-P Lower Ribs Below Diaphragm......Page 147
 6.15 Chest Positioning: A-P Oblique View of Lower Ribs Below Diaphragm......Page 150
 6.16 Chest Positioning: RAO View of Sternum......Page 152
 6.17 Chest Positioning: Lateral Sternum View......Page 154
 6.18 Review of Thoracic Spine and Chest Radiography......Page 156
 7.1 A-P Full Spine......Page 158
 7.2 Step-by-Step Positioning of the A-P Full Spine......Page 160
 7.3 Lumbar Spine Radiography: Introduction......Page 165
 7.4 Lumbar Spine Positioning: A-P Lumbopelvic View......Page 167
 7.5 Lumbar Spine Positioning: P-A Lumbopelvic View......Page 169
 7.6 Lumbar Spine Positioning: Lateral View......Page 171
 7.7 Lumbar Spine Positioning: Posterior Oblique View......Page 173
 7.8 Lumbar Spine Positioning: Anterior Oblique View......Page 176
 7.9 Impact of Positioning on Lumbar Oblique Views......Page 178
 7.10 Lumbar Spine Positioning: A-P Sacral Base View......Page 180
 7.11 Lumbar Spine Positioning: P-A Sacral Base View......Page 183
 7.12 Lumbar Spine Positioning: Lateral Spot View of L-5/S-1 Disc Space......Page 184
 7.13 Lumbar Spine Positioning: Posterior Oblique View of Sacroiliac Joints......Page 186
 7.14 Lumbar Spine Positioning: A-P Sacrum View......Page 188
 7.15 Lumbar Spine Positioning: P-A Sacrum View......Page 190
 7.16 Lumbar Spine Positioning: A-P Coccyx View......Page 192
 7.17 Lumbar Spine Positioning: P-A Coccyx View......Page 194
 7.18 Lumbar Spine Positioning: Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx View......Page 196
 7.19 Review of Full Spine, Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx Radiography......Page 198
 8.1 Abdominal and Chest Decubitus Radiography: Introduction......Page 200
 8.2 Abdominal Positioning: KUB or P-A Abdomen View......Page 201
 8.3 Abdominal Positioning: Upright View of Abdomen......Page 202
 8.4 Abdominal Positioning: Left Lateral Decubitus View of Abdomen......Page 204
 8.5 Chest Positioning: Decubitus Lateral Chest View......Page 206
 9.1 Skull and Facial Radiography: Introduction......Page 208
 9.2 Skull Positioning: P-A Skull View......Page 209
 9.3 Skull Positioning: Chamberlain-Towne’s Skull View......Page 211
 9.4 Skull Positioning: Lateral View of Skull......Page 213
 9.5 Skull Positioning: Base Posterior View of Skull......Page 214
 9.6 Skull Positioning: Schuller’s View of Mastoids and Temporal Mandibular Joints......Page 216
 9.7 Skull Positioning: P-A Cauldwell Facial or Sinus View......Page 218
 9.8 Skull Positioning: Waters View of Facial Bones and Sinuses......Page 220
 9.9 Skull Positioning: Lateral View Sinus and Facial Bones......Page 223
 9.10 Skull Positioning: Submentovertex View of Sinuses......Page 225
Chapter 10: Introduction to Extremity Radiography......Page 228
 10.1 Basic Concepts of Extremity Radiography......Page 229
Chapter 11: Extremity Positioning Quick Reference Charts......Page 232
 11.1 Fingers and Thumbs......Page 233
 11.2 Wrists and Hands......Page 234
 11.3 Humerus, Elbow, and Forearm......Page 236
 11.4 Clavicle, AC Joint, and Scapula......Page 238
 11.5 Lateral Scapula, AC Joint, and Shoulder......Page 240
 11.6 Pelvis, Hip, and Femur......Page 242
 11.7 Knee and Patella......Page 243
 11.8 Tibia-Fibula and Ankle......Page 245
 11.9 Calcaneus and Foot......Page 246
 11.10 Toes......Page 247
 11.11 Special Extremity Views......Page 248
 12.1 Finger, Hand, and Wrist Radiography: Introduction......Page 250
 12.2 Thumb Radiography......Page 251
 12.3 Finger Radiography......Page 254
 12.4 Hand Series: P-A View......Page 257
 12.5 Hand Series: Oblique View......Page 259
 12.6 Hand Series: Lateral View......Page 261
 12.7 Wrist Series: P-A View......Page 263
 12.8 Wrist Series: Oblique View......Page 265
 12.9 Wrist Series: Lateral View......Page 267
 12.10 Wrist Series: P-A View for Scaphoid Injury......Page 269
 12.11 Wrist Series: Ulnar Flexion View for Scaphoid Injury......Page 271
 12.12 Wrist Series: A-P Clenched Fist View......Page 273
 13.1 Forearm, Elbow, and Humerus Radiography: Introduction......Page 276
 13.2 A-P Forearm View......Page 277
 13.3 Lateral Forearm View......Page 279
 13.4 A-P Elbow View......Page 281
 13.5 Lateral Oblique Elbow View......Page 283
 13.6 Medial Oblique Elbow View......Page 285
 13.7 Lateral Elbow View......Page 287
 13.8 Coyle Trauma View of Elbow......Page 289
 13.9 Axial View of Elbow......Page 291
 13.10 A-P Humerus View......Page 293
 13.11 Lateral Humerus with Arm Across Chest View......Page 295
 13.12 Lateral Humerus with Internal Rotation......Page 296
 13.13 Lateral Humerus (Baby Arm) View......Page 298
 14.1 Shoulder, Scapula, and Clavicle Radiography: Introduction......Page 300
 14.2 Shoulder: A-P with Internal Rotation......Page 302
 14.3 Shoulder: A-P with External Rotation......Page 303
 14.4 Shoulder: Apical Oblique......Page 305
 14.5 Shoulder: Prone Axillary or West Point View......Page 307
 14.6 Shoulder: Outlet or Lateral Scapula View......Page 309
 14.7 Shoulder: Stryker Notch View......Page 311
 14.8 Clavicle: P-A Clavicle View......Page 313
 14.9 Clavicle: P-A Axial Clavicle View......Page 315
 14.10 Clavicle: A-P Clavicle View......Page 317
 14.11 Clavicle: A-P Axial Clavicle View......Page 319
 14.12 Shoulder: A-P Acromioclavicular Joint Unilateral......Page 321
 14.13 Shoulder: A-P Acromioclavicular Joint Bilateral......Page 323
 14.14 Shoulder: Zanca Modification for Acromioclavicular Joint......Page 325
 14.15 Shoulder: A-P Scapula......Page 327
 14.16 Shoulder: Lateral Scapula or Outlet......Page 329
 15.1 Pelvis, Hip, and Femur Radiography: Introduction......Page 332
 15.2 A-P Pelvis and Hips......Page 333
 15.3 A-P Pelvis with Bilateral Frog Leg Hips......Page 335
 15.4 A-P Hip......Page 336
 15.5 Frog Leg Lateral Hip......Page 338
 15.6 A-P Lower Femur......Page 340
 15.7 Lateral Lower Femur......Page 342
 16.1 Knee and Patella Radiography: Introduction......Page 344
 16.2 A-P Knee......Page 345
 16.3 Medial Oblique Knee......Page 347
 16.4 Lateral Oblique Knee......Page 349
 16.5 Lateral Knee......Page 351
 16.6 Camp-Coventry or Tunnel View of Knee......Page 354
 16.7 Bilateral A-P Knees Weight-Bearing......Page 356
 16.8 P-A Patella......Page 358
 16.9 Lateral Patella......Page 360
 16.10 Settegast or Sunrise View of Patella......Page 362
 16.11 Lauren Views of Interpatellar Fossa......Page 364
 17.1 Lower Leg and Ankle Radiography: Introduction......Page 366
 17.2 A-P Lower Leg......Page 367
 17.3 Lateral Lower Leg......Page 369
 17.4 A-P Ankle......Page 371
 17.5 Oblique Ankle......Page 373
 17.6 Mortise View of Ankle......Page 375
 17.7 Lateral Ankle......Page 377
 18.1 Calcaneus, Foot, and Toe Radiography: Introduction......Page 380
 18.2 Axial View of Calcaneus......Page 381
 18.3 Lateral Calcaneus......Page 383
 18.4 A-P Foot......Page 385
 18.5 Medial Oblique Foot......Page 387
 18.6 Lateral Foot......Page 389
 18.7 A-P Toes and Axial A-P Toes......Page 391
 18.8 Oblique and Lateral Views of Toes......Page 393
 19.1 Introduction to Quality Assurance and Quality Control......Page 400
 19.2 How To Do a Retake or Repeat Analysis......Page 403
 19.3 Acceptance Testing of Radiographic Equipment......Page 408
 19.4 Developing Technique Charts......Page 411
 20.1 Specification for Film Storage and the Darkroom......Page 426
 20.2 Darkroom Safelight and Light Leakage Testing......Page 427
 21.1 Principles of Automatic Processor Operation......Page 432
 21.2 Processor Sensitometry......Page 437
 21.3 Processor Sensitometry Problem-Solving......Page 440
 21.4 Control Limits for Processor Quality Control......Page 446
 21.5 Morning Darkroom and Processor Cleaning and Testing......Page 449
 21.6 Evening Darkroom and Processing Quality Control......Page 452
 21.7 Hypo Estimator Testing......Page 453
 22.1 Radiographic Equipment Quality Control Limits......Page 456
 22.2 Collimator Accuracy and Beam Centering Testing......Page 458
 22.3 Grid Cut-off and Perpendicularity Testing......Page 461
 22.4 Linearity of Exposure Testing......Page 462
 22.5 Focal Spot Size Testing......Page 464
 23.1 Accessory Quality Control Testing Limits......Page 466
 23.2 Screen Cleaning......Page 467
 23.4 Screen Contact and Speed Match Testing......Page 468
Chapter 24: Film Artifact Identification and Problem-Solving......Page 472
Appendix 1: Review of Basic Radiographic and Quality Control Concepts......Page 486
Appendix 2: A Review to Assist in Interpretation of Radiography with Common Film Marking Lines......Page 492
Appendix 3: Common Radiography Terms, Rules, and Rare-Earth Screen and Film Combination Chart......Page 498
Index......Page 504