Chiral Luminescence: From Molecules to Materials and Devices

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Volume 1
	Half Title
	Chiral Luminescence: From Molecules to Materials and Devices. Volume 1
	Copyright
	Contents
		Volume 1
		Volume 2
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Section I. Molecules
		1. Synthesis and Properties of Circularly Polarized Luminescence‐Active Molecules Based on the Binaphthyl Skeleton
			1.1 Introduction
			1.2 Synthesis and Properties of Carbon‐Chain‐Bridged BINOL Derivatives
				1.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon‐Chain‐Bridged BINOL Derivatives 6‐PAn and 7‐PAn
				1.2.2 Optical Properties of Carbon‐Chain‐Bridged BINOL Derivatives 6‐PAn and 7‐PAn
			1.3 Synthesis and Properties of BINOL Derivatives with PA Groups at the 3,3′‐ to 7,7′‐positions of the BINOL Skeleton (3‐PA1 to 7‐PA1)
				1.3.1 Synthesis of bis‐PA BINOL Derivatives
				1.3.2 Optical Properties of 3‐PA1 to 7‐PA1
			1.4 Synthesis and Properties of BINOL Derivatives with Multiple PA Groups
				1.4.1 Synthesis of 3,6‐PA1
				1.4.2 Synthesis of 5,6‐PA1
				1.4.3 Synthesis of 6,7‐PA1
				1.4.4 Synthesis of 3,4,6‐PA1
				1.4.5 Optical Properties of Tetra‐ and Hexa‐PA1 Compounds
			1.5 Conclusions
			Acknowledgments
			References
		2. An Approach for the Qualitative Understanding of Electronic and Magnetic Transition Moments Aiming at the Design of CPL Chromophore Having Enhanced Chiroptical Properties
			2.1 Introduction
			2.2 What are Electronic and Magnetic Transition Moments, μ and m?
				2.2.1 A Basic Background
				2.2.2 Electronic Transition Moment μ and Position Operator
				2.2.3 Qualitative Understanding of Electronic Transition Moment
				2.2.4 Nature of Angular Momentum Operator
				2.2.5 Qualitative Understanding of Magnetic Transition Moment
			2.3 Tutorial: Why Previous Researchers Used Carbonyl Compounds as the Model of CPL Chromophore?
			2.4 Conclusion
			References
		3. Optical Resolution and Chiroptical Properties of Partially‐Overlapped Carbazolophanes
			3.1 Introduction
			3.2 Synthesis and Structural Feature of Carbazolophanes
				3.2.1 Cyclophanes Including Carbazolophanes as Excimer Models
				3.2.2 Synthesis of Carbazolophanes
				3.2.3 Structural Feature of Carbazolophanes
			3.3 Optical Resolution of Carbazolophanes
				3.3.1 Introduction
				3.3.2 Optical Resolution of Carbazolophanes by Chiral HPLC
				3.3.3 Isolation of Optically Active Carbazolophanes
			3.4 Photophysical and Chiroptical Properties of Carbazolophanes
				3.4.1 Introduction
				3.4.2 Photophysical Properties of Carbazolophanes
					3.4.2.1 Electronic Absorption Spectra of [3.3]PO‐ and [3.3]FO‐Carbazolophanes
					3.4.2.2 Fluorescence Spectra of [3.3]PO‐ and [3.3]FO‐Carbazolophanes
					3.4.2.3 Electronic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of [3.n]PO‐Carbazolophanes
				3.4.3 Chiroptical Properties of Carbazolophanes
					3.4.3.1 Absolute Configuration and Circular Dichromism (CD) Spectra of Carbazolophanes
					3.4.3.2 The glum Charts of Carbazolophanes
					3.4.3.3 Correlation Between the Structure of Carbazolophane and |glum|
			3.5 Concluding Remark
			References
		4. Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Stereogenic π‐Conjugated Macrocycles
			4.1 Introduction
			4.2 Basic Concept of Molecular Design
			4.3 Stereogenic Cyclic Oligoarene
			4.4 Twisted Cycloparaphenylenes
			4.5 Figure‐eight System
			4.6 Chiral Macrocycles Composed of Acetylene Scaffold
			4.7 Summary and Outlook
			References
		5. Developments in Circularly Polarized Luminescence Research Employing Cyclodextrins
			5.1 Introduction
			5.2 CPL Induction of Achiral Luminophores in a Cyclodextrin Cavity
				5.2.1 CPL from Fluorescein Encapsulated in β‐CyD
				5.2.2 CPL from CyD Linked with a Dancyl Dye
				5.2.3 CPL from Pyrene Excimer in γ‐CyD
				5.2.4 CPL from Excimer Dye/γ‐CyD Rotaxanes
			5.3 Isolated Cyclodextrin Molecules Exhibiting CPL
				5.3.1 Bright CPL from Cyclodextrin with Multiple Pyrene Units
			5.4 CPL Exhibiting Supramolecular Assembly Consisting of Cyclodextrins
				5.4.1 Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Assembly with CPL Property
				5.4.2 Stimuli‐responsive CyD Supramolecular Assemblies with CPL Property
			5.5 CPL Derived from Organic Frameworks Consisting of Cyclodextrins
				5.5.1 CPL Induction by Cyclodextrin‐based Metal‐organic Framework (MOF)
				5.5.2 CPL forms Two‐dimensional Chiral Polyrotaxane Monolayer
			5.6 Conclusion
			References
		6. Circularly Polarized Luminescence Based on Chiral AIEgens
			6.1 Introduction
			6.2 Molecular Structures of Chiral AIEgens
				6.2.1 Silole and Cyanostilbene‐Cored Chiral AIEgens
				6.2.2 TPE‐Cored Chiral AIEgens
				6.2.3 Other Chiral AIEgens
				6.2.4 Prochiral AIEgens
				6.2.5 Chiral Induction Through Supramolecular AIEgen System
			6.3 Circularly Polarized Luminescence Based on Chiral AIEgens
				6.3.1 CPL from Silole and Cyanostilbene‐Cored AIEgens
				6.3.2 CPL from TPE‐Cored AIEgens
				6.3.3 CPL from Prochiral AIEgens and Chiral Transfer
				6.3.4 CPOLEDs Based on Chiral AIEgens
			6.4 Conclusions
			References
		7. Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane: Excellent Circularly Polarized Luminescence Emitters
			7.1 Introduction
			7.2 Chiral π‐Stacked Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]paracyclophane
			7.3 Chiral Cyclic Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane
			7.4 Control of Axial Chirality, Helicity, and Twisted Chirality by Planar Chirality of [2.2]Paracyclophane
			7.5 Conclusion
			References
		8. Nanometrical Helical Structures as Platform to Induce Chiroptical Properties to Achiral Components
			8.1 Introduction
			8.2 Molecular and Supramolecular Chirality from Gemini‐Tartrate Templates
				8.2.1 Gemini‐tartrate Amphiphiles – Formation of Gels with Chiral Nanoribbon Structures
				8.2.2 Organic–Inorganic Nanohelices
				8.2.3 Chirality of Siloxane Network of the Silica Nanohelices
			8.3 Silica Nanohelices as Platforms to Organize Nonchiral Objects
				8.3.1 Silica Helices as Platforms for Grafting Molecules
				8.3.2 Silica Helices as Platforms for Grafting Nanoparticles
				8.3.3 Coassembly of Chiral Self‐assembly and Achiral Dyes
			8.4 Conclusion
			References
	Section II. Oligomers and Polymers
		9. Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of Helically Stacked Conjugated Polymers
			9.1 Introduction
			9.2 CPL of Disubstituted Polyacetylenes with Lyotropic LC Behavior
				9.2.1 Background of Disubstituted Polyacetylenes
				9.2.2 LC behavior of di‐PAs
				9.2.3 CD Properties of the di‐PAs
				9.2.4 CPL Properties of the di‐PAs
				9.2.5 Summary of the di‐PA Characteristics
			9.3 Dynamic Switching and Amplification of CPL using Selective Reflection/Transmission of N*‐LCs
				9.3.1 Selective Reflection/Transmission of N*‐LCs
				9.3.2 Fabrication of CPL‐switchable Cells
				9.3.3 Chiroptical Properties of the CPL‐Switchable Cell Systems
				9.3.4 Summary of the CPL‐Switchable Cell Systems
			9.4 Blue CPL of Spherulites with a Higher‐Order Helical Structure Consisting of Ionic Conjugated Polymers
				9.4.1 Polymer Spherulites
				9.4.2 Chiroptical Properties of the Assembled Cationic Conjugated Polymers
				9.4.3 Interactions Between Cationic Conjugated Polymers and Anionic Chiral Compounds
				9.4.4 Summary of the Polymer Spherulites
			9.5 Conclusion
			References
		10. Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of Helical, Conjugated Polymers, and Twisted Molecules
			10.1 Introduction
			10.2 Polyurethane and Cyclic Oligomer
			10.3 Polyfluorenes
			10.4 Poly(fluorene‐2,7‐diylethene‐1,2‐diyl)s [poly(fluorenevinylene)s]
			10.5 Poly(benzene‐1,4‐diyl)s [poly(p‐phenylene)s]
			10.6 Chiral Small Molecules Having Twisted Conformation
			References
		11. Chiroptical and Magneto‐optical Properties of Porphyrin Compounds
			11.1 Exciton Chirality of Porphyrin Compounds
				11.1.1 Electronic Absorption Spectra of Porphyrin Derivatives
				11.1.2 Theoretical Background of Exciton Chirality
				11.1.3 Application of Exciton Chirality to Porphyrin Dimers
				11.1.4 Macroscopic Mechanical Rotation‐Induced Chirality of Porphyrin Aggregates
			11.2 Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Porphyrin Compounds
				11.2.1 Theoretical Background of Magnetic Circular Dichroism
				11.2.2 Application of Magnetic Circular Dichroism to Porphyrin Compounds
					11.2.2.1 Detection of Minor Tautomers
					11.2.2.2 Observation of Singlet → Triplet Transitions
			11.3 Magneto‐Chiral Dichroism of Porphyrin Aggregates
				11.3.1 Theoretical Background of Magneto‐Chiral Dichroism
				11.3.2 Magneto‐chiral Dichroism of Aromatic π‐Conjugated Systems
			11.4 Circular Polarized and Magnetic Circular Luminescence of Porphyrin Aggregates
			11.5 Harmonic Light of Chiral Porphyrin Aggregates
			References
		12. CPL Emission from the Photo‐Excited Parallel‐Oriented Aryl/Aryl Dimer
			12.1 Introduction
			12.2 Background of this Chapter
				12.2.1 Excimers
				12.2.2 Circularly Polarized Light
				12.2.3 Dissymmetry Factor
				12.2.4 Rotatory Strength and Its AO‐level Decomposition
			12.3 Examples of Parallelly Oriented Aryl/Aryl Dimer
				12.3.1 Naphthalene Diimide as an Aryl Group
				12.3.2 Naphthalene as an Aryl Group
			12.4 Conclusion
			References
		13. Synthesis, Control of Higher‐Order Structures, and Optical Properties of Platinum‐Containing Poly(aryleneethynylene)s and Related Compounds
			13.1 Introduction
			13.2 Synthesis of Pt‐containing Poly(aryleneethynylene)s by Sonogashira–Hagihara Coupling Polymerization
			13.3 Synthesis of Pt‐containing Poly(aryleneethynylene)s by the Dehydrochlorination Coupling Polymerization
			13.4 Ligand Exchange Reaction for Controlling the Conformation of Pt‐containing Polymers
			13.5 Photo‐Triggered Chiroptical Switching of Pt Complexes Bearing Azobenzene Moieties
			13.6 Aggregation of Pt‐containing Conjugated Polymers to Fix Chirality
			13.7 Highly Photoluminescent Poly(norbornene)s Carrying Pt–acetylide Complex Moieties
			13.8 Summary and Outlook
			References
		14. Chiroptical Supramolecular Assemblies
			14.1 Introduction
			14.2 CPL of Organic Luminophores Based on Covalent Bonds
			14.3 Helical Supramolecular Assemblies
			14.4 CPL Produced by Helical Supramolecular Assemblies
			14.5 Stimuli‐Responsive CPL Using a Supramolecular Assembly
			14.6 Summary
			References
		15. Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) in Helically Assembled Pyrene π‐Stacks on RNA Duplex
			15.1 Introduction
			15.2 Synthesis of Pyrene‐Modified RNA and DNA Oligonucleotide
			15.3 Single Pyrene‐Modified RNA and DNA: Hybridization, Duplex Conformation, and Fluorescence
			15.4 Multiple Pyrene Modification of RNA Double Helix: Helically Assembled Pyrene π‐Stacks
			15.5 Pyrene Excimer CPL in Helically Assembled Pyrene π‐Stacks on RNA Duplex
			15.6 Pyrene Excimer CPL in Chiral Organic Molecular System
			15.7 Conclusion
			References
		16. Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Helical Network Polymers Synthesized in Chiral Liquid Crystals
			16.1 Introduction
			16.2 Liquid Crystals
			16.3 Chiral Liquid Crystals
			16.4 Polymerization in Liquid Crystals
			16.5 Helical Network Polymers Synthesized in Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals
				16.5.1 Polymer Assemblies with Crosslinked Structures
				16.5.2 Synthesis of HNPs in N*‐LC
				16.5.3 Absorption and CD spectra of HNPs
				16.5.4 Photoluminescence and CPL Spectra of HNPs
				16.5.5 Summary of HNPs Synthesized in N*‐LCs
			16.6 HNPs Synthesized in Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals (S*‐LCs)
				16.6.1 Characteristics of S*‐LC as an Asymmetric Reaction Solvent
				16.6.2 Spectroscopic Characterization of Polymerization Mixtures
				16.6.3 Synthesis of the HNPs in SC*‐LC
				16.6.4 Absorption and CD Spectra of the HNP Films
				16.6.5 PL and CPL Spectra of the HNP Films
				16.6.6 Summary of HNPs Synthesized in SC*‐LCs
			16.7 Conclusion
			References
		17. Ultraweak Intermolecular Interactions in Chirogenesis from Noncharged CPL‐/CD‐Silent Molecules, Oligomers, and Polymers Endowed with Noncharged Chiral Terpenes, Mono‐/Polysaccharides, and Helical Polysilanes
			17.1 Introduction – The Origins of Homochirality and Recent Progress
			17.2 General Concepts, Knowledge, and Understanding of Chirogenesis
				17.2.1 Dissymmetry Ratios in Ground and Photoexcited States
				17.2.2 Left–Right Equilibrium Shift in Ground and Excited States of Chromophores and Luminophores
				17.2.3 Intermolecular Forces Affecting Left–Right Equilibrium Shift (LRES)
				17.2.4 Relations Between EB and Half‐life Time in Ground and Excited States of Enantiomers
					17.2.4.1 EB ≧ 150 kJ mol−1 (EB ∼ 60 kT) – A Critical Value to Maintain CD‐ and/or CPL‐Activity at 20 °C
					17.2.4.2 EB = 80–150 kJ · mol−1 (EB ∼ 32–60 kT)
					17.2.4.3 EB = 40–80 kJ mol−1 (EB ∼ 16–32 kT)
					17.2.4.4 EB = 20–40 kJ mol−1 (EB ∼ 8–16 kT)
					17.2.4.5 EB = 5–20 kJ mol−1 (EB ∼ 2–8 kT)
					17.2.4.6 Variable EB in Ground and Excited States of Chromophores and Luminophores
			17.3 Research Showcase
				17.3.1 EB ≧ 150 kJ mol−1 (EB ≧ 60 kT)
				17.3.2 EB = 80–150 kJ mol−1 (EB ∼ 32–60 kT)
				17.3.3 EB = 40–80 kJ · mol−1 (EB ∼ 16–32 kT)
					17.3.3.1 A Brief History of Large glum EuIII/TbIII Species with Biopolymers and Biomolecules
					17.3.3.2 EuIII/TbIII tris(β–diketonate) in Terpenes, BINAP, Phanephos, BINAPO, and α‐Phenylethylamine
					17.3.3.3 EuIII/TbIII tris(β–Diketonate) with Polysaccharide Alkylesters and D‐/L‐Monosaccharide Alkylesters
					17.3.3.4 Intermolecular Interactions of EuIII/TbIII tris(β‐Diketonate) and CPL‐/CD‐inducible Chiral Matters
			17.4 EB = 5–20 kJ mol−1 (EB ∼ 2–8 kT)
				17.4.1 Early Works on CPL Enhancement in Colloids
				17.4.2 Our Approaches to Attain High EB,GS and EB,ES (≥150 kJ mol−1) in Single‐bond Rotamer Systems
			17.5 Conclusion
			17.6 Acknowledgments
			References
	Section III. Coordination Compounds
		18. Circularly Polarized Luminescence Induced by an External Magnetic Field: Magnetic Circularly Polarized Luminescence
			18.1 Introduction
			18.2 Magnetic Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Optically Inactive Organic Luminophores
			18.3 Magnetic Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Organic–Inorganic Luminescent Materials
			18.4 Magnetic Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Inorganic Luminescent Materials
			18.5 Conclusion
			References
		19. Phosphorescent Organometallic Complexes Aimed at Fabrication of Electroluminescent Devices
			19.1 Introduction
			19.2 Device Structures and Device Fabrication of OLED
			19.3 Phosphorescent materials in OLED
				19.3.1 Why phosphorescent OLED?
				19.3.2 Basic Structures of Phosphorescent Emitters for OLED Application
			19.4 Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes for OLED Application
				19.4.1 Blue Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Emitters
				19.4.2 Red and NIR Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Emitters
			19.5 Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes for OLED Application
				19.5.1 Emissive Excimer Formation and Influence on EL Behavior
				19.5.2 White OLEDs with a Single Platinum(II) Emitter
			19.6 External Magnetic Field‐Driven CPL From Phosphorescent Organometallic Emitters
				19.6.1 MCPL from Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes
				19.6.2 MCPL from Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes
				19.6.3 Magnetic Circularly Polarized EL From Phosphorescent OLEDs
			19.7 Concluding Remarks
			References
Volume 2
	Half Title
	Chiral Luminescence: From Molecules to Materials and Devices. Volume 2
	Copyright
	Contents
		Volume 1
		Volume 2
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Section III. Coordination Compounds
		20. Enhancement of Circularly Polarized Luminescence in the Condensed Molecules and Coordination Complexes
			20.1 Introduction
			20.2 Challenges of CPL Measurements in the Solid State
			20.3 Excitonic Coupling Effect and Excimers
			20.4 Aggregation‐induced CPL Enhancement
			20.5 AIEgens
			20.6 Chiral Dopants
			20.7 Achiral Dopants
			20.8 Other Studies in Organic Systems
			20.9 Challenges for Eye‐detectable CPL with Multinuclear Eu(III) Systems
				20.9.1 Perspective Scope
			References
		21. Control of the Emission and Chiroptical Properties of Helicene Derivatives
			21.1 Introduction
			21.2 Control of the Emission Properties of [5]Helicene Derivatives
			21.3 Control of the Emission Properties of [7]Helicene Derivatives
			21.4 Control of the Emission Properties of Figure‐Eight‐Shaped [5]Helicene Dimer with D2 Symmetry
			21.5 Conclusions
			Acknowledgments
			References
		22. Recent Advances on CP‐OLEDs and CPL‐Active Materials of Chiral Metal‐Containing Complexes
			22.1 Introduction
			22.2 CP‐OLEDs Based on Versatile EML of Chiral Dyes
				22.2.1 CP‐OLEDs Based on Chiral Organic Small Molecules
				22.2.2 CP‐OLEDs Based on Chiral TADF Molecules
				22.2.3 CP‐OLEDs Based on Chiral Metal‐Containing Complexes
				22.2.4 CP‐OLEDs Based on Chiral Conjugated Fluorescence Polymers
				22.2.5 CP‐OLEDs Based on Chiral Coassembled Emitters
			22.3 CPL Materials Based on Metal‐Containing Coordination Compounds
				22.3.1 Chiral MOF‐Based CPL Materials
				22.3.2 CPL‐Active Perovskite Materials
					22.3.2.1 Chiral Ligands‐Induced CPL‐Active Materials
					22.3.2.2 Chiral Assemblies Endow CPL‐Active Perovskite Materials
				22.3.3 CPL‐Active Metal‐Containing Clusters
					22.3.3.1 Chiral Resolution‐Achieved CPL‐Active Materials
					22.3.3.2 Chiral Ligands‐Induced CPL‐Active Materials
					22.3.3.3 Chiral Assembly‐Induced CPL‐Active Materials
			22.4 Summary and Perspectives
			References
		23. Evolving Fluorophores into Circularly Polarized Luminophores with Chiral Naphthalene Dimers and Tetramers
			23.1 Introduction
			23.2 Fluorophore‐Tethered Naphthalene Dimers and Tetramers
			23.3 Binaphthyl–Pyrene Sandwich Dyes and Binaphthyl‐Bridged Pyrenophane
			23.4 Binaphthyl–Bipyridyl Cyclic Dyads and the Bipyridyl–Ruthenium Complexes
			23.5 Binaphthyls with Trialkylsiloxy Groups
			23.6 Conclusion
			References
		24. Polarized Luminescence of Lanthanide Coordination Compounds
			24.1 Scope of this Chapter
			24.2 Publication Trend on CPL of Lanthanide Complexes
			24.3 Luminescence Properties of Ln Complexes and Photo‐Antenna Effect for Sensitization of ff‐Emissions
			24.4 Molecular Design of Lanthanide Complexes for CPL
				24.4.1 Discrete Molecular Systems of CPL Eu Complexes with Chirality
				24.4.2 Coordination Polymer Systems of CPL Eu Complexes with Chirality
				24.4.3 Intermolecular Interaction‐Enhanced CPL of Ln Complexes
			24.5 Molecular Film Formation and Polarized Luminescence of Lanthanide Complexes
				24.5.1 Polarized Luminescence in Self‐Aggregation Systems of Ln Complexes
				24.5.2 Imaging of Chirality by CPL of Ln Complexes
				24.5.3 Magneto‐/Electro‐Hybrid‐Enhancement Systems to Induce CPL
			24.6 Summary and Perspective
			References
		25. CPL in Chiral Metal Nanoclusters
			25.1 Introduction
			25.2 Intrinsic Chirality in NCs
			25.3 CPL in Metal Nanoclusters
				25.3.1 CPL in Chiral Superatoms
				25.3.2 CPL in Silver‐based Chiral Nanoclusters
			25.4 CPL in Aggregates or Self‐assemblies of Metal NCs
				25.4.1 Induction of PL and CPL Activities by Aggregation
				25.4.2 CPL from Single Crystals of NCs
			25.5 Chirality Control in Metal NCs
			25.6 Summary
			References
		26. Circularly Polarized Luminescence Chromophores Based on Metal Complexes
			26.1 Introduction
			26.2 Ligation Manner Induces CPL
			26.3 Helical Chirality of Metal Complexes and Their CPL
				26.3.1 Zn Complexes
				26.3.2 Re Complexes
				26.3.3 Cr Complexes
					26.3.3.1 Bidentate Cr Complexes
					26.3.3.2 Tridentate Cr Complexes
			26.4 Porphyrin‐Based CPL
			26.5 Conclusion
			References
	Section IV. Theory and Spectroscopy
		27. Recent Advancement of Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Helicenes
			27.1 Introduction
			27.2 [4]Helicene
			27.3 [5]Helicene
			27.4 [6]Helicene
			27.5 [7]Helicene
			27.6 [8]‐ and [9]Helicenes
			27.7 Helicene‐embedded Nanographene
			27.8 Application of Helicenes in Optoelectronic Devices
			27.9 Concluding Remarks
			References
		28. Systematic Investigation on CPL Properties of Various Chiral Motifs Through Theoretical Calculation
			28.1 Introduction
			28.2 Prediction of CPL Properties by TDDFT Method
				28.2.1 Definition of the Handedness of CPL
				28.2.2 Theoretical Background of the Prediction of CPL
				28.2.3 Origin Dependence of the Prediction of CPL by TDDFT Method
			28.3 Examples of the Prediction of CPL Properties
				28.3.1 Chiral Ketones
				28.3.2 Helically Chiral Molecules
				28.3.3 Atropisomers (Axially Chiral Molecules)
				28.3.4 Planar Chiral Molecules
			28.4 Conclusion
			References
		29. Principles of CPL Measurement Systems and Advances in Measurement Methods
			29.1 Introduction
			29.2 Principles of CPL Measurement Systems
				29.2.1 Light Source
				29.2.2 Monochromators
				29.2.3 Sample Compartment
				29.2.4 Polarization Modulator
				29.2.5 Light Measurement Device
				29.2.6 Signal Processor
				29.2.7 Data Processor
			29.3 Advanced CPL Measurement Methods
				29.3.1 Checking Optical Anisotropy of Samples
				29.3.2 Measurement Examples for Powdered Europium Complexes
				29.3.3 Measurement Examples for Europium Complex Using KBr Pellet Method
				29.3.4 Measurement Examples for Binaphthol Using Nujol Mull Technique
			29.4 Summary
			Acknowledgments
			References
		30. Using Chiroptical Spectroscopy to Gain Unique Information about the Solid‐State
			30.1 Introduction
			30.2 Instrumentation
				30.2.1 Intrinsic Problems of Solid‐State Chiroptical Spectroscopy – Artifact Signals
				30.2.2 The Strategies
				30.2.3 KBr Disk and Nujol Mull Methods, and DRCD [Strategy I]
				30.2.4 UCS‐1 [Strategy II]
					30.2.4.1 Characteristics
					30.2.4.2 How to Measure Artifact‐Free CD on UCS‐1
					30.2.4.3 How to Measure Artifact‐Free CB on UCS‐1
				30.2.5 UCS‐2 and UCS‐3: Vertical Type CD [Strategy II]
					30.2.5.1 Characteristics of UCS‐2 and UCS‐3
					30.2.5.2 UCS‐3, Improved Version of UCS‐2 [Strategy II]
				30.2.6 MC‐CD, Fast and Direct Solid‐State CD Measurement [Strategy III]
				30.2.7 The HAUP Method [Strategy II]
				30.2.8 Artifact‐Free CPL (Circularly Polarized Luminescence) [Strategy II]
					30.2.8.1 Purpose‐Built CPL Spectrophotometer, CPL‐200
					30.2.8.2 Spectrophotometer with Dual Polarization Modulation
			30.3 Applications
				30.3.1 Inversion of the Sign of the Solid‐State CD at Low Temperature
				30.3.2 DRCD Reveals Supramolecular Chirality and Molecular Rearrangement in the Crystal
				30.3.3 Facile Conformation Change of Proteins in Films in Response to External Stimulation
				30.3.4 Aggregation of Aβ Peptides
				30.3.5 CPL in the Solid State
			30.4 Conclusion
			References
		31. Circularly Polarized Luminescence for Molecular Systems of Increasing Complexity
			31.1 Introduction
			31.2 Discussion
				31.2.1 Analysis of Molecular Transition Moments and Band Sign
				31.2.2 Effects of Light Propagation in the Medium
				31.2.3 Molecular Systems with Increasing Complexity
					31.2.3.1 Nanographenes
					31.2.3.2 CPL Sensing
					31.2.3.3 Supramolecular Aggregates
			31.3 Conclusions
			References
		32. Luminescence and CPL Spectra of d10 Metal Complexes
			32.1 Introduction
			32.2 CPL of Copper(I) Complexes
				32.2.1 Mononuclear Copper Complexes
				32.2.2 Multinuclear and Polynuclear Copper(I) Complexes
				32.2.3 Aggregation‐Induced Emission of Copper(I) Complexes
			32.3 CPL of Silver(I) and Gold(I) Complexes
				32.3.1 Silver Complexes
				32.3.2 Gold(I) Complexes
			32.4 Palladium(0) Complexes
			32.5 Concluding Remarks
			References
	Section V. Devices for Application
		33. Development of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes using Aggregation‐Induced Enhanced Circularly Polarized Luminescent Perylene Diimides
			33.1 Introduction
			33.2 Circularly Polarized Light‐Emitting Devices
				33.2.1 Spin‐Polarized Light‐Emitting Diode (spin‐LED)
				33.2.2 Circularly Polarized Organic Light‐Emitting Diode (CP‐OLED)
			33.3 Supramolecular Assembly of Chiral Perylene Diimide Derivatives
			33.4 Solid‐state Photophysical Properties of Chiral PDI Derivatives
			33.5 Chiroptical Properties of Thin Film of Chiral BPP and Their CP‐OLED Devices
			33.6 Conclusions
			References
		34. Chiroptical Properties Enhancement of Chiral Eu(III) Complex in Association with Ionic Materials such as DNA Toward Device Application
			34.1 Introduction
			34.2 Chiroptical Enhancement of Chiral Eu(III) Complex by Alkyl Ammonium Salts
				34.2.1 Alkyl Ammonium Cation Enhanced Chiral Eu(III) Complex Luminescence
				34.2.2 Anion‐Induced Luminescence Enhancement of Chiral Eu(III) Complex in the Presence of Tetramethylammonium Cation
					34.2.2.1 Luminescence Performance
					34.2.2.2 Chiroptical Enhancement
					34.2.2.3 Energy Transfer Process of Eu(III) Complex
					34.2.2.4 Alcoholic Solvent Effect on Chiral Eu(III) Complex in the Presence of TMAOAc
					34.2.2.5 Chiral Eu(III) Hybrid Material in Solid State
			34.3 Chiroptical Enhancement of Chiral Eu(III) Complex in Association with DNA
			34.4 Electrochemiluminescence Devices Using Lanthanide Materials
			34.5 Conclusion and Future Scopes
			Acknowledgments
			References
		35. Circularly Polarized Luminescence Materials and Their Organic Light‐emitting Device Performances
			35.1 Introduction
			35.2 Chiral Emitter for CP‐OLED
				35.2.1 Chiral Fluorescence Material
					35.2.1.1 Chiral Polymer
					35.2.1.2 Chiral Small Molecule
				35.2.2 Chiral Phosphorescence Material
					35.2.2.1 Chiral Lanthanide(III) Complex
					35.2.2.2 Chiral Iridium(III) Complex
					35.2.2.3 Chiral Platinum(II) Complex
				35.2.3 Chiral TADF Material
					35.2.3.1 Chiral TADF Material with Point Chirality
					35.2.3.2 CP‐TADF Material with Axial Chirality
					35.2.3.3 CP‐TADF Materials with Planar Chirality
					35.2.3.4 CP‐TADF Materials with Helical Chirality
			35.3 Conclusions and Outlook
			References
		36. Intense and Sign‐Invertible Circularly Polarized Luminescence
			36.1 Introduction to Chiral Luminescence
			36.2 Sign Inversion of CPL via Coordination Changes
			36.3 Sign Inversion of CPL by Photo‐triggered Processes
				36.3.1 Photoisomerization
				36.3.2 Photocyclization
				36.3.3 Radical Generation
			36.4 Sign Inversion of CPL via Excimer Formation
			36.5 Sign Inversion of CPL via Structural Modifications
			36.6 Sign Inversion of CPL via Physical Methods
			36.7 Conclusions and Outlook
			References
		37. Direct Emission of Circularly Polarized Light from Twisted Structure of Mesogenic Luminophores and Improvement of OLEDs
			37.1 Introduction
			37.2 OLED and Direct Emission of Polarized Light
				37.2.1 OLED with Antireflection Film
				37.2.2 Direct Emission of LP Light
				37.2.3 Direct Emission of CP Light
			37.3 Twisted Structure by Doping Chiral Molecules
				37.3.1 Materials and Fabrication
				37.3.2 Characterization of CP Light
				37.3.3 Optical Efficiency of CP OLED
			37.4 Numerical Analysis of CP Light in Twisted Structure
				37.4.1 Calculation of g Values
				37.4.2 Numerical Analysis for PL
				37.4.3 Numerical Analysis for EL
			37.5 Twisted Structures without Chirality
				37.5.1 Fabrication of OLED by Double Rubbings
				37.5.2 Characterization of Twisted Structure
				37.5.3 Characterization of CP Light
				37.5.4 Simultaneous Emission of Orthogonal CP Lights
			37.6 Twisted Structure via Vacuum Evaporation
				37.6.1 Materials and OLED Fabrication
				37.6.2 CP Light with Single Compound
				37.6.3 CPPL in Mixed Compounds
				37.6.4 CPEL with Mixed Compounds
			37.7 Concluding Remarks
			References
		38. Binding Constants as Fundamental Physical Properties for Quantitative Treatments of Sensing Processes in Supramolecular Systems
			38.1 Introduction
			38.2 Fundamental Binding Processes and a Practical Course for Determination of Binding Constant
			38.3 Determination of Stoichiometry
				38.3.1 Overview of Job Plot – One of Representative Method to Determine Stoichiometry
				38.3.2 Theoretical Treatment in Details for Job Curve
				38.3.3 Practically Important Premise of Job Curve Interpretation and Modification for Job Plot
			38.4 Evaluation of Complex Concentration
			38.5 Precautions to be Taken when Setting Up Concentration Conditions of the Titration Experiment
				38.5.1 Correlation Between [H]0, [G]0, x, and K
				38.5.2 How to Set up [H]0?
				38.5.3 How to Set up [G]0?
			38.6 Data Treatment
				38.6.1 General View
				38.6.2 Rose–Drago Method for UV/vis Spectroscopy
				38.6.3 Estimation of Error
				38.6.4 Conclusion of Data Treatment
			38.7 Application Guide for Luminescence Methods
			38.8 Application Guide for CD and CPL Methods
				38.8.1 Equations for CD Spectroscopic Method
				38.8.2 Equations for CPL Spectroscopic Method
			38.9 Conclusion
			References
	Index