Chiral Environmental Pollutants: Analytical Methods, Environmental Implications and Toxicology

Preface (2nd Edition)
Preface (1st Edition)
	References
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 General Considerations
	1.2 Chirality in a Social and Cultural Context
	1.3 Chirality in Living Organisms
	1.4 Chirality in Chemistry
	1.5 Chirality as Indicator Feature for Living Processes
		1.5.1 Chirality as Tools for the Search of Extraterrestrial Life
	1.6 General Principles of Chirality in Chemistry
		1.6.1 Chiral Environmental Pollutants with a Stereogenic Centre
		1.6.2 Environmental Pollutants with Axial Chirality
		1.6.3 Asymmetry of Cyclic Environmental Pollutants
		1.6.4 Chiral Environmental Pollutants with Two or More Stereogenic Centres
	References
Chapter 2: Criteria for the Selection of a Proper Enantiomer-Selective Analytical Method
	2.1 Polarity Expressed as Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (KOW)
	2.2 Dipole Moment
	2.3 Analyte-Stationary Phase Interactions in Chromatography Separation
	2.4 Rotation Energy
	References
Chapter 3: Enantiomer-Selective High- and Ultra- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
	3.1 Separation Principles
		3.1.1 Derivatisation and Mobile-Phase Additives
	3.2 Enantiomer-Selective HPLC Columns
	3.3 Indirect Methods
	3.4 Direct Methods
	3.5 The Evolution of Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography
	3.6 Other Selection Strategies for Enantioselective Liquid Chromatography
		3.6.1 Diffusive Enrichment Through Membranes
	3.7 Liquid Chromatography as a Measurement Tool for Chiral Interactions
	3.8 Updated Reviews on Enantioselective HPLC/UHPLC
	References
Chapter 4: Enantiomer-Selective Electrophoresis and Electrochromatography
	4.1 Enantiomer-Selective Capillary Electrophoresis
	4.2 Other Experimental Approaches for Enantioselective Capillary Electrophoresis
	4.3 Recent Reviews on Enantiomer-Selective Capillary Electrophoresis
	References
Chapter 5: Enantiomer-Selective High-Resolution Gas Chromatography (esHRGC)
	5.1 The Evolution of Chiral Stationary Phases for Capillary Gas Chromatography
	5.2 Enantioselective Multidimensional Capillary Gas Chromatography (MDGC)
	5.3 Comprehensive Capillary Gas Chromatography (GCxGC)
	5.4 Other Experimental Approaches for Enantioselective Capillary Gas Chromatography
	5.5 Recent Reviews on Enantioselective HRGC
	References
Chapter 6: Other Methods for the Elucidation of Molecular Structures and Mechanistic Details of Enantiomers
	6.1 X-Ray Crystallography
	6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies
	6.3 Enantiomer-Selective Mass Spectrometry
	6.4 Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD)
	6.5 Recent Reviews
	References
Chapter 7: Quality Control and Evaluation Criteria for Enantiomer-Selective Separation Methods in Environmental Sciences
	7.1 Enantiomer Distribution in Environmental Samples
	7.2 Enantiomeric Ratios or Enantiomeric Fractions?
	7.3 Possible Sources of Error in Enantiomer-Selective High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
	7.4 Possible Sources of Error in Enantiomer-Selective Capillary Gas Chromatography
	References
Chapter 8: Enantiomer-Specific Fate and Behaviour of Chiral Contaminants
	8.1 Microbial Transformation of Chiral Environmental Pollutants
		8.1.1 Laboratory Experiments
		8.1.2 In Situ Investigations in Marine and Limnic Waters
	8.2 Transformation/Accumulation of Chiral Xenobiotics in Higher Organisms
		8.2.1 Marine and Freshwater Organisms
			8.2.1.1 α-Hexachlorocyclohexane
			8.2.1.2 Other Chlorinated Pesticides
			8.2.1.3 Non-Chlorinated Pesticides
			8.2.1.4 Chiral Industrial Chemicals
		8.2.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
		8.2.3 Chiral Organochlorines in Soils and Ambient Air
			8.2.3.1 Air/Water Gas Exchange Studies in Freshwater Environments
			8.2.3.2 Air/Sea Gas Exchange Studies
		8.2.4 Currently Used Chiral Non-Halogenated Pesticides
		8.2.5 Artificial Fragrances and Personal Care Products
			8.2.5.1 Enantiomeric Ratios of ATII in Water and SPMD Samples
			8.2.5.2 Enantiomeric Ratios of HHCB, ATII, AHTN and AHDI in Biota Samples
			8.2.5.3 Comparison of Tench and Crucian Carp Samples
			8.2.5.4 The Transformation Products of HHCB
	References
Chapter 9: Source Characterisation and Contamination
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Source Characterisation
	9.3 Pesticides
	9.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	9.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
	9.6 Plasticisers and Additives
	9.7 Phenolic Compounds
	9.8 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
	9.9 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Chirality in Environmental Toxicity and Fate Assessments
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Toxicity of Chiral Pollutants
		10.2.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
		10.2.2 Hexachlorocyclohexane
		10.2.3 Other Chlorinated Pesticides
		10.2.4 Organophosphorus Compounds
		10.2.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
		10.2.6 Other Xenobiotics
		10.2.7 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
	10.3 Enantioselective Partitioning
	10.4 Enantioselective Uptake, Translocation and Metabolism
	10.5 Quantitative Assessment of Enantioselective Transformation
	10.6 Economic Growth
	10.7 Challenges to Risk Assessment
	References
Chapter 11: Perspectives
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Challenges and Restrictions of Currently Applied Methods
	11.3 Future Directions and Method Requirements
	11.4 Regulation and Control
	11.5 Impact on Science and Society
	References
Index