China's Quest for Foreign Technology; Beyond Espionage

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Notes on contributors
Preface
	Notes
List of abbreviations
Part I: China\'s transfer venues
	Chapter 1: Chinese technology transfer—an introduction
		Changing the soup without changing the medicine
		China’s foreign tech transfer infrastructure
		The statutory record
		Selling the program— appeals to the heart
		Why does it happen? Myth and reality
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2: Serve the motherland while working overseas
		Key concepts
		Policy system
		Specific programs
			Homeland serving action plan for overseas Chinese
			HOME Program
			Chunhui Cup start up competition
			111 Project
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 3: China\'s talent programs
		Origins of PRC talent programs
		Policy and doctrine supporting the talent programs
		Overview of major talent programs
		The case of USA v. Chunzai Wang
		China’s flagship Thousand Talents Plan: its lesser known elements
			TTP Venture Capital Center, entrepreneurial contests
			TTP Expert Association
			Supporting infrastructure: talent innovation bases in China
			Supporting infrastructure: talent databases for targeting overseas experts
		Survey of other talent programs
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part II: The system in operation
	Chapter 4: Foreign technology transfer through commerce
		China’s trade and investment regime: the plans
		Funding
		China’s foreign investment approvals
		Tax
		Corporate structures: JVs, investment zones, and special projects
		Corporate theft and espionage
		Procurement, standards, IP, and antitrust
		Trade barriers and market pressures
		Overseas investment
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 5: The myth of the stateless global society
		Technology as a national asset: the new geopolitical battlespace
		We are not playing the same game: China’s hybrid innovation system
		Inefficiency and its discontents33
		Does innovation matter?
		Losing home field advantage
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 6: Targeting defense technologies
		The China defense innovation literature: missing pieces
		Role of defense technology planning in technology espionage
			National S&T and industrial planning: MLP 2006–2020 and Made in China 2025
			From civil–military integration to military–civil fusion
		Foreign sources of defense technology: within China
			Bureaucratic and regulatory pressure
			Defense technology and China’s talent programs
			Outsourcing defense R&D
		Foreign sources of defense technology: outside China
			Defense technical information collection40
			Knowledge transfer through study abroad
			Defense related investment and acquisition activities
		Looking ahead
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part III: China\'s worldwide transfer networks
	Chapter 7: Europe: a technology transfer mosaic
		A talent pipeline
		Professional associations
		Talent plans
		The FCPAE: umbrella organization
		An overseas proxy: the Zhigong Party53
		The European Union: Horizon 2020 and beyond
		Member states: some examples
		The impact
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 8: Technology transfer from Germany
		A transfer pipeline
			Students and scholars
			Professional associations
			A traditional talent exchange organization
			A new style technology exchange association
			Austria: a politics and technology transfer organizational cluster
			Professors
		Technology transfer at German research institutes
		Espionage: the sharp end
			A case study: Lanxess
			Weak law enforcement
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 9: Japan and South Korea
		Japan: official support and collaboration
		Japan: the “academic” dimension
			Union of Chinese residing in Japan ((全日本华侨华人联合会)
			Association of Chinese scientists and engineers in Japan (在日 中国科学技术者联盟)
			All Japan federation of overseas Chinese professionals (中国留 日同学总会)
			Ph.D. and experts group in Japan (留日博士专家团)
			Japan–China Innovation Centre (日中イノベーション センター)
		China–South Korea technology transfer
		Threat awareness
		Sympathy for the Devil
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part IV: Case studies
	Chapter 10: Sino-foreign research collaboration
		Understanding the challenges
		Surveying problematic US–China research collaboration
		Summary of methodology, findings
		Example 1: US collaboration with Harbin Institute of Technology
		Example 2: US collaboration with Northwest Polytechnical University
		Example 3: US collaboration with Beijing Institute of Technology
		Example 4: US collaboration with Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
		Example 5: US collaboration with Xidian University
		Example 6: US collaboration with People’s Armed Police schools
		Example 7: US private sector collaboration with PRC schools
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 11: China\'s \'artificial\' intelligence
		Chinese government statutory support for foreign AI access
		Other state sponsored AI technology transfers
		AI focused “talent” programs, support guilds, and returnee enclaves
		Foreign AI “talent flows”
			Angel funds
			Start up competitions
			Cui bono?
		Chinese scholars on the matter of Chinese innovation
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 12: The impact of China\'s policies
		The Nortel case: technology appropriation and company collapse
			Technology loss through an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)
			Technology loss through a joint venture— and old fashioned human intelligence
		The NucTech case: the monkey king’s piercing eyes
		Vignettes of future capabilities: biotech and medical research
			Genetically modified grain
			Medical research and pharmaceuticals
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part V: Technology in the shadows
	Chapter 13: The People\'s Liberation Army and foreign technology
		The era of direct transfers (1950s–1980s)
		The era of foreign military sales (1980s–1990s)
			American antecedents
		The era of acquisitions and talent cultivation (2000s–2010s)
			Avionics
			Aeroengines
			Semiconductors
		The dual use dilemma in technological engagement
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 14: Foreign technology and the surveillance state
		How does China’s surveillance state work?
		China’s dependence on Western hardware companies
		Western government funded surveillance research moves to China
		Western academics and universities provide support to Chinese entities
		Continued lack of ethical publication standards
		Countermeasures
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 15: The United Front and technology transfer
		United front work as a vector for tech transfer
		Case study: Yang Chunlai
		Case study: Cao Guangzhi
		The Western Returned Scholars Association
		WRSA overseas liaison “workstations”
		Overseas talent recruitment workstations
		The ‘Dalian Model’: United Front technology transfer in action
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part VI: Managing the transfer problem
	Chapter 16: Chinese students, scholarship, and US innovation
		The story of foreign talent: assumptions, benefits, and challenges
			“Picking flowers in foreign lands to make honey in China”
		Impact on US innovation system and values
		Does it matter?
			Issue of quality
			Issue of numbers
			System issues
		How do we protect research integrity without becoming China?
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 17: Economic espionage and trade secret theft cases in the US
		Assessment of racial bias: Andrew Kim’s “Prosecuting Chinese ‘Spies’ ”
		Another way to look at the issue of racial bias in economic espionage cases: nationality vs. ethnicity
		An analysis of commonalities in theft/espionage tradecraft
		Economic espionage prosecutions and “foreign instrumentality”
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 18: Mitigation efforts to date
		United States
			Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and the International Trafficking in Arms Regulation (ITAR)
			Export Administration Regulations (EAR)
			The “Farewell Dossier”: a model for effective counter operations
			Wassenaar Arrangement
			The Obama Administration
			Naming and shaming
			Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA)
			2019 John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)
			DOJ China Initiative
		Australia
		Europe
		Notes
		Bibliography
		Standards
		Policy
		Scrutiny
		Coordination
		Outreach
		Penalties
		Academic
		Growth
		Notes
Conclusion
Appendix: glossary of terms
Index