China at War: An Encyclopedia

Contents
REFERENCE ENTRIES
1
	
American Volunteer Group 19411942
2
	
AnShi Rebellion of 755763
3
	
AntiJapanese Military and Political College 19361945
5
	
AntiJapanese War 19371945
8
	
Art of War The
13
	
Autumn Harvest Uprising 1927
15
	
Bandit Extermination Campaigns 19491953
17
	
Nanchang Uprising August 1 1927	295
	
Nanjing Rape of December 13 1937January 22 1938	296
	
Nanjing Treaty of August 1842	298
	
Nanniwan Experiment 19421945	299
	
National Defense White Paper 1998	301
	
National Party Congress CCP	302
	
National Peoples Congress NPC	304
	
National Revolutionary Army 19251928	307
	


Banner System 16011912
18
	
BeipingTianjin Campaign 19481949
20
	
Beiyang Army 19061927
22
	
Boxer Rebellion
24
	
Cao Cao 155220
27
	
Cao Gangchuan 1935
29
	
Changsha Uprising 1930
30
	
Chen Geng Chen Keng 19031961
31
	
Chen Xilian Chen Hsilian 19151999
34
	
Chen Yi Chen Yi 19011972
35
	
Chengpu Battle of 632 BC
37
	
Chennault Claire Lee 18931958
38
	
Chi Haotian 1929
40
	
Chibi Battle of 208
41
	
China Peoples Republic of
43
	
China Republic of
49
	
ChinaBurmaIndia CBI Theater
53
	
Chinese Civil War 19461949
56
	
Chinese Communist Party CCP
58
	
Chinese Intervention in the Korean War 19501953
63
	
Chinese Military Advisory Group 19501955
66
	
Chinese Offensive in Korea First October 25November 6 1950
68
	
Chinese Offensive in Korea Second November 25December 24 1950
70
	
Chinese Offensive in Korea Third December 31 1950 January 8 1951
72
	
Chinese Offensive in Korea Fourth January 25April 21 1951
74
	
Chinese Offensive in Korea Fifth April 22May 23 1951
75
	
Chinese Peoples Volunteer Force 19501953
78
	
Chinese Revolution of 1911
80
	
Chinese Summer Offensives in Korea 1953
83
	
Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army 19271937
85
	
Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense 19582008
88
	
ConfucianMencian Paradigm
90
	
Counterrevolutionaries Campaign against 19501953
92
	
Cultural Revolution 19661976
93
	
Dalai Lama 1935
99
	
Damansky Island Zhenbao Island
100
	
Deng Xiaoping Deng Hsiaoping 19041997	102
	
Dixie Mission 19441947	105
	
Dongshan Island Landing Campaign 1953	106
	
Eight Foreign Armies Invasion of China 19001901	109
	
Eight Trigrams Rebellion 1813	111
	
Eighth Route Army 19371945	112
	
Encirclement Campaigns 19301934	114
	
Eunuchs	115
	
EverVictorious Army 18601864	117
	
Fei River Battle of 383	119
	
FengtianZhili War 19221924	120
	
First Field Army 19481950	121
	
Five Seven One 571 Plan 1971	122
	
Four Modernizations	125
	
Fourth Field Army 19481955	126
	
Fu Zuoyi Fu Tsoyi 18951974	128
	
Fubing 5501200	129
	
Gang of Four 19661977	131
	
Gao Gang Kao Kang 19021954	133
	
General Departments of the Peoples Liberation Army	135
	
Genghis Khan 11621227	137
	
Grand Canal	140
	
Great Wall	141
	
Guandu Battle of 200	144
	
Guangzhou Uprising 1927	145
	
Guerrilla Warfare 19281949	146
	
Gunpowder	149
	
Guomindang	151
	
Han Cavalry of 206 BC220 AD	155
	
Han Dynasty 206 BC220 AD	156
	
Han Wudi Emperor 15687 BC	160
	
He Long Ho Lung 18961969	162
	
Hong Kong	163
	
Hong Xiuquan Hung Hsiuchuan 18141864	165
	
Hong Xuezhi Hong Hsuechi 19132006	168
	
Hua Guofeng 19212008	169
	
HuaiHai Campaign November 1948January 1949	171
	
Huang Chaos Rebellion 874884	175
	
Huang Kecheng 19021986	176
	
Hundred Regiments Campaign 1940	177
	
Ichigo Campaign April December 1944	181
	
Japan Attack on Manchuria 1931	183
	
Jiang Jieshi Chiang Kaishek 18871975	184
	
Jiang Zemin 1926	187
	
Jiangnan Arsenal	189
	
Jiangxi Soviet 19301934	191
	
Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area 19281934	193
	
Jinmen Quemoy or Kinmen	196
	
Julu Battle of 208207 BC	198
	
Kangxi Kanghsi Emperor 16541722	201
	
Korean War 19501953	203
	
Korean War Armistice Agreement July 27 1953	211
	
Kublai Khan Khubilai Khan 12151294	215
	
Li Desheng 19162011	219
	
Li Hongzhang Li Hungchang 18231901	221
	
Li Shimin Emperor 599649	225
	
Li Xiannian 19091992	226
	
Li Zicheng Li Tzucheng 16051645	227
	
LiaoShen Campaign SeptemberNovember 1948	229
	
Lin Biao Lin Piao 19061971	232
	
Lin Zexu Lin Tsehsu 17851850	235
	
Liu Bei 161223	237
	
Liu Bocheng Liu Pocheng 18921986	239
	
Liu Shaoqi Liu Shaochi 18981969	242
	
Long March 19341935	243
	
Lord Shang or Shang Yang 390338 BC	245
	
Luo Ronghuan Lo Junghuan 19021963	248
	
Luo Ruiqing Luo Ruiching 19061978	249
	
Lushan Conference 1959	252
	
Manchuria	255
	
Manchus	257
	
Mao Zedong Mao Tsetung 18931976	259
	
Mao Zedong Revolutionary War of 19271949	262
	
Marco Polo Bridge Incident July 1937	265
	
Marshall Mission to China 19451947	267
	
Martial Arts	269
	
McMahon Line	270
	
Miles Milton E 19001960	272
	
Military Ranks Peoples Liberation Army	274
	
Militia	276
	
Ming Dynasty 13681644	278
	
Mongols	280
	
Mongols Cavalry of 12001400	287
	
Movement to Resist America and Aid Korea	289
	
Muye Battle of 1027 BC	293
	
Nationalist Army	310
	
Nerchinsk and Kiakhta Treaties of 1689 and 1727	314
	
New Army 18941912	315
	
New Fourth Army 19371945	317
	
New Fourth Army Incident January 1941	319
	
Nian Rebellion 18511868	320
	
Nie Rongzhen Nieh Jungchen 18991992	322
	
North China Field Army 19471948	323
	
Northeast Democratic United Army 19451948	325
	
Northern Expedition 19261928	326
	
Nuclear Program	328
	
Open Door Policy	333
	
Opium War First 18391842	335
	
Peng Dehuai Peng Tehuai 18981974	341
	
Peoples Liberation Army	343
	
Peoples War	347
	
Peoples War under Modern Conditions 19851995	349
	
Pingxingguan Battle of September 1937	351
	
Qian Xuesen Tsien Hsueshen 19112009	355
	
Qianlong Chienlung Emperor 17111799	357
	
Qin Dynasty 221206 BC	360
	
Qin Shi Huangdi Emperor 259210 BC	361
	
Qing Dynasty 16441912	364
	
Rebellion Led by Chen Sheng 209208 BC	369
	
Red Army 19281937	370
	
Red Army College 19331936	372
	
Red Army Recruitment 19271934	373
	
Red Guards 19661968	374
	
Russia Relations with China	377
	
RussoJapanese War 19041905	378
	
Second Artillery Corps Strategic Rocket Force	383
	
Second Field Army 19481950	385
	
SelfStrengthening Movement 18611911	386
	
Shang Dynasty 17661027 BC	388
	
Shanghai Communique 1972	390
	
Shimonoseki Treaty of 1895	391
	
Silk Road	392
	
SinoAmerican Cooperative Organization SACO	394
	
SinoFrench War August 1884April 1885	396
	
SinoIndian Border War 1962	399
	
SinoJapanese War 18941895	401
	
SinoSoviet Conflict 19691971	405
	
SinoSoviet Split 19561966	407
	
SinoSoviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance February 1950	409
	
SinoVietnamese Border War 1979	411
	
Small Sword Society 18531855	413
	
Song Dynasty 9601279	416
	
Song Fortified Cities 11271279	417
	
SongMongol War 12341279	419
	
Soviet Union 19221991	420
	
Spratly and Paracel Islands	426
	
Stilwell Joseph Warren 18831946	427
	
Su Yu 19071984	429
	
Su Zhenhua 19121979	431
	
Sui Dynasty 581618	432
	
Sui Yangdi 569618 Emperor	433
	
Sun Yatsen 18661925	435
	
Sun Zi Suntzu 535496 BC	437
	
Taierzhuang Taierhchuang Battle of MarchApril 1938	439
	
Taiping Rebellion 18501864	440
	
Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958	442
	
Taiwan Strait Crisis of 19951996	445
	
Tang Dynasty 618907	446
	
Tang Gaozong Emperor 628683	448
	
TerraCotta Army	449
	
Third Field Army 19481954	451
	
Three Kingdoms 220280	453
	
Tiananmen Square Events AprilJune 1989	455
	
Tianjin Tientsin Treaty of June 9 1885	458
	
Tibet Xizang	459
	
Tributary System	463
	
USPRC Normalization of Relations 19721979	465
	
Unequal Treaties	468
	
United Front	469
	
Wang Dongxing 1916	475
	
Wang Jingwei Wang Chingwei 18831944	476
	
Wangxia Treaty of 1844	477
	
Ward Frederick Townsend 18311862	478
	
Warlord Period 19161927	481
	
Warring States Period 475221 BC	483
	
Western Han 206 BC23 AD	485
	
Western Views of Chinese Warfare	486
	
Whampoa Military Academy 19241928	488
	
White Lotus Rebellion 17961804	490
	
White Terrors 1927 and 1947	492
	
Xia Dynasty Hsia 22051766 BC	495
	
Xian Sian Incident December 12 1936	496
	
Xiang Army	498
	
Xiao Jinguang Hsiao Chinkuang 19031989	499
	
Xiongnu	500
	
Xisha Islands Defensive Campaign 1974	502
	
Xu Xiangqian Hsu Hsungchien 19011990	504
	
Xuzhou Battle of January May 1938	505
	
Yanan Yenan	509
	
Yancheng Battle of 1139	510
	
Yang Shangkun Yang Shangkun 19071998	512
	
Ye Jianying Yeh Chienying 18971986	514
	
Ye Ting Yeh Ting 18961946	517
	
Yijiangshan Battle of January 1955	518
	
Yuan Dynasty 12711368	520
	
Yuan Shikai Yuan Shihkai 18591916	521
	
Yue Fei 11031142	522
	
Zeng Guofan Tseng Kuofan 18111872	525
	
Zhang Guotao Chang Kuotao 18971979	528
	
Zhang Wannian 1928	530
	
Zhang Xueliang Chang Hsuehliang 19012001	531
	
Zhou Dynasty 1027221 BC	532
	
Zhou Enlai 18981976	534
	
Zhu De Chu Teh 18861976	537
	
Zhu Yuanzhang Emperor Chu Yuanchang 13281398	540
	
Zunyi Conference 1935	542
	
Zuo Zongtang Tso Tsungtang 18121885	543
	
Chinese Dynasties and Governments	547
	
Chronology	553
	
Glossary	567
	
Selected Bibliography	571
	
Editor and Contributors	583
	
Index	587
	
About the Editor	605
	
Copyright