Children, Young People and Online Harms: Conceptualisations, Experiences and Responses

Contents
Notes on Contributors
1: Introduction: Children, Young People, and Online Harms
	Children’s and Young People’s Online Lives
	Current Policy and Legislative Landscape in the UK
	Children and Young People’s Digital Rights
	Theorising Children’s and Young People’s Online Lives
	Supporting Participation and Provision Rights Alongside Protection Rights
	Individualistic vs. Systems Approaches to Risk and Resilience Online
	Youth-Led Research and Conceptualisations of Children and Young People’s Online Lives
	References
Part I: Understanding Children’s and Young People’s Experiences of Being Online
	2: A Real Virtual Self
		Introduction
		Fake or Real Online Existence
		Self-Sharing as Play
		Social Media as Storytelling
		Ephemeral Content
		Role Play and “As If”
		Conclusion: The Real Virtual or the Virtually Real?
		Summary
		References
	3: Self-Presentation Within Children’s Digital Spaces
		Introduction
		Social Media and Identity Portrayal
		Methodology
		Findings and Discussion
		Conclusion
		Summary
		References
	4: A “Post-digital” Continuum of Young People’s Experiences of Online Harms
		Introduction
		Methodological Note
		Experiences of Online Harms
			Experiencing and Seeing Harmful Online Content
			Personal Experiences of Online Harms Compared to Any Exposure
		Responding to Online Harms
		Platform Affordances and Social Contexts
		Continuums of Risk and Harm
		Post-digital Conceptualisations of a Continuum of Harm
		Risks and Opportunities in Online–Offline Networks
		(Post-)Digital Citizenship
		Conclusion
		Summary
		References
	5: Dark Patterns of Cuteness: Popular Learning App Design as a Risk to Children’s Autonomy
		Introduction
		Dark Patterns
			Evolving Definitions
			Regulatory Frameworks
		The Potential Harm of Dark Patterns
			Normative Perspectives
		Educational Frameworks
		Cuteness in Consumer Design
		Discussion of Learning Apps
		Implications of Cuteness in Dark Design
		Summary
		References
Part II: Responding to Children’s and Young People’s Experiences of Being Online
	6: Regulating to Minimise Harm to Children and Young People
		Introduction
		The Online Safety Act
		Protection of Children
			Focus on Content
			Illegal Content Duties
			Nature of Harm for Content Harmful to Children
			Age Gating the Internet?
		Protection of Young Adults
			Illegal Content Duties
			The Triple Shield and Content that Is Not Criminal
		Conclusion
		Summary
	7: Age as a Gatekeeper in the UK Online Safety Agenda
		Introduction
		Let’s Start with Definitions: What Do Age Verification and Age Assurance Mean?
		Context: Questions of Age Verification in Practice Before the UK Online Safety Act?
		Case Study: Report Remove and Retain?
		Outcomes: Age Verification Online for Children is the End of Online Anonymity for All
		End Game: Age Verification Online to What End? Will It Work?
		The Future of Online Safety and User Control: A Global Agenda
		Open Questions over Practice, Rights, Purposes, and Outcomes
		References
	8: A Sociotechnical Anthropology of Online Safeguarding
		Introduction
		The Cycle of Online Harms Policy and Practice
		It Is Possible to Stamp Out These Harms
		Some Recent Cases in Prohibitive Online Harms Policy
		The 2019 Momo “Online Suicide Game”
		COVID Lockdowns and Online Harms
		Everyone’s Invited
		Learning from History
		Resetting Online Safeguarding
		Summary
		References
	9: Practice Vignette: Headstart Kernow’s Digital Resilience Project
		Reference
	10: Parental Approaches to Protecting Children from Online Harm: Trust, Protectionism or Dialogue?
		Introduction
		Family Privacy
			State Non-interventionism
			Parents Educate and Protect
			Children Need Protecting
		Children’s Online Engagement: The Risks and Benefits
		Methodology
		Findings
			A Responsibility for Protection and Education
			Parents Lack the Knowledge to Protect and Advise
			Children’s Characteristics Influence Parental Decision-Making
			Parental Responses to the Challenge of Protecting Children Online
			The Laissez-Faire Approach: Trusting Children to Be ‘OK’
			Parental Protectionism
			Education and Dialogue
		Discussion
			Tensions Between Protection and Agency
			More Parental Guidance Is Needed
			An Enhanced Role for the State
		Concluding Comments
		Summary
		References
	11: The Significance of Digital Siblingship for Children Navigating Online Harms and in Accessing Justice
		Introduction
		‘Digital by Default’
		Methodology and Empirical Data
		Theorising Siblingship and a New ‘Digital Siblingship’
		Older Siblings’ Perceptions of Harms Online
		Access to Justice in Digital Spaces and the Role of Older Siblings
		Conclusion
		Summary
		References
	12: Pornography Is Not the Answer (It Isn’t Even the Right Question …): Reflections from Practice in Tackling Sexual Harassment and Harmful Sexualised Behaviours in Response to Everyone’s Invited and the Online Safety Bill
		1 in 8: Positioning Porn as the Problem
		#Nofap and the Third Person Effect
		Porn as Pedagogy
		Denial of Sexual Citizenship
		Asking Different Questions
		Summary
		References
	13: Practice Vignette: Relationships and Sex Education for the “Digital Age”
	14: Conclusion
		References
Index