Child Welfare: England 1872-1989

BOOK COVER......Page 1
TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
DEDICATION......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 13
BODIES......Page 15
MINDS (and Bodies)......Page 18
THE NARRATIVE OF VICTIMS/THREATS......Page 21
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODIES AND MINDS/VICTIMS AND THREATS......Page 25
INVESTMENTS......Page 27
Part I THE EMERGENCE OF THE CHILD c.1800–94......Page 29
INTRODUCTION......Page 30
PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS OF CHILDHOOD: THE ‘NATURAL’, THE ROMANTIC AND THE EVANGELICAL......Page 32
THE FACTORY CHILD......Page 35
THE DELINQUENT CHILD......Page 37
THE SCHOOL CHILD......Page 40
THE CHILD STUDY MOVEMENT......Page 43
CONCLUSION......Page 47
Part II FROM RESCUE AND REFORM TO ‘CHILDREN OF THE NATION’ c.1872–1918......Page 49
INTRODUCTION......Page 50
THE INFANT LIFE PROTECTION MOVEMENT......Page 52
Doctors and baby-farmers......Page 54
The Infant Life Protection Acts, 1872 and 1897......Page 55
Infant life protection in the Children Act, 1908......Page 57
The founding of the NSPCC......Page 58
The passing of the Children’s Charter......Page 61
‘Practice and experience’......Page 64
The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885......Page 68
The Punishment of Incest Act, 1908......Page 72
The reformers’ critique......Page 75
The Government’s response......Page 77
Child labour and medical opinion......Page 78
Assessing the debates......Page 80
Poor Law children......Page 81
The voluntary societies......Page 85
Child emigration......Page 87
3 THE SOCIAL SERVICES STATE......Page 90
THE BLIND, THE DEAF, AND THE ‘FEEBLE-MINDED’......Page 91
Legislation for the ‘defective’ child......Page 94
Feeble-mindedness as an issue......Page 96
Understanding the problem......Page 99
Responding to the problem......Page 101
Health visitors......Page 102
Infant welfare schemes......Page 103
Infant welfare as a state social service......Page 105
The war years......Page 106
THE SCHOOL MEALS SERVICE......Page 108
Early efforts......Page 109
The debate......Page 110
The Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906, and its administration......Page 112
Consequences......Page 115
Origins......Page 116
The Education (Administrative Provisions) Act, 1907......Page 118
Medical treatment and the school clinic......Page 120
Payment......Page 123
The School Medical Service, 1914–18......Page 124
THE CHILDREN ACT, 1908......Page 125
CONCLUSION......Page 130
Part III MINDS AND BODIES......Page 132
INTRODUCTION......Page 133
The 1920s......Page 135
The 1930s......Page 137
School meals......Page 141
MEDICAL TREATMENT......Page 143
Infants and pre-school children......Page 145
THE HANDICAPPED CHILD......Page 147
5 PSYCHOLOGISING THE CHILD......Page 150
PSYCHOLOGY AND PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION......Page 151
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL TESTING......Page 154
The rising demand for secondary education......Page 156
The need for a ‘pocket rule’......Page 158
The extent of testing and its significance......Page 160
The meritocratic ideal......Page 161
THE CHILD GUIDANCE MOVEMENT......Page 162
Sources and origins......Page 163
The Child Guidance Council......Page 165
The psychiatric influence......Page 167
The clinics and their patients......Page 168
Principles of treatment......Page 169
The jurisdiction of the clinics......Page 171
Child guidance, the Feversham Committee and the war......Page 172
CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY......Page 177
THE JUVENILE OFFENDERS COMMITTEE, 1927......Page 178
THE SCOPE OF THE ACT......Page 183
THE MEANING OF THE LEGISLATION......Page 185
YOUNG PEOPLE’S INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCES......Page 187
EVACUATION......Page 193
SCHOOL MEALS......Page 198
HEALTH AND WELFARE UNDER THE EDUCATION ACT, 1944......Page 199
CONCLUSION......Page 201
Part IV CHILDREN OF THE WELFARE STATE 1945–89......Page 206
INTRODUCTION......Page 207
THE CURTIS REPORT, 1946......Page 210
THE CHILDREN ACT, 1948......Page 213
THE CHILDREN ACT, THE FAMILY AND THE STATE......Page 216
DEPRIVATION AND DEPRAVATION: INGLEBY AND THE FAMILY......Page 217
The Ingleby Report, 1960......Page 219
Ingleby and the welfare model......Page 220
The 1963 Act......Page 222
The crisis......Page 224
The Children and Young Persons Act, 1969......Page 226
THE ‘FAMILY SERVICE’ IN THE COMMUNITY, 1970–5......Page 230
FOSTERING, ADOPTION AND THE CHILDREN ACT, 1975......Page 232
The Houghton Report, 1972......Page 234
9 THE REDISCOVERY OF CHILD ABUSE......Page 237
THE DISCOVERY OF THE ‘BATTERED BABY’......Page 238
MARIA COLWELL: CHILD ABUSE COMES OF AGE......Page 241
THE HIATUS OF CONCERN FOR ABUSED CHILDREN BETWEEN 1908 AND THE 1960s......Page 244
THE REDISCOVERY OF CHILD ABUSE......Page 247
Concepts of child abuse......Page 248
THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN IN HOSPITAL......Page 253
‘FIT FOR THE FUTURE’: THE CHILD HEATH SERVICES......Page 258
THE BLACK REPORT AND THE HEALTH DIVIDE......Page 261
The legacy of the 1970s......Page 266
The 1980s......Page 267
THE CHILDREN ACT, 1989......Page 270
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ACT......Page 274
CONCLUSION......Page 278
JUSTIFICATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 282
NOTES AND REFERENCES......Page 285
PART I THE EMERGENCE OF THE CHILD, c.1800–1894......Page 287
PART II FROM RESCUE AND REFORM TO ‘CHILDREN OF THE NATION’, c.1872–1918......Page 290
PART III MINDS AND BODIES: CONTRADICTION, TENSION AND INTEGRATION 1918–45......Page 302
PART IV CHILDREN OF THE WELFARE STATE, 1945–89......Page 313
PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS AND OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS......Page 326
NON-GOVERNMENTAL REPORTS, PROCEEDINGS, ETC.......Page 327
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS......Page 328
ARTICLES AND ESSAYS IN SYMPOSIA......Page 336
UNPUBLISHED THESES......Page 341
INDEX......Page 343