Child Psychopathology

Tittle
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
	Who Should Know about Child Psychopathology?
	Basic Principles
		Disorders Develop through a Complex Set of Infl uences Unique to Each Child
		Disorders Can Occur Together
		Behaviors and Disorders Lie along a Continuum
		Understanding Disorders and the Children Who Experience Them Involves the Use of Values
		Our Ultimate Focus Is on Children, Not Disorders
	The Field of Developmental Psychopathology
		Concepts in Developmental Psychopathology
		Using the Concepts of Risk and Protective Factors in Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions
CHAPTER 2 Research Methods and Ethical Issues
	Research Methods
	Introduction
	Methods
		Participants
		Measures
		Procedures
	Results
	Discussion
	Ethical Issues
	Case Study: Handling Parental Expectations
	Case Study: A Proposed Trial of a New Medication
	Development of Laws and Ethical Guidelines for Research and Therapy
	Principles for the Ethical Treatment of People Involved in Research or Therapy
		Autonomy
		Benefi cence and Nonmalefi cence
		Confi dentiality
	Institutional Review Boards
CHAPTER 3 Basic Psychological Theories
	Psychodynamic Theories
		Fundamental Ideas
		The Therapeutic Process
		Applicability to Child Psychopathology
	Behavioral Theories
		Fundamental Ideas
		The Therapeutic Process
		Applicability to Child Psychopathology
	Cognitive Theories
		Fundamental Ideas
		The Therapeutic Process
		Applicability to Child Psychopathology
	Attachment Theory
		Fundamental Ideas
		The Therapeutic Process
		Applicability to Child Psychopathology
	Family Systems Theories
		Fundamental Ideas
		The Therapeutic Process
		Applicability to Child Psychopathology
	Common Features of the Theories
		Which Theory Is Best?
CHAPTER 4 Quantitative Behavioral Genetics
	History
	Basic Research Strategy
	Common Research Strategies in Quantitative Behavioral Genetics
		Family Studies
		Twin Studies
		Adoption Studies
	Quantifying the Infl uences on Development
		Heritability
		Shared Environmental Infl uences
		Nonshared Environmental Infl uences
	Gene and Environment Relationships
		Genotype–Environment Interactions
		Genotype–Environment Correlations
CHAPTER 5 Classifi cation, Diagnosis, and Assessment
	Disorders
	Why Have a Classifi cation System and Diagnose Disorders?
		Potential Advantages
		Potential Disadvantages
		Emphasizing Advantages and Minimizing Disadvantages
	Basic Issues in Classifi cation
		Classifi cation Systems
		Categorical or Dimensional Classifi cation
		Disorders Not Otherwise Specifi ed
		Reliability and Validity
	The DSM Classifi cation System
		The Multiaxial System
		Diagnostic Criteria Provided for Future Study
	Clinical Assessment
		Clinical Interviews
		Behavioral Assessment
		Psychological Tests
		Neuroimaging
CHAPTER 6 Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defi ant Disorder
	Case Study: Early-Onset Conduct Problems
	Case Study: Adolescent-Onset Conduct Problems
	History
		Diagnostic Criteria in the DSM
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial and Unresolved Issues
		Determining that an Individual Child Has a Conduct Disorder
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Oppositional Defi ant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
		Intelligence and Cognitive Issues
		Personality Issues
		Peer and Family Issues
		Other Forms of Psychopathology
	Subtypes of Children with Conduct Disorder
		Age of Onset
		Patterns of Behaviors
		Motivation for Behavior
	Prevalence
	Course
		Early Onset, with Continuing Problems
		Early Onset, with Discontinuation of Problems in Late Childhood or Adolescence
		Few Early Problems, Increased Problems during Adolescence
	Families of Children with Conduct Disorder
	Etiology of Conduct Problems
		Early-Onset Conduct Problems: Initial Development
		Early-Onset Conduct Problems: Ongoing Development
		Early-Onset, Limited Duration Conduct Problems
		Adolescent-Onset Conduct Problems
	Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions
		Attending to Cultural Issues
		Prevention
		Early Intervention
		Interventions during the School-Age Years and Adolescence
CHAPTER 7 Attention-Defi cit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
	Case Study: A Dramatic Infl uence of Medication
	Case Study: Confl ict over Taking Medication
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial and Unresolved Issues
		Determining that an Individual Child Has ADHD
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Attention-Defi cit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
		Core Features of ADHD
		Associated Features
	Prevalence
	Course
		Symptom Onset
		Ongoing Development
	Families of Children with ADHD
		Observations of Parent–Child Interactions
	Etiology
		Theoretical Perspectives on the Central Defi cit in ADHD
		Possible Sources of Neurological Problems in ADHD
		Family and Other Environmental Infl uences on the Development of ADHD
		A Developmental Model
	Prevention
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Medication
		Parenting Interventions
		Educational Interventions with Children
		Psychosocial Interventions with Children
		Combined Treatments
		Issues Still to Be Addressed in Treatment for ADHD
CHAPTER 8 Bipolar Disorder
	Case Study: Three Women, One Girl, and Two Cases of Bipolar Disorder
	Case Study: A Treatment-Resistant Case of Bipolar Disorder
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Determining that an Individual Child Has a Bipolar Disorder
	The Existence of Bipolar Disorders in Prepubertal Children
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Bipolar Disorders
		Core Features
		Associated Characteristics
	Prevalence
	Course
	Families of Children with Bipolar Disorders
	Etiology
		Neurological Studies
		Genetic Infl uences
		Environmental Stress
		A Diathesis–Stress Model
	Prevention
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Medication
		Psychosocial Interventions
CHAPTER 9 Depressive Disorders
	Case Study: “Hidden” Depression in an Early Adolescent
	Case Study: A Gradual Decline into Depression
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial and Unresolved Issues
		Determining that an Individual Child Has a Depressive Disorder
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Depressive Disorders
		Core Features
		Associated Features
	Prevalence
	Course
		Onset and Course of Depressive Disorders
		Onset and Course of Depressive Symptoms
	Sex Differences in Depression Beginning in Adolescence
	Suicide
		Defi ning Terms
		Prevalence
		Characteristics and Experiences of Children Who Are Suicidal
		The Development of Suicidal Thinking and Behavior
		Attempting Suicide
	Families of Children with Depressive Disorders
	Etiology of Depression
		Biologically Based Theories
		Theories Based on Affect Regulation
		Cognitive Theories
		Infl uences of Life Stress
		Interpersonal Theories
		Two Developmental Models
	Prevention
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Medication
		Psychosocial Interventions with Children
		Therapeutic Interventions with Families
CHAPTER 10 Anxiety Disorders
	Case Study: A Child with Separation Anxiety
	Case Study: A Sudden Fear of Dogs
	History
	Basic Issues in Childhood Anxiety
		Many Meanings of Anxiety
		Do Children Experience Specifi c Anxiety Disorders or High Levels of Anxiety?
		Cultural Infl uences on Anxiety
	Anxiety Disorders
		Separation Anxiety Disorder
		Specifi c Phobia
		Social Phobia or Social Anxiety Disorder
		Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
		Panic Disorder
		Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety
		Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed
	Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
		Genetically Based Vulnerability to Anxiety
		A Brief Foray into Thinking about Risk Taking
		The Infl uence of Experience on the Development of Anxiety
		Maintaining and Intensifying Anxiety
	Prevention
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Systematic Desensitization
		Cognitive–Behavioral Psychotherapy
		Family Interventions
		Medication
CHAPTER 11 Mental Retardation
	Case Study: The Early Life of a Girl with Mild Mental Retardation
	Case Study: A Young Boy’s Infl uence on His Family
	Intelligence and Intelligence Testing
		Intelligence as One Trait or Many Traits
		Culture and Intelligence
		Measuring Intelligence
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Determining that an Individual Child Has Mental Retardation
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Mental Retardation
		Cognitive Abilities
	Prevalence
		Sex and Race Differences
	Families of Children with Mental Retardation
		Parents
		Siblings
	Etiology
		Two Groups of Children Who Have Mental Retardation
		Mental Retardation of Known Organic Cause
		Mental Retardation with No Discernible Pathologic Basis
	Prevention
		Mental Retardation of Known Organic Cause
		Mental Retardation of No Discernible Pathological Basis
	Educational Interventions
		Early Intervention
		Elementary and High School Education
		Transition to Adulthood
	Other Therapeutic Interventions
		Psychopathology and Other Problem Behaviors
		Self-Injurious Behavior
		Family Training and Support
CHAPTER 12 Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
	Case Study: Experiences of a High- Functioning Person with Autism
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		A Controversial and Unresolved Issue: Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Determining that an Individual Child Has a Pervasive Developmental Disorder
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Autistic Disorder or Asperger’s Disorder
		Autistic Disorder: Core Features
		Autistic Disorder: Associated Features
		Asperger’s Disorder
	Prevalence
	Course
		Initial Onset of Symptoms
		Development during Childhood and Adolescence
		Long-Term Prognosis
	Families of Children with a Pervasive Developmental Disorder
	Etiology
		Theoretical Perspectives on the Fundamental Defi cits in ASD
		Neurological Bases for the Symptoms of ASD
		Causes of the Yet-to-Be-Understood Neurological Impairments
	Rett’s Disorder
		Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Rett’s Disorder
		Prevalence and Developmental Course
		Etiology
	Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
		Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
		Prevalence and Developmental Course
		Etiology
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Early Interventions
		Interventions during the School-Age Years
		Medication
		Facilitated Communication
		Interventions for Families
CHAPTER 13 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
	Case Study: A Child with Many Risk Factors for Schizophrenia
	Case Study: Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia from “Out of the Blue”
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial Issue: Continuity between Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia
		Cultural Issues When Diagnosing Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Schizophrenia
		Positive Symptoms
		Negative Symptoms
		Cycle of Symptoms
	Prevalence
	Course
		Premorbid Functioning
		Initial Onset of Symptoms
		Long-Term Course
	Families of Children with Schizophrenia
	Etiology
		Neurobiological Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia
		Possible Causes of Neurobiological Dysfunction
		The Role of Stressful or Dysfunctional Family Environments
		Three Theories about the Development of Schizophrenia
		The Development of Schizophrenia during Childhood
	Prevention
		Markers of Vulnerability
		Possible Preventive Interventions
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Antipsychotic Medications
		Psychological Interventions
CHAPTER 14 Disorders Associated with Trauma or Maltreatment
	POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
	Case Study: Living through a Tornado
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial and Unresolved Issue: Different Diagnostic Criteria for Preschool Children
		Determining that an Individual Child Has Acute Stress Disorder or PTSD
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with PTSD
		Core Features
		Associated Features
	Prevalence
		Characteristics Distinguishing Children Who Do and Do Not Develop PTSD
	Course
		Initial Onset of Symptoms
		Recovery from Symptoms
	Families of Children with PTSD
	Etiology
		Infl uences of Trauma on Brain Development and Functioning
		Cognitive Models of the Etiology of PTSD
	Prevention
	Therapeutic Interventions
		Interventions for the Child with PTSD
		Interventions for Family Members
	DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
		Case Study: A Sexually Abused Boy
	History
	Toward Understanding Dissociative Disorders: Common Dissociative Experiences
		Normal Dissociation in Children
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial Issue: Does Dissociative Identity Disorder Exist?
		Determining that an Individual Child Has a Dissociative Disorder
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Dissociative Disorders
		Core Features
		Associated Features
	Prevalence and Course
	Etiology
		Development of Chronic Dissociation
		Development of Alternate Personality Identities
	Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions
		Prevention
		Therapeutic Interventions with the Child
		Interventions with Family Members and Other Caregivers
	REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER
	Case Study: Researchers’ Interactions with a Young Child
	History
	Diagnosis and Assessment
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Controversial and Unresolved Issues
		Determining that an Individual Child Has Reactive Attachment Disorder
	Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder
		Core Features
		Associated Features
	Prevalence and Course
	Etiology
		Studies of Children Raised in Deprived Institutions
	Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions
		Prevention
		Therapeutic Interventions for Children and Families
CHAPTER 15 Disorders Related to Physical Health and Functioning
	SOMATOFORM DISORDERS AND SOMATIZATION PROBLEMS
	Case Study: The Function of a Child’s Injury in Her Family
	Diagnosis and Assessment of Somatoform Disorders
		Diagnostic Criteria for the Somatoform Disorders
		Determining that an Individual Child Has a Somatoform Disorder
	Somatization Problems
		Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Somatization Problems and Their Families
		Prevalence and Course
		Etiology
	Therapeutic Interventions for the Child and Family
		Medical Interventions
		Behavioral Interventions
		Cognitive Interventions
		Interventions for Parents and Families
	CHILDHOOD OBESITY
	Case Study: A Girl’s Ongoing Struggle with Weight
	Defi ning and Measuring Obesity
	Prevalence and Course
	Consequences of Childhood Obesity
		Physical Health
		Psychological and Social Consequences
	Etiology
		Genetic Infl uences
		Parental Obesity, Activity Levels, and Diet
		A Model for the Development of Childhood Obesity
	Prevention
	Therapeutic Interventions
	ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA
	Prevalence of Body Dissatisfaction and Dieting among School-Age Children
		Development of Body Dissatisfaction and Dieting
		Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
	Prevalence and Course of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
		Development of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
	Prevention
	Individual and Family Treatment
	ELIMINATION DISORDERS
	Case Study: Primary Enuresis
	Enuresis
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Enuresis
		Prevalence and Course
		Families of Children with Enuresis
		Etiology
		Prevention
		Therapeutic Interventions
	Encopresis
		Diagnostic Criteria
		Characteristics and Experiences of Children with Encopresis
		Prevalence and Course
		Etiology
		Prevention
		Therapeutic Interventions
References
Name Index
Subject Index